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This article is about the comedian and author. For the Green Lantern, see John Stewart.

File:Jon Stewart in 2000 and 2005.jpg

Stewart on The Daily Show, in bewilderment at the difference between himself in 2000 and currently (2005)

Jon Stewart (born November 28, 1962 as Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz) is an American comedian, actor, author, and producer, best known as host of The Daily Show. The popularity of this late-night show has earned Stewart notoriety as "the most trusted name in fake news," a sardonic reflection of his stature as the Walter Cronkite for a younger generation. He has also gained attention as an outspoken critic of established news media sources.

Personal background

Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz was raised in Lawrenceville, New Jersey. While growing up, he unofficially dropped his last name, Leibowitz, and altered the spelling of his middle name from "Stuart" to "Stewart". Although he often jokes this is because people had difficulty with the pronunciation of Leibowitz or it "sounded too Hollywood" [1], Stewart has implied that the name change was actually due to a strained relationship with his father, a physicist who left the family in 1971 and with whom Stewart no longer has any contact [2]. He was a member of the school's band and has said he was subjected to much anti-Semitic harassment from some of his classmates as he was one of the few Jewish children in his school. He was also short, and still stands just 5 feet 7 inches. He describes his high school self as "very into Eugene Debs and a bit of a leftist."

Stewart attended the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, majoring in psychology, and played on the men's soccer team. An award titled the "Leibo" is now given out annually in honor of Stewart; it is given to the member of the men's soccer team who experiences the most personal growth and provides the most laughs for his teammates. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity, but quit after six months. [3]. He coached soccer at Gloucester High School in Gloucester, Virginia.

After graduating from William & Mary in 1984, Stewart held numerous jobs, including contingency planner for the New Jersey Department of Human Services, contract administrator for City University of New York, puppeteer for children with disabilities, and bartender at a local blue-collar bar, the Franklin Corner Tavern.

Stewart married long-time girlfriend Tracey McShane, a veterinary technician, in May 2000, at which time they both legally changed their last names to "Stewart." The couple had their first child, Nathan Thomas Stewart (named after Stewart's grandfather) on July 3, 2004. They are expecting their second child, a daughter, in February 2006.

In 2004, Stewart spoke at the commencement ceremonies at William and Mary, and was presented with an honorary doctorate of arts degree [4]. Stewart was also the Class Day keynote speaker at Princeton University in 2004.

Professional background

With a reputation for being a funnyman even in school, Jon Stewart moved to New York City in 1986 to try his hand at the comedy club circuit. In 1989, he began hosting Comedy Central's Short Attention Span Theater, and in 1993, due in large part to the support of his friend David Letterman, Stewart started hosting The Jon Stewart Show on MTV, the first talk show on that network. Also in 1993, he was a finalist to replace David Letterman on Late Night, but the position ultimately went to Conan O'Brien. In 1994, Paramount pulled the plug on The Arsenio Hall Show and, with MTV, launched an hour-long syndicated late-night version of The Jon Stewart Show. The show, broadcast in 2:00 or 3:00 AM timeslots by some local stations, was a ratings flop, and it was cancelled in June 1995. Stewart had also previously hosted the unsuccessful You Wrote It, You Watch It on MTV, which invited viewers to send in their stories to be acted out.

File:Dailyshow a.jpg

Jon Stewart reacting to a Bush clip in his late night television show The Daily Show

In 1999, Stewart began hosting The Daily Show on Comedy Central when Craig Kilborn left the show. Since that time, he has hosted all airings of the program, save for a scant handful where correspondents such as Stephen Colbert have filled in at the anchor desk. In 2005, The Daily Show and Jon Stewart received two Emmy Awards and a Best Comedy Album Grammy Award for the audio book edition of America (The Book).

Stewart also hosted the Grammys twice, in 2001 and 2002. In the middle of the 2001 broadcast, after laying a number of comedic duds, Stewart did what he encourages most public officials to do, and owned up to his bad hosting: he said, "Ladies and gentlemen, I just want to say I feel your scorn and accept it." When Stewart returned to host the next year, his comedy was more successful. Joking about the performance of the song "Lady Marmalade," he said, "Our next performance is from the movie Moulin Rouge!, a film about a time when the whorehouses were about the music!" When the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack won Album of the Year and an immense number of people walked up on stage, Stewart quipped, "I don't know what you may have heard, but you were only supposed to go on stage if you worked on the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack, not if you heard it."

