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==Critical Analysis of Cornwell's Work==
==Critical Analysis of Cornwell's Work==
In ''[[The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis]]'' published in [[2005]], author [[Rabbi David G. Dalin]] presents extensive documentation culled from Church and State archives throughout Europe. Rabbi Dalin suggests that ''[[Yad Vashem]]'' should honor Pope Pius XII as a "[[Righteous Gentile]]," boldly concluding that "[t]he anti-papal polemics of ex-seminarians like Garry Wills and John Cornwell (author of ''Hitler’s Pope''), of ex-priests like James Carroll, and or other lapsed or angry liberal Catholics exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today."
In ''[[The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis]]'' published in [[2005]], author [[Rabbi David G. Dalin]] presents extensive documentation culled from Church and State archives throughout Europe. Rabbi Dalin suggests that ''[[Yad Vashem]]'' should honor Pope Pius XII as a "[[Righteous Gentile]]," boldly concluding that "[t]he anti-papal polemics of ex-seminarians like Garry Wills and John Cornwell (author of ''Hitler’s Pope''), of ex-priests like James Carroll, and or other lapsed or angry liberal Catholics exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today."

Rabbi Dalin summarizes the motiviation of Cornwell and others as follows:

::"Very few of the many recent books about Pius XII and the Holocaust are actually about Pius XII and the Holocaust. The liberal best-selling attacks on the pope and the Catholic Church are really an intra-Catholic argument about the direction of the Church today. The Holocaust is simply the biggest club available for liberal Catholics to use against traditional Catholics in their attempt to bash the papacy and thereby to smash traditional Catholic teaching."


Rabbi Dalin includes in his book comments about Pius XII from his Jewish contemporaries that belie the conclusions Cornwell reaches in his tome:

**Golda Meir
::"We share in the grief of humanity [at the death of Pius XII]…. When fearful martyrdom came to our people in the decade of Nazi terror, the voice of the pope was raised for the victims. The life of our times was enriched by a voice speaking out on the great moral truths above the tumult of daily conflict. We mourn a great servant of peace."

**Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, chancellor, Jewish Theological Seminary of America
::"No keener rebuke has come to Nazism than from Pope Pius XI and his successor, Pope Pius XII."

**Rabbi Alexander Safran, chief rabbi of Romania
::"In the most difficult hours of which we Jews of Romania have passed through, the generous assistance of the Holy See…was decisive and salutary. It is not easy for us to find the right words to express the warmth and consolation we experienced because of the concern of the supreme pontiff, who offered a large sum to relieve the sufferings of deported Jews…. The Jews of Romania will never forget these facts of historic importance."

**Rabbi Isaac Herzog, chief rabbi of Israel
::"The people of Israel will never forget what His Holiness and his illustrious delegates, inspired by the eternal principles of religion, which form the very foundation of true civilization, are doing for our unfortunate brothers and sisters in the most tragic hour of our history, which is living proof of Divine Providence in this world."

**Moshe Sharett (who later became Israel’s first foreign minister and second prime minister)
::"I told [Pope Pius XII] that my first duty was to thank him, and through him the Catholic Church, on behalf of the Jewish public for all they had done in the various countries to rescue Jews…. We are deeply grateful to the Catholic Church."


The following additional works are among the many that contradict the evidence that Cornwell cites and the conclusions that Cornwell reaches:
::Jimmy Akin, [http://www.catholic.com/library/HOW_Pius_XII_PROTECTED_JEWS.asp'' How Pius XII Protected Jews''] (Catholic Answers, 1979-2005)
::{{Book reference|Author=Bottum, Joseph|Year=2004|Title=The Pius War: Responses to Critics of Pius XII|Publisher=Lexington Books|ID=ISBN 0-7391-0906-5}}
::Anonymous, ''Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich'' (Pelican Pub Co; February 2003). ISBN 1589801377 (originally published in 1941)
::Sr. Margherita Marchione, ''Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace'' (Paulist Press, 2000). ISBN 080913912X
::Ronald J. Rychlak, ''Hitler, the War, and the Pope'' (Our Sunday Visitor; 2000). ISBN 0879732172
::Karl Scholder, ''The Churches and the Third Reich'' (London, 1987)
::Eugenio Zolli, ''Before the Dawn'' (Roman Catholic Books; Reprint edition, February 1997). ISBN 0912141468 (author is the former wartime chief rabbi of Rome who took the name "Eugenio" at his Baptism in honor of Pope Pius XII)





