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==="We are the 99%"===
==="We are the 99%"===
{{Further|We are the 99%}}
{{Further|We are the 99%}}
[["Occupy" protests|"Occupy" protesters']] [[political slogan|slogan]] ''We are the 99%'' is derived from a flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011 which carried the heading ''We the 99%''. The variation "We ''are'' the 99%" titled a tumblr page and gave the meme greater circulation.<ref name=motherjonesfoundation>{{cite web | url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators| title="We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed| accessdate=11-17-11| publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress.}}</ref> [[Paul Taylor]] said the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing friction.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous?] by Scott Horsley National Public Radia January 14, 2012</ref> The Economist and Washington Post said a report by the [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) report released in October, 2011 confirmed the validity of the [[meme]] formulated from earlier studies reaching similar conclusions.<ref>http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/income-inequality-america?page=1Income</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/us/we-are-the-99-percent-joins-the-cultural-and-political-lexicon.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Camps%20Are%20Cleared,%20but%20%2799%20Percent%27%20Still%20Occupies%20the%20Lexicon%20&st=cse</ref>
[["Occupy" protests|"Occupy" protesters']] [[political slogan|slogan]] ''We are the 99%'' is derived from a flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011 which carried the heading ''We the 99%''. The variation "We ''are'' the 99%" titled a tumblr page and gave the meme greater circulation.<ref name=motherjonesfoundation>{{cite web | url=http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/10/we-are-the-99-percent-creators| title="We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed| accessdate=11-17-11| publisher=Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress.}}</ref> [[Paul Taylor]] said the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing friction.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/2012/01/14/145213421/the-income-gap-unfair-or-are-we-just-jealous The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous?] by Scott Horsley National Public Radia January 14, 2012</ref> Record high levels of income inequality and who is to blame for it, is of great importance to OWS protesters.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/the-daily-need/occupy-wall-street-the-2012-election-and-the-problem-income-inequality-in-america/13425/| title=Occupy Wall Street, the 2012 election and the problem of income inequality in America | accessdate=2012-22-04| publisher=PBS}}</ref> The movement has gained headlines from newspaper and television news for drawing attention to 30 years of inequality.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2011/12/07/the-gops-income-inequality-opportunity| title=The GOP's Income Inequality Opportunity| accessdate=2012-22-04| publisher=U.S.News & World Report }}</ref> The Economist and Washington Post said a report by the [[Congressional Budget Office]] (CBO) report released in October, 2011 confirmed the validity of the [[meme]] formulated from earlier studies reaching similar conclusions.<ref>http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/income-inequality-america?page=1Income</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/us/we-are-the-99-percent-joins-the-cultural-and-political-lexicon.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Camps%20Are%20Cleared,%20but%20%2799%20Percent%27%20Still%20Occupies%20the%20Lexicon%20&st=cse</ref>


==Income inequality==
[[File:2008 Top1percentUSA.png|thumb|275px|A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3309 "Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out."] [http://www.cbpp.org Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]. Accessed October 2011.</ref><ref>[http://archive.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm “By the Numbers.”] [http://www.demos.org Demos.org]. Accessed October 2011.</ref> Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.<ref name="CFR Analysis">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/united-states/occupy-wall-streets-global-echo/p26216 |title=Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo |first=Christopher |last=Alessi |date=October |month=17 |year=2011 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |accessdate=October 17, 2011 |quote="The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality."}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/clarence-b-jones/obama-mlk-memorial-_b_1016077.html |title=Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies |first=Clarence |last=Jones |date=October 17, 2011 |publisher=The Huffington Post |accessdate=October 17, 2011 |quote="The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wall Street protesters need to find their 'sound bite' |author=Chrystia Freeland |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 14, 2011 |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/chrystia-freeland/wall-street-protesters-need-to-find-their-sound-bite/article2200223/ |accessdate=October 17, 2011}}</ref>]]
[[File:2008 Top1percentUSA.png|thumb|275px|A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3309 "Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out."] [http://www.cbpp.org Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]. Accessed October 2011.</ref><ref>[http://archive.demos.org/inequality/numbers.cfm “By the Numbers.”] [http://www.demos.org Demos.org]. Accessed October 2011.</ref> Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.<ref name="CFR Analysis">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/united-states/occupy-wall-streets-global-echo/p26216 |title=Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo |first=Christopher |last=Alessi |date=October |month=17 |year=2011 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |accessdate=October 17, 2011 |quote="The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality."}}</ref><ref name="HuffPo Income Inequality">{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/clarence-b-jones/obama-mlk-memorial-_b_1016077.html |title=Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies |first=Clarence |last=Jones |date=October 17, 2011 |publisher=The Huffington Post |accessdate=October 17, 2011 |quote="The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wall Street protesters need to find their 'sound bite' |author=Chrystia Freeland |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 14, 2011 |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/commentary/chrystia-freeland/wall-street-protesters-need-to-find-their-sound-bite/article2200223/ |accessdate=October 17, 2011}}</ref>]]