File:DailyShowClinton.jpg

Stewart interviewing Bill Clinton

In the middle of 2002, amid rumors that David Letterman was going to make a jump from CBS to ABC when his contract ran out with CBS, Stewart was rumored to be the person who would take over Letterman's show on CBS. Ultimately, Letterman renewed his contract with CBS, and ABC gave another Comedy Central figure, Jimmy Kimmel, his own show following Nightline. In a 2002 episode of Saturday Night Live that Stewart was hosting, a "Weekend Update" sketch poked fun at the situation. In the middle of the sketch, "Weekend Update" host Jimmy Fallon said that he couldn't continue doing the broadcast, and he brought Stewart in to replace him. Stewart glowed with excitement and chattered to himself about his chance to prove himself on network television. His pep talk went on too long, however, and before Stewart could deliver any headlines, Fallon returned and said he would be able to finish out the broadcast himself.

Still, many people believe that when Letterman does retire, Stewart (a fellow Viacom employee) will replace him to continue the Late Show franchise and compete with Conan O'Brien. At a London appearance on December 11, 2005, when asked if he would replace Letterman, Stewart said it would be unlikely, because on Comedy Central he has creative independence that CBS would probably not give him. In reference to Letterman's wealth, he joked, "Really, who needs all that money?"

Although best known for his work on The Daily Show, Stewart has also had roles in several television series and movies. He often makes fun of his film appearances, as they have largely been in movies considered to be flops. He usually singles out the high-profile bomb Death to Smoochy, in which he played a minor role. He also appeared in the cult favorite Half Baked, and he played a romantic lead in the film Playing by Heart. Other movie appearances include Big Daddy and The Faculty, and small part as a news correspondent in Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. He has guest-starred on such television shows as The Nanny, Spin City, and NewsRadio, in addition to the Saturday Night Live episode he hosted in March 2002.

Stewart attracted much attention as a result of an unusual, awkward, and heated television exchange with CNN's Tucker Carlson in October 2004. Stewart decried the state of television journalism and referred to both Carlson, whom he declared to be "as big a dick on [his] show as [he is] on any show," and co-host Paul Begala as "partisan hacks." He also asserted that their show, Crossfire, had failed in its responsibility to inform and educate viewers about politics as a serious topic (transcript). This exchange became one of the most widely viewed Internet videos to date (both publicly on iFilm and from other sources) and a topic of much media discussion. In January 2005, CNN announced that it was cancelling Crossfire. When asked about the cancellations, CNN's incoming CEO, Jonathan Klein, stated that although he made the decision six months before Stewart's appearance on the show, he "wholeheartedly agrees" with Stewart's "overall premise."

Stewart has received the prestigious Peabody Award twice for the coverage of the 2000 and 2004 U.S. presidential elections on The Daily Show. He was also named one of the 2005 Time 100, an annual list of 100 of the most influential people of the year by Time Magazine. In the magazine article, Tom Brokaw described Stewart as one of the few people who represent true Athenian democratic values.

On January 5, 2006, Stewart was officially announced as the host of the 78th Academy Awards, which will be held at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood on March 5, 2006.

Notable Daily Show moments

On November 3, 2004, the day after President George W. Bush was re-elected, Stewart sadly remarked to his audience: "I never thought I'd say this: I ... miss ... voter fraud. I miss it." video

On January 21st, 2001, the day after Bush was sworn in for his first term as President, Stewart played a clip of Bush repeating after Chief Justice Rehnquist, "I, George Walker Bush, do solemnly swear..." Stewart added, "At which point, forty-nine percent of the country also solemnly swore."