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The historic autonomy of the Germanic Catholic Church stood in contrast to these developments so [[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed the then Monsignor Pacelli as [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Bavaria]] in April [[1917]], and on [[13 May]] [[1917]], Benedict consecrated him as a [[bishop]]. This was the very day of the first appearance of the [[Marian apparitions|Virgin Mary]] (to whom Pacelli had a special devotion) to three peasant children at [[Fatima]], [[Portugal]].
The historic autonomy of the Germanic Catholic Church stood in contrast to these developments so [[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed the then Monsignor Pacelli as [[Apostolic Nuncio]] to [[Bavaria]] in April [[1917]], and on [[13 May]] [[1917]], Benedict consecrated him as a [[bishop]]. This was the very day of the first appearance of the [[Marian apparitions|Virgin Mary]] (to whom Pacelli had a special devotion) to three peasant children at [[Fatima]], [[Portugal]].


==Pacelli in German History ==
===Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli===

From the first Pacelli was to negotiate for an all-German Reichskonkordat which would once and for all supersced local Stae agreements and serve as the model for church-state relations. It would also allow for imposition of the new Canon Law in the land of [[Martin Luther]] who had nearly 400 years previously publicly burnt a copy the canon law in act od defiance of centralised papal control.

The Vatican's best diplomat undertook relief work the in war wracked [[1917]] Germany and witnessing violent riotous behaviour amongst [[Bolshevik]] groups. Pacelli noticed the repulsiveness of the Jewish leader Eugen Levine and of his followers and thence grew a suspicion and contempt of Jews for political reason. Pacelli also campaigned for Allied troops to not include colored soldiery in the occupied Rhineland, and in the aftermath of [[World War II]] repeated this demand of the Americans entering Rome.

Pacelli spent in all 13 years trying to re-write the German State Concordats one by one. He was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the German [[Weimar Republic]] in June, [[1920]]. He routinely involved himself in complicated territorial disputes following [[WWI]], trading Vatican support for German control under terms advantageous to the Vatican Concordats. However the overall Reichskonkordat eluded him because both the Catholic and the Protestant population resisted this new authoritarian papal control.

As Nuncio in Bavaria, Pacelli had also, in a private letter, denounced the [[Nazi|National Socialist movement]] as an anti-Catholic and anti-Hebrew threat and remarked that [[Michael Cardinal von Faulhaber]] of [[Munich]] had condemned acts of persecution against Bavaria's Jews. Pacelli was well aware that Bavaria was from 1920 in the grip of linked anti-communism and anti-semitism, these having accounted for the 1920 Bavarian election of Gustav Ritter von Kahr.
Monsignor and later Bishop Pacelli was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to the German [[Weimar Republic]] in June, [[1920]]. The now Bishop Pacelli in [[1925]] started to form a close relationship with his Secretary Monsignor [[Ludwig Kaas]]. Pacelli's long-standing house-keeper, Sister Pasquilina Lehnert, stated after Pacelli's death that Kaas regularly holidayed with him and was linked to him in "adoration, honest love, and unconditional loyalty ." The slightly younger Kaas became an intimate collaborator in every aspect of Pacelli's Vatican diplomacy in Germamy. Kaas served as secretary from 1925 and then, with Pacelli's encouragement, took the chairmanship of the influential Catholic [[Centre party Germany]] in 1928. Officially Kaas, also a specialist in canon law, was the representative of democratic civil party, but one who was so attached to Pacelli that he became virtually his ''alter ego''.

Pacelli was created a [[cardinal]] on [[16 December]] [[1929]] by [[Pope Pius XI]]. Within a few months, on [[7 February]] [[1930]] Pope Pius appointed Pacelli [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. During the [[1930s]] Cardinal Pacelli arranged [[concordat]]s with [[Bavaria]], [[Prussia]], [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. He also made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an extensive visit to the [[United States]] in [[1936]].

===The Reichstag Enabling Act===

By 1933 the vehement front of the Centre Party against the Nazis was at odds with the by-now Pacelli-shaped view inside the Vatican.