[[Income inequality in the United States|Income inequality]], defined as a wealthy [[upper class]] with [[economic stagnation]] or impoverishment for the rest of the population, has increased greatly since the 1960s.<ref name="ForbesJacobs" /> In the United States, about 15% of households are [[Food insecurity|"food insecure,"]] meaning that they have difficulty buying enough food. About 50 million Americans have no [[Health insurance in the United States|health insurance]] and at least 42 million &#8212;about 1/7th of the population&#8212; live below the [[Poverty in the United States|poverty line]].<ref name="db" /> [[Executive_pay#United_States|Executive pay in the largest US companies]] has quadrupled since the 1970s, but the average non-supervisory employee is paid 10% less.<ref name="db"/><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/cozy-relationships-and-peer-benchmarking-send-ceos-pay-soaring/2011/09/22/gIQAgq8NJL_story.html Cozy relationships and ‘peer benchmarking’ send CEOs’ pay soaring] [[The Washington Post]] with [[Bloomberg]], special report on Breakaway Wealth, By [[Peter Whoriskey]], October 3, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/ratcheting-up-pay-with-peer-comparison/2011/10/03/gIQAKT1FJL_graphic.html Ratcheting up pay with peer comparison] [[The Washington Post]] with [[Bloomberg]], October 3, 2011.</ref> During the 1990s, economists began to release studies which showed the increasing income inequality in the United States. Although these were cited by liberals and Democrats, this information did not fully penetrate the public sphere till it was used as one of the ideas behind the OWS movement. OWS protests were particularly concerned with income inequality, in addition to greed and the corrupting power of banks and [[Multinational corporation|multinational corporations]].<ref name="II">[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/i/income/income_inequality/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier Income Inequality] [[The New York Times]] March 22, 2012</ref>

A 2010 poll by Prof. [[Dan Ariely]] of [[Duke University]] found that an overwhelming majority of Americans across the political spectrum, including the wealthiest, want more [[Wealth inequality in the United States|equitable distribution of wealth]].<ref name="CBSMorePopular">[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20120052-503544.html?tag=mncol;lst;1 Occupy Wall Street: More popular than you think] By Brian Montopoli October 13, 2011 "the vast majority [of Americans] seem to share the protesters' sense that the economic deck is stacked"</ref> According to news editor Simon Rogers writing for [[The Guardian]] Data Blog,<!-- This blog is discussed on the WP:Reliable Sources Noticeboard at Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard/Archive_109#The_Guardian_data_blog --> Americans, including 90% of Republicans, believe that the top 20% of Americans should own as much as 40% of the wealth of the nation, and that the poorest 120 million Americans should own about 10% of the wealth of the nation. However, in reality the top 20% of people in the Unites States own 85% of the wealth, the 120 million poorest own .3% (about 1/333rd or one third of one percent), and the richest 1% own about 33%.<ref name="db">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/nov/16/occupy-protests-data-video Occupy protestors say it is 99% v 1%. Are they right?] [[The Guardian]] Data Blog, by Simon Rogers, Wednesday 16 November </ref><ref>[http://taxprof.typepad.com/files/129tn0251.pdf United in Our Delusion] By [[David Cay Johnston]] October 11, 2010, as cited by [[The Guardian]] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/nov/16/occupy-protests-data-video Data Blog]</ref> According to 2007 statistics, financial inequality (total net worth minus the value of one's home<ref>"Financial wealth" is defined by economists as [http://www2.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html "total net worth minus the value of one's home,"] including investments and other liquid assets.</ref>) is greater than inequality in total wealth, with the top 1% of the population owning 42.7%, the next 19% of Americans owning 50.3%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%.<ref name="ForbesJacobs">[http://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2011/11/01/occupy-wall-street-and-the-rhetoric-of-equality/ Occupy Wall Street And The Rhetoric of Equality] ''Forbes'' November 1, 2011 by Deborah L. Jacobs</ref> However, after the [[Late-2000s recession|Great Recession]] which started in 2007, the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 34.6% to 37.1%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 85% to 87.7%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36.1% in median household wealth but a drop of only 11.1% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the 1% and the 99%.<ref name="ForbesJacobs"/><ref>[http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_589.pdf Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007] by Edward N. Wolff, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, March 2010</ref><ref>[http://sociology.ucsc.edu/whorulesamerica/power/wealth.html Wealth, Income, and Power] by G. William Domhoff of the UC-Santa Barbara Sociology Department</ref> [[Buffett Rule|Taxes paid by the wealthy are less]] than taxes paid by those making $100,000 to $200,000 per year: incomes of $100,000 to $200,000 are taxed at an effective rate of 25%, but the wealthy, whose income comes mostly from investments, pay less than 20%.<ref name="db" /> <!--
From 1992-2007 the top 400 income earners in the U.S. saw their income increase 392% and their average tax rate reduced by 37%.<ref name=Stupid>[http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/income-inequality-in-america-chart-graph It's the Inequality, Stupid] By Dave Gilson