Bibliography

Naked Pictures of Famous People (Rob Weisbach Books, 1998) ISBN 0688155308
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction (Warner Books, 2004) ISBN 0446532681

External links

Preceded by Craig Kilborn 1996-1998	"The Daily Show" anchor 1999-	Succeeded by Incumbent

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+:''This article is about the comedian and author. For the [[Green Lantern]], see [[John Stewart (comics)|John Stewart]].''
-{{originalresearch}}
+[[Image:Jon Stewart in 2000 and 2005.jpg|thumb|260px|Stewart on ''The Daily Show'', in bewilderment at the difference between himself in 2000 and currently (2005)]]
-'''Polyphasic sleep''' is a sleep pattern specification intended to reduce [[sleep]] time to 2&ndash;5 [[hour]]s daily. This is achieved by spreading out sleep into short naps of around 20&ndash;45 [[minute]]s throughout the day. This is supposed to allow for more waking hours with relatively high alertness.
+'''Jon Stewart''' (born [[November 28]], [[1962]] as '''Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz''') is an [[United States|American]] [[comedian]], [[actor]], [[author]], and [[Television producer|producer]], best known as host of ''[[The Daily Show]]''.
-The method uses natural human sleep mechanisms to maximize alertness when sleep time needs to be minimized. However, it requires a rigid schedule which makes it unfeasible for most people.  It can work well for those engaged in activities which do not permit lengthy periods of sleep (e.g. sailors).
+The popularity of this late-night show has earned Stewart notoriety as "the most trusted name in fake news," a sardonic reflection of his stature as the [[Walter Cronkite]] for a younger generation.
+He has also gained attention as an outspoken critic of established [[news media]] sources.
-== Theory ==
+==Personal background==
-The theory is that ordinary '''monophasic''' sleep consists of many phases, only a few of which are needed for survival. [[Rapid eye movement|REM]] sleep, occurring quite late in the sequence, is commonly believed to be one such necessary phase. It is believed that after being deprived of sleep during an adjustment period, the brain will start to enter the required stages much quicker - with the result that each short nap consists almost solely of REM sleep. Some theories of sleep suggest that REM is largely responsible for the mental rejuvenation effects of sleep, but the role of REM sleep has in recent years been disputed. It has been documented that depriving rats of REM sleep specifically leads to death in 3 to 8 weeks (which doesn't happen with depriving test animals of other specific sleep phases), but it has also been documented that humans survive without REM sleep for longer than other animals.  There have been tests on humans in which REM sleep was deprived, and all subjects in the study had to quit before the study could run to completion.  Obviously, scientists cannot ethically experiment how long it takes for lack of sleep to kill a person.  As polyphasic sleepers get a lot of Stage 4 NREM and REM sleep, they may achieve higher alertness levels than those who do not practice the art of catnapping.
+Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz was raised in [[Lawrenceville, New Jersey|Lawrenceville]], [[New Jersey]]. While growing up, he unofficially dropped his last name, Leibowitz, and altered the spelling of his middle name from "Stuart" to "Stewart". Although he often jokes this is because people had difficulty with the pronunciation of Leibowitz or it "sounded too Hollywood" [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0829537/bio], Stewart has implied that the name change was actually due to a strained relationship with his father, a physicist who left the family in [[1971]] and with whom Stewart no longer has any contact [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/6539433]. He was a member of the school's band and has said he was subjected to much anti-Semitic harassment from some of his classmates as he was one of the few [[Jewish]] children in his school. He was also short, and still stands just 5 feet 7 inches. He describes his high school self as "very into [[Eugene Debs]] and a bit of a leftist."
-== Mechanism ==
-Boat racers use this technique to avoid dangers at sea. Astronauts use this technique during extended crises, and military personnel, especially [[Marines]], use this technique in training. One of the leading advocates of polyphasic sleep research is [[Claudio Stampi]].