Through the [[Centre Party (Germany)|Catholic Centre Party]] German Catholics had, until very early in 1933, been staunch opponents of the Nazis. Heinrich Bruning, a Centre chancellor, visited the by-now Cardinal Secretary of State Pacelli in August 1931. Pacelli lectured Bruning on how he should reach an understanding with the [[Nazi]]s to "form a right-wing administration" in order to help achieve the desired Concordat . When Bruning advised him not to interfere in the internal politics of Germany , the Cardinal became verbally indisposed. Bruning's final word was that he trusted "that the Vatican would fare better at the hands of Hitler... than with himself , a devout Catholic." Hitler proved to be the only Chancellor prepared to accept the canonically authoritarian Concordat, and spent more effort at achieving this act of international diplomacy than on any other foreign dealings at the time.

In the memoirs of the [[Chicago Daily News]] bureau chief for Berlin, reference is made to a 1932 letter from Pacelli enjoining the Centre leadership to the papal wish for the success of Adolf Hitler. The letter, which not been found, would confirm the Bruning meeting.

The spring of 1933 brought a thaw of approbation towards Hitler from the Vatican and from the German [[Hierarchy]]. Monsignor [[Ludwig Kaas]] with the Catholic nobleman [[Franz von Papen]] was central in the exchange of interests between the [[Holy See]] and the German [[NSDAP]]/Nazi Party .

These interests were, in the Vatican for the Reichskonkordat and for strong opposition to Communism, and for Hitler, the acquiescence of the Catholic Centre Party bloc vote for the [[Enabling Act]] of 23 March 1933, enabling him to assume dictatorial powers. Cardinal Pacelli co-ordinated this through the figures of von Papen and, particularly, the Centre leader [[Ludwig Kaas]].

===The Final Reichskonkordat Negotiation===

Adolf Hitler had achieved absolute power through the illegal detention of the Communist Deputies in the [[Reichstag]] ( 15-28 Febuary), followed by the Enabling Act's approval by the remaining Deputies on 23 March [[1933]]. German Presidential assent to removal of ''habeas corpus'' , did not apply to the Reichstag membership but apparent legality was obtained through the resulting distortion of the Parliament or Reichstag . The very Enabling Act prohibited such interference with the Institutions of the Reichstag , yet Hitler required the veneer of legality which came from the collapse of the Centre Party and the bloc-vote handed forward to him by Monsignor Ludwig Kaas . There was requirement for a 2/3 majority to prorogate sections of the [[Constitution]] - but not including article 20 which sanctified the freedom and conscience of the Deputies .

The Reich Concordat negotiations involved a shuttle diplomacy between Berlin and Rome that lasted 6 months. All was conducted in secret and over the heads of the German Bishops and faithful by Kaas, Pacelli and Hitler's Catholic associate ex-Centre Foreign Minister, [[Franz von Papen]] .

Hitler insisted his signing devolved only upon the Centre's voting for the [[Enabling Act]] allocating him [[dictator]]ial powers . Pacelli demanded the imposition of the new Canon Code of Law upon all catholics , as well as various educational measures .

In June [[1933]] [[Adolf Hitler]] signed a peace agreement with most of Europe, called the [[Four-Power Pact]]. In July as Secretary of State to [[Pope Pius XI]], Pacelli signed the concordat with Germany (see image) while Foreign Secretary von Papen signed for Germany. This was shortly after Germany had signed similar agreements with the major [[Protestant]] churches in Germany.

The signing of the actual concordat is seen by some as lending legitimacy to Hitler's regime. In his [[3 June]] encyclical ''[[Dilectissima Nobis]]'' Pius XI (not Pius XII) stated that the Church found no difficulty in adapting herself to various civil institutions, be they monarchic or republican, aristocratic or democratic, provided the divine rights of God and of Christian consciences were safe. The Holy See continues to seek diplomatic relations with all nations in order to increase opportunities for dialogue with and positive influence within each nation.