+Stewart attended the [[College of William and Mary]] in [[Williamsburg, Virginia]], majoring in [[psychology]], and played on the men's [[soccer]] team. An award titled the "Leibo" is now given out annually in honor of Stewart; it is given to the member of the men's soccer team who experiences the most personal growth and provides the most laughs for his teammates. He was a member of the [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] Fraternity, but quit after six months. [http://www.nndb.com/people/222/000022156/]. He coached soccer at [[Gloucester High School]] in [[Gloucester, Virginia]].
-Self-testers often "crash" several times while testing and accidentally sleep through for several hours longer than intended. Current polyphasic users and scientific evidence (Claudio) both suggest that problems relating to tiredness dissipate around 10 days into the schedule, and disappear completely around 14 days into the schedule, but many self-testers do not effectively plan their two week transition period. Therefore, they remain tired long after the target 14-day end date and eventually terminate the experiment.
+After graduating from [[William & Mary]] in [[1984]], Stewart held numerous jobs, including contingency planner for the New Jersey Department of Human Services, contract administrator for [[City University of New York]], [[puppeteer]] for children with disabilities, and [[bartender]] at a local blue-collar bar, the ''Franklin Corner Tavern''.
-When humans are left to sleep in situations with minimised [[zeitgeber]]s they generally sleep according to a largely monophasic [[circadian rhythm]] often with a short nap midway in the cycle (the [[siesta]]). Sleep may appear to occur in synchronisation with [[ultradian]] rhythms in conditions of sleep deprivation where several naps during the day are possible. Forcing the body against the natural mono- or biphasic circadian rhythm has detrimental health effects (esp. cardiac effects and the effects on the corticoid stress axis). Though there are no obvious short-term health problems in polyphasic sleepers, except for recurring bouts of tiredness, long-term polyphasic sleep has not been thoroughly studied for its health effects. Most of what we know of "going against the nature" comes from the research on shift-work schedules.
+Stewart married long-time girlfriend Tracey McShane, a [[veterinary technician]], in May [[2000]], at which time they both legally changed their last names to "Stewart." The couple had their first child, Nathan Thomas Stewart (named after Stewart's grandfather) on [[July 3]], [[2004]]. They are expecting their second child, a daughter, in February 2006.
-Some self-testers prefer a modified polyphasic schedule which incorporates several hours of sleep during the night nicknamed "core sleep", in addition to daytime naps.
+In [[2004]], Stewart spoke at the commencement ceremonies at William and Mary, and was presented with an [[Honorary degree|honorary]] [[Doctor of Arts|doctorate of arts]] degree [http://www.wm.edu/news/index.php?id=3650]. Stewart was also the Class Day keynote speaker at [[Princeton University]] in [[2004]].
-According to Claudio Stampi's ("''[[Why We Nap, Evolution, Chronobiology, and Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep]]''"), in sleep deprived condition, measurements of a polyphasic sleeper's memory retention and analytical ability show increases as compared with monophasic and biphasic sleep (but still a decrease of 12% as compared with entrained free running sleep). According to Stampi, the improvement is due to an extraordinary evolutionary predisposition to adopt such a sleep schedule; he hypothesizes this is possibly because polyphasic sleep was the prefered schedule of ancestors of the human race for thousands of years prior to the adoption of the monophasic schedule.
+==Professional background==
-== Criticism ==
+With a reputation for being a funnyman even in school, Jon Stewart moved to [[New York City]] in [[1986]] to try his hand at the [[comedy club]] circuit. In [[1989]], he began hosting [[Comedy Central]]'s ''[[Short Attention Span Theater]]'', and in [[1993]], due in large part to the support of his friend [[David Letterman]], Stewart started hosting ''The Jon Stewart Show'' on [[MTV]], the first talk show on that network. Also in 1993, he was a finalist to replace David Letterman on ''[[Late Night with David Letterman|Late Night]]'', but the position ultimately went to [[Conan O'Brien]]. In [[1994]], [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] pulled the plug on ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'' and, with MTV, launched an hour-long [[television syndication|syndicated]] late-night version of ''The Jon Stewart Show''. The show, broadcast in 2:00 or 3:00 AM timeslots by some local stations, was a ratings flop, and it was cancelled in June [[1995]]. Stewart had also previously hosted the unsuccessful ''[[You Wrote It, You Watch It]]'' on MTV, which invited viewers to send in their stories to be acted out.
+[[Image:Dailyshow a.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Jon Stewart reacting to a [[George W. Bush|Bush]] clip in his late night television show ''[[The Daily Show]]'']]
-=== Health risk ===
+In [[1999]], Stewart began hosting ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on [[Comedy Central]] when [[Craig Kilborn]] left the show.  Since that time, he has hosted all airings of the program, save for a scant handful where correspondents such as [[Stephen Colbert]] have filled in at the anchor desk. In [[2005]], ''The Daily Show'' and Jon Stewart received two [[Emmy Awards]] and a [[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album|Best Comedy Album]] [[Grammy Award]] for the [[audio book]] edition of ''[[America (The Book)]]''.
-Critics believe polyphasic sleep quarrels with the natural sleep cycle and cannot be feasible in the long run. It is well known that [[sleep deprivation]] has detrimental effects on memory, problem solving, decision making, stress and anxiety levels, muscular strength and endurance. Lack of sufficient sleep also weakens the immune system, decreases the amount of growth hormone produced, and decreases the ability of the body to metabolize sugar. Critics have expressed concern about possible long-term effects of suppressing the other sleep stages, although such effects are as yet undocumented. In addition to sleep deprivation, sleeping against one's circadian phase (as is the case with shift-workers) has well documented detrimental health effects (e.g. dramatic increase in cardiovascular disease).
+Stewart also hosted the Grammys twice, in 2001 and 2002. In the middle of the 2001 broadcast, after laying a number of comedic duds, Stewart did what he encourages most public officials to do, and owned up to his bad hosting: he said, "Ladies and gentlemen, I just want to say I feel your scorn and accept it." When Stewart returned to host the next year, his comedy was more successful. Joking about the performance of the song "Lady Marmalade," he said, "Our next performance is from the movie ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'', a film about a time when the whorehouses were about the music!" When the ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' soundtrack won Album of the Year and an immense number of people walked up on stage, Stewart quipped, "I don't know what you may have heard, but you were only supposed to go on stage if you ''worked'' on the ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' soundtrack, not if you ''heard'' it."
-=== Productivity ===
+[[Image:DailyShowClinton.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Stewart interviewing [[Bill Clinton]]]]
-In addition to health considerations, the productivity of one who deprives himself of needed sleep is likely to be of inferior quality even if increased waking hours allows for increased quantity.
+In the middle of 2002, amid rumors that David Letterman was going to make a jump from CBS to ABC when his contract ran out with CBS, Stewart was rumored to be the person who would take over Letterman's show on CBS. Ultimately, Letterman renewed his contract with CBS, and ABC gave another Comedy Central figure, [[Jimmy Kimmel]], his own show following ''[[Nightline]]''. In a 2002 episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' that Stewart was hosting, a "[[Weekend Update]]" sketch poked fun at the situation. In the middle of the sketch, "Weekend Update" host [[Jimmy Fallon]] said that he couldn't continue doing the broadcast, and he brought Stewart in to replace him. Stewart glowed with excitement and chattered to himself about his chance to prove himself on network television. His pep talk went on too long, however, and before Stewart could deliver any headlines, Fallon returned and said he would be able to finish out the broadcast himself.
+Still, many people believe that when Letterman does retire, Stewart (a fellow [[Viacom]] employee) will replace him to continue the ''[[The Late Show with David Letterman|Late Show]]'' franchise and compete with [[Conan O'Brien]]. At a London appearance on December 11, 2005, when asked if he would replace Letterman, Stewart said it would be unlikely, because on Comedy Central he has creative independence that CBS would probably not give him. In reference to Letterman's wealth, he joked, "Really, who needs all that money?"