[[Image:konkordat.jpg|frame|The Holy See signs a concordat with Germany. Cardinal Pacelli, representing the Holy See, signs the "[[Reichskonkordat]]" on [[July 20]], [[1933]] in Rome.
From left to right: German Vice-Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]], representing Germany,
[[Giuseppe Pizzardo]], Pacelli, [[Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani]], German ambassador [[Rudolf Buttmann]]]]

===The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany===

Some observers regard the Church relationship towards the Nazi regime as not substantially different to that it established with other non-[[communist]] states, regimes and governments. Dr. Eamon Duffy, a historian of the papacy, observed that the Church under Pius XI followed a normal policy of establishing concordats with individual states during the [[1920s]] and the [[1930s]]. This included concordats with [[Latvia]] ([[1922]]), [[Bavaria]] ([[1924]]), [[Poland]] ([[1925]]), [[Romania]] ([[1927]]), [[Lithuania]] (1927), [[Italy]] ([[1929]]), [[Prussia]] (1929), [[State of Baden|Baden]] ([[1932]]), [[Austria]] ([[1933]]), [[Germany]] (1933), [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ([[1935]]) and [[Portugal]] ([[1940]]). These concordats were aimed at regularising relationships between the [[Holy See]] and the states, and at protecting Roman Catholic-run schools, hospitals, charities and third level institutions (all often run with public funds, including in Germany) from state seizure or persecution.

In particular the concordats were aimed at ensuring the Church's [[canon law]] had some status and recognition within its own spheres of concern (e.g., church decrees of [[nullity]] in the area of [[marriage]]) among new or emerging states with new legal systems. Duffy suggests that the concordats provided technical procedures through which formal complaints to the states could be made by the Holy See.

Following the German Concordat's signing in 1933 and until 1937 the Vatican remained largely silent about the excesses of Nazism. However, Cardinal Faulhaber was prevailed upon in [[1933]] to provide public approbation of the Führer preceding the [[plebiscite]] for the withdrawal of Germany from the [[League of Nations]].

By 1939, Pope Pius XI had made three dozen formal complaints to the Nazi government, which were drafted by Pacelli but which show only a gradual realisation of the gravity of the Nazi situation and misuse of the concordat. The strongest condemnation of Hitler's ideology and ecclesiastical policy was the encyclical [[Mit Brennender Sorge]], issued in 1937.

[[Image:GestatorialChair1.jpg|270px|thumb|[[Pope Pius XII]], wearing the [[1877]] [[Papal Tiara]], is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a [[sedia gestatoria]] circa 1955.]]
Both Hitler and Pacelli saw the ''[[Reichskonkordat]]'' as a victory for their respective sides. Hitler claimed to the world at large that he had publicly received full papal blessing , and told his cabinet at the [[14 July]] initialling of the Concord , that :
::"An opportunity has been given to Germany in the Reichskonkordat and a sphere of influence has been created that will be especially significant in the urgent struggle against international Jewry."

Pacelli in a two page article for ''L'Osservatore Romano'', the Vatican controlled newspaper, on [[26 July]] and [[27 July]] dismissed Hitler's assertion that the concordat in any way represented or implied approval for national socialism, much less moral approval of it. He argued that its true purpose had been
::"not only the official recognition (by the Reich) of the legislation of the Church (its Code of Canon Law), but the adoption of many provisions of this legislation and the protection of all Church legislation."{{fn|2}}

On the other hand, the Concordat prohibited clerics from engaging in any political activity whatsoever.

The Concordat straightaway coupled the Roman Catholic Church with Nazism, While Pacelli gained advantageous power over schools, Hitler immediately trampled upon the educational of Jews in Germany. Significantly Catholic priests were inducted inot a form of collaboration through the attestation bureaucracy that established Jewish ancestry . pacelli did and said nothing yet the attestation processes led inexorably to the [[Holocaust]].

Only in 1937 did 5 high German clerics petition in Rome for the moral protest due at the secular silencing of the German church, yet the resulting encyclical was written under Pacelli's directions and contained no reference to persecution of even the convert Jews. The whole contained no reference to the Nazis whatever, and worse, was contradicted by concurrent publication against [[Communism]]. Pacelli gauged the levels of reaction within Germany and assured the reich's Rome Ambassador that "friendly relations will be restored as soon as possible."