+Although best known for his work on ''The Daily Show'', Stewart has also had roles in several [[television series]] and [[film|movie]]s. He often makes fun of his film appearances, as they have largely been in movies considered to be [[flop]]s. He usually singles out the high-profile bomb [[Death to Smoochy]], in which he played a minor role. He also appeared in the cult favorite ''[[Half Baked]]'', and he played a romantic lead in the film ''[[Playing by Heart]]''.  Other movie appearances include ''[[Big Daddy]]'' and ''[[The Faculty]]'', and small part as a news correspondent in ''[[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back]]''.
-=== REM sleep claims ===
+He has guest-starred on such television shows as ''[[The Nanny]]'', ''[[Spin City]]'', and ''[[NewsRadio]]'', in addition to the ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' episode he hosted in [[March 2002]].
+Stewart attracted much attention as a result of an unusual, awkward, and heated television exchange with [[CNN]]'s [[Tucker Carlson]] in [[October 2004]]. Stewart decried the state of television journalism and referred to both Carlson, whom he declared to be "as big a dick on [his] show as [he is] on any show," and co-host [[Paul Begala]] as "partisan hacks." He also asserted that their show, ''[[Crossfire (television)|Crossfire]]'', had failed in its responsibility to inform and educate viewers about politics as a serious topic [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0410/15/cf.01.html (transcript)]. This exchange became one of the most widely viewed [[Internet]] videos to date (both publicly on [[iFilm]] and from other sources) and a topic of much media discussion. In [[January 2005]], CNN announced that it was cancelling ''Crossfire''. When asked about the cancellations, CNN's incoming [[CEO]], [[Jonathan Klein]], stated that although he made the decision six months before Stewart's appearance on the show, he "wholeheartedly agrees" with Stewart's "overall premise."
-Sleep deprivation is likely to upregulate SWS sleep (against what is often claimed about polyphasic sleep). In addition, the notion that REM sleep is the most important phase of sleep, or even necessary for good health, is dubious; [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s nearly completely abolish REM sleep, yet patients who take MAOIs do not exhibit any obvious cognitive deficits (Siegel, 2001).
+Stewart has received the prestigious [[Peabody Award]] twice for the coverage of the [[2000 U.S. presidential election|2000]] and [[2004 U.S. presidential election]]s on ''The Daily Show''. He was also named one of the ''2005 Time 100'', an annual list of 100 of the most influential people of the year by ''[[Time Magazine]]''. In the magazine article, [[Tom Brokaw]] described Stewart as one of the few people who represent true [[Athenian democracy|Athenian democratic]] values.
-=== Alertness ===
+On [[January 5]], [[2006]], Stewart was officially announced as the host of the [[78th Academy Awards]], which will be held at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in [[Hollywood]] on [[March 5]], [[2006]].
-Advocates of polyphasic sleep often claim they still feel alert. Skeptics believe this alertness relates to increased [[adrenaline]] and [[cortisol]] due to eagerness to succeed in their polyphasic experiment and/or eagerness to engage and complete their productive pursuits. Many successful contemporary polyphasic users return to monophasic sleep, though they claim that their return is due to the difficulty of scheduling 20 minute naps every 4 hours.
-=== Social effects ===
+==Notable Daily Show moments==
+On November 3, 2004, the day after President George W. Bush was re-elected, Stewart sadly remarked to his audience:
-Numerous blogs of polyphasic sleep adepts (linked at the bottom of this article) indicate that an average "survival" on the "[[Uberman]] schedule" is 1-5 weeks. Social and employment needs  pose a significant problem for many who try it, since society is generally unaccomodating to people with non-traditional sleep schedules. Personal accounts indicate that missed naps can easily disrupt the polyphasic sleep pattern.
+'''''"I never thought I'd say this: I ... miss ... voter fraud.  I miss it."''''' [http://video.lisarein.com/dailyshow/nov2004/nov032004/11-03-04-demsresign.mov video]
+On January 21st, 2001, the day after Bush was sworn in for his first term as President, Stewart played a clip of Bush repeating after [[William Rehnquist|Chief Justice Rehnquist]], "I, George Walker Bush, do solemnly swear..." Stewart added, <i><b>"At which point, forty-nine percent of the country also solemnly swore."</b></i>
-== Alleged polyphasic sleepers ==
-Proponents claim that several famous people applied catnapping to a large extent. These include:
+==Bibliography==
-* [[Leonardo da Vinci]] - unverified. It seems all we know about Leonardo's sleep was written after his death.
+*''Naked Pictures of Famous People'' (Rob Weisbach Books, [[1998 in literature|1998]]) ISBN 0688155308
-* [[Thomas Edison]] - false! He is known to have held sleep in contempt. He also practiced catnapping. Yet his naps, often on the floor, could take several hours. He had a napping cot in his office. Most importantly, however, he would take a normal 4-5 hours sleep in the night. Due to his contempt for sleep, he would often claim to sleep less than it was actually observed by his co-workers. He often worked throughout the night. However, he would usually sleep through the most of the next day. During a short period of life, Edison kept a diary whose scanned versions are available on-line. The diary shows that he would often wake up at 5-6 am and linger in bed till 8-9 am repeatedly waking up and falling asleep again. He was definitely not a polyphasic sleeper despite a widely-spread urban myth
+*''[[America (The Book)|The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction]]'' (Warner Books, [[2004 in literature|2004]]) ISBN 0446532681
-* [[Buckminster Fuller]] - when travelling extensively, instead of submitting to a jet lag, he would enter what he called a "dog sleep", i.e. getting a 15 min. nap every 2 hours or so. It is not clear for how long he could sustain such schedules
-* [[Nikola Tesla]] - unverified. Rather than being polyphasic, Tesla used to work excitedly for extended periods of time seemingly without fatigue (even above 70 hours). Yet he is also reported to sleep through the entire day
-* [[Napoleon]] - unverified
-* [[Benjamin Franklin]] - urban legend. It is Franklin who said "There will be sleeping enough in the grave" as well as "The sleeping fox catches no poultry". However, he is also attributed with "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise", which is a definite monophasic mantra. Most importantly, he was the first proponent of the [[Daylight Saving Time]] saying ""It is silly and wasteful that people should live much by candle-light and sleep by sunshine"
-* [[Winston Churchill]] - urban legend. It is well documented that Churchill slept little in the night and worked till the very late hours. However, he regularly took an afternoon nap of 1-2 hours saying "this gets me two days in one". As such, Churchill was definitely biphasic
-* [[Bruce Lee]] used to nap on movie sets
-* [[Thomas Jefferson]] - this claim is likely to be an urban legend as Jefferson, in his own words, indicated that he slept irregularly in a single block of 5-8 hours in the night, always after 30-60 minutes of inspirational reading (Letters to Vine Utley, 1819)
-* Presidents G. Bush, JR., Clinton, Reagan, J.F. Kennedy, and Truman are/were frequent nappers, yet they were not polyphasic
+==External links==
-However, these cannot be verified as comparable to polyphasic sleeping. Napping should not be confused with polyphasic sleep in which the timing of naps is precisely determined in accordance with sleep gates and forbidden zones.
+{{wikiquote}}
+*{{imdb name|id=0829537|name=Jon Stewart}}
+*{{nndb name|id=222/000022156|name=Jon Stewart}}
+*[http://www.comedycentral.com/tv_shows/thedailyshowwithjonstewart/ Official site for the Daily Show on Comedy Central]
+*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4054791 Interview with Stewart] on [[National Public Radio|NPR]]'s ''[[Fresh Air]]'' (September 30, 2004)
+*[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2652831 Stewart's appearance on Crossfire] (October 15, 2004)
+*[http://www.contemporaryinsanity.org/content/view/17/2/ Stewart on Crossfire, multiple non-streaming formats]
+*[http://www.c-span.org/Search/basic.asp?BasicQueryText=jon+stewart&SortBy=date Jon Stewart on C-SPAN] ([[October 25]], [[2004]])
+*[http://www.progressiveu.org/taxonomy/term/35 The Daily Show Analysis, Commentary, and Polls on ProgressiveU.org]
+*[http://www.realopinion.com/realboards/showthread.php?t=4995 Jon Stewart's ('84) Commencement Address—2004 graduation at the College of William & Mary]
+*[http://usliberals.about.com/od/peopleinthenews/a/JonStewart.htm About.com Profile of Jon Stewart, Political Comedian - Fake News Taken Seriously]