Pacelli as Secretary of State is accused further of allowing the [[Jesuit]]s to halt dissemination in autumn [[1938]] of the weakening and scandalised [[Pope Pius XI]]'s [[encyclical]] ''The Unity of the Human Race'' , and of entirely burying it after his own accession to the papacy. Considered to have overseen its composition, it echoes Pacelli alleged anti-Jewishness, saying the Jews brought their own fate upon themselves, and deserved their "worldy and spiritual" ruin . It also saw that christian principles "and humanity" could involve the "unacceptable risk" of being ensnared by secular politics - not least an association with Bolshevism .

The questions arising from the concordat have re-surfaced of late because of the moves toward canonisation for this Pope Pius XII. The Enabling Act is also close to the forefront of democratic un-ease today.

==Becoming Pope Pius XII==

Following the death of Pius XI, Cardinal Pacelli was elected Pope by the conclave on [[2 March]] [[1939]], his 63rd birthday, and took the name ''Pius XII''. He was the first Secretary of State to become pope since [[Clement IX]] in [[1667]]. Pius XII's [[papal coronation]] was the grandest for over a hundred years.

Pacelli as newly crowned Pope was eager to affirm Hitler publicly , and showed to the German Cardinals a letter styled to the "Illustrious Herr Adolf Hitler", asking whether he should infact have styled him the "Most Illustrious" ? Now Pius XII , he told the Cardinals that his predecessor thought the presence of a Nuncio in Berlin conflicted "with our honour" , yet said that this had been a mistake, despite infallibility. At Pacelli's instruction , the Nuncio then hosted a grand gala reception for Hitler's 50th Hitler's 50th bithday , and therafter the bishops of Germany throughout the war continued these yearly greetings , which had first been publicly made by [[Ludwig Kaas]], whilst still Centre Leader , yet from within the Vatican in [[1933]]

===Pope Pius XII's Critics' Views===
Pope Pius XII has had many critics in recent decades, who have said both that his efforts to mitigate the [[Holocaust]] were inadequate, and that his role in the negotiation of the [[Reichskonkordat]] was well-meaning but played into the hands of [[Adolf Hitler]]. His critics in this regard include [[John Cornwell (writer)]] in his book [[Hitler's Pope]] whose research has been included here .

Pius XII has recently been heavily attacked by [[Bill Dorich]], an American journalist and activist of Serbian descent. Dorich has brought forth a [[class action suit against the Vatican Bank and others]] for its alleged collusion in war crimes by the Croatian Ustashe and even more ominously, for secreting large vaults of Croatian war-loot into the Vatican coffers, as well as so-called 'rat-lines', secret Vatican re-location and funding of implicated Nazi and Ustashe priests and monks to largely South America.

Pius first great wartime act of reticence followed the formation of the [[Independent State of Croatia]].
Pius however received the Croat Fuhrer, [[Ante Pavelić]], who oversaw the forced conversions to Catholicism, deportations and mass extermination targeting millions of [[Serb]] [[Orthodox Christian]]s, Jews and Gypsies or [[Roma]].

Amongst reports reaching the papacy of widespread anti-Semitic and ethnic-minority barbarities, from 1942, Pius intervened in Slovakia alone, whose President was a priest, Monsignor Josef Tiso. [[Croatia]], [[Hungary]] and occupied [[France]] drew no intervention. The [[United States]]' Vatican representative at the time reported that he believed that Pacelli was hiding behind purely religious concerns and that the papacy's moral authority was being squandered .

Numerous high level requests were forwarded to Pacelli for him to make a statement about the ongoing exterminations of the Jews and finally in a [[1942]] Christmas message, he said that men of good-will owed a vow to return society "back to its immovable center of gravity in [[divine]] law" . That "humanity owes this vow to those hundreds and thousands who without any fault of their own, sometimes only by reason of their nationality and race, are marked for death and gradual extinction." This was the limit of papal denunciation throughout the whole period of the war. It is still considered scandously reticent by some, not least for the impression given that there were some several races subject to equal likelihood of extermination by different belligerents, all of whose societies were outside of the divine law.


A particular accusation has been made that Pius XII failed to prevent the deportation of Jews from the Roman Ghetto on October 18, 1943, when, after the fall of Mussolini, he was considered to be the sole remaining legitimate authority in the city. Some German diplomats and military leaders in Rome even urged him to stand against the [[SS]] actions, fearing a back-lash from the Italian population. Pacelli refused, but the diplomats prevailed upon a German bishop to sign a letter of protest on the Pope's behalf. The argument that Pius was justified in this matter because of concerns for his own safety are undercut by a letter from Hitler to the German commandant of Rome forbidding action against the Pope. Others have argued that Pacelli's main interest in this matter was trying to ensure that Rome would be liberated by Italian partisans rather than regular Allied armies.


===Link to John Cornwell's abridgement of his book '''''Hitler's Pope'''''===
===Link to John Cornwell's abridgement of his book '''''Hitler's Pope'''''===

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Hitler's Pope is a book written by the Catholic ex-seminarian and writer John Cornwell that is very sharply critical of Pope Pius XII. The book has been widely criticized as being filled with unsubstantiated claims and ignoring the immense praise that Jewish leaders lavished upon Pius XII for his heroic conduct to save Jews from Nazi annihilation during World War II.

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Cornwell's Work

The characterizations Cornwell makes of Pius XII are summarized below. Cornwell, like other scholars, made use of the Vatican archives to research the conduct of Eugenio Pacelli, both as Nuncio to Germany and as Pope. His alleged objective had been to find evidence defending Pope Pius XII from claims that he could have done more to prevent or mitigate the Holocaust, the genocide of European Jews under Adolf Hitler. However, in the end Cornwell reached the sensational and controversial conclusion that Pope Pius XII had, with or without intent, become "Hitler's Pawn" and so "Hitler's Pope".

Critical Analysis of Cornwell's Work

In The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis published in 2005, author Rabbi David G. Dalin presents extensive documentation culled from Church and State archives throughout Europe. Rabbi Dalin suggests that Yad Vashem should honor Pope Pius XII as a "Righteous Gentile," boldly concluding that "[t]he anti-papal polemics of ex-seminarians like Garry Wills and John Cornwell (author of Hitler’s Pope), of ex-priests like James Carroll, and or other lapsed or angry liberal Catholics exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today."


Birth and early church career

Cornwell maintains that, although Pacelli was an individual of selfless habit, he was also a believer of the absolute leadership priciple, and promoted the concept of absolute papal rule.

From 1848 the popes had gradually lost their temporal dominions and in the first Vatican council of 1870 papal infallibilty was declared in matters of faith and morals. The young Eugenio Pacelli's work had a major part in the principles of papal power clarified in the 1917 Code of Canon Law.

Pacelli had became a Roman Catholic priest in April, 1899. He entered the Vatican to specialise in international affairs and church laws in 1901. From 1904 until 1916, Fr. Pacelli assisted Cardinal Gasparri in this codification of canon law. According to the Code, all bishops were to be nominated by the Pope; priests' writings were to be censored; and an oath for adherence to papal doctine became required of all priests.

The historic autonomy of the Germanic Catholic Church stood in contrast to these developments so Pope Benedict XV appointed the then Monsignor Pacelli as Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria in April 1917, and on 13 May 1917, Benedict consecrated him as a bishop. This was the very day of the first appearance of the Virgin Mary (to whom Pacelli had a special devotion) to three peasant children at Fatima, Portugal.


  • [[1]] (upon which this article is based) .

Footnotes

Additional reading

  • Jimmy Akin, How Pius XII Protected Jews (Catholic Answers, 1979-2005)
  • . ISBN 0-7391-0906-5. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • Anonymous, Persecution of the Catholic Church in the Third Reich (Pelican Pub Co; February 2003). ISBN 1589801377 (originally published in 1941)
  • John Cornwell, Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (Viking, 1999) ISBN 0670876208
  • Rabbi David G. Dalin, The Myth of Hitler’s Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis (Regnery, 2005). ISBN 0895260344.
  • Sr. Margherita Marchione, Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace (Paulist Press, 2000). ISBN 080913912X
  • Ronald J. Rychlak, Hitler, the War, and the Pope (Our Sunday Visitor; 2000). ISBN 0879732172
  • Karl Scholder, The Churches and the Third Reich (London, 1987)
  • Eugenio Zolli, Before the Dawn (Roman Catholic Books; Reprint edition, February 1997). ISBN 0912141468 (author is the former wartime chief rabbi of Rome who took the name "Eugenio" at his Baptism in honor of Pope Pius XII)
  • Susan Zuccotti,Under his very Windows, The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000). ISBN 0300084870
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