+*[http://onegoodmove.org/1gm/ Video clips of many Jon Stewart Segments]
+{{sequence|
-[[Claudio Stampi]] advocates polyphasic sleep as a means of ensuring optimal performance in situations where extreme sleep deprivation is inevitable (e.g. to improve performance in solo sailboat racers). But Stampi does not advocate the polyphasic sleep as a lifestyle.
+prev=[[Craig Kilborn]] <br> [[1996]]-[[1998]]|
+next=Incumbent|
+list="[[The Daily Show]]" anchor<br><small>[[1999]]-</small>|
+}}
+[[Category:1962 births|Stewart, Jon]]
-Polyphasic sleep was also popularized on ''[[Seinfeld]]'', where the character [[Cosmo Kramer]] attempted to adapt to a polyphasic sleeping pattern.
+[[Category:American comedians|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:American satirists|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:Emmy Award winners|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:Grammy Award Winners|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:Jewish American actors|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:Jewish Americans|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:People from New Jersey|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[Category:The Daily Show|Stewart, Jon]]
+[[de:Jon Stewart]]
-== References ==
+[[fr:Jon Stewart]]
-* Claudio Stampi. ''[[Why We Nap, Evolution, Chronobiology, and Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep]]. (1992) ISBN 0-81763-462-2
+[[nl:Jon Stewart]]
-* Jerome M. Siegel. (2001) The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis. ''Science'' 294(5544):1058-63.
+[[no:Jon Stewart]]
+[[tl:Jon Stewart]]
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.polyphasicsleep.com/wiki/index.php/Special:Allpages Polyphasic Sleep Wiki]
-* [http://www.polyphasicsleep.com/ Polyphasic Sleep Forum & Wiki] at ''PolyphasicSleep.com''
-* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=892542 Uberman's Sleep Schedule] at ''Everything2''
-* [http://health.groups.yahoo.com/group/uberman/ Uberman Sleep Schedule YahooGroup]
-* [http://www.virginatlanticglobalflyer.com/ScienceAviation/SleepFacts.jsp Sleep facts] from [[Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer]] site.
-* [http://glenrhodes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54&Itemid=9 The Power of the Sleep Cycle] at GlenRhodes.com
-* [http://outside.away.com/outside/bodywork/200504/sleep-training_1.html Miles to Go Before I Sleep] at Outside.com
-* [http://www.healthology.com/focus_article.asp?f=sleep_disorders&b=healthology&c=sleepdeprivation What You Can Do About Sleep Deprivation] at Healthology.com
-=== Polyphasic Sleep Testers ===
-Sorted by date posted to wikipedia:
-* 2005-10-20: [http://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/category/sleep/ StevePavlina.com - Steve's Personal Development blog, Sleep category].
-* 2005-11-03: [http://www.andreaspauli.blogspot.com/ Andreas Pauli's Polyphasic Sleep Blog]
-* 2005-11-07: [http://www.federicopistono.org/index.php?mod=Polyphasic_Sleep federicopistono.org Project Polyphasic Sleep - Federico Pistono]
-* 2005-11-07: [http://www.betterthanyourboyfriend.com Tynan's 50+ Day (and counting!) Transition to Polynapping]
-* 2005-11-11: [http://powersurge.ca/blog/?cat=2 Powered by Surge - Sergiy Korobkov's blog, Sleep category]
-* 2005-11-15: [http://seanonpolynapping.blogspot.com/ Sean on Polyphasic Sleep]
-* 2005-11-20: [http://www.houseofpearlman.org/blog/?cat=4 Ted Pearlman's Successful Polyphasic Sleep Experiment]
-* 2005-11-25: [http://placebo.serv.co.za/forum/viewforum.php?f=2 Placebo's Polyphasic Sleep Journals]
-* 2005-11-30: [http://michaana.blogspot.com/ To Sleep or Not To Sleep: A Polyphasic Experiment]
-* 2005-12-07: [http://www.polyphasicsleep.com/ Polyphasic Sleep .com ]
-* 2005-12-08: [http://www.my-extra-life.com/ My Extra Life: Living more by sleeping less.]
-* 2005-12-10: [http://journal.b44h.com/ Michael Sondergaard's Polyphasic Sleep Blog]
-* 2005-12-19: [http://waytooawesome.blogspot.com/ Heath Gordon's Polyphasic sleep blog]
-* 2005-12-19: [http://cnpolysleep.blogspot.com/ Polyphasic Sleep Experiment]
-* 2005-12-19: [http://headb.blogspot.com/ The Polyphasic Sleep Cycle: Buckminster Fuller did it!]
-* 2005-12-22: [http://www.livejournal.com/~sleepyscottie/ Sleepy Scottie's Polynapping Endeavor]
-* 2006-01-01: [http://wideawakeliving.blogspot.com/ Rob's Polyphasic Sleep blog]
-* 2006-01-05: [http://www.thedanexperiment.com/ The Dan Experiment]
-* 2006-01-06: [http://www.josephayoung.com/itstime It's Time to Incorporate Polyphasic Sleep]
-[[Category:Sleep]]
-[[fr:Sommeil polyphasique]]
-[[fi:Monivaiheinen unirytmi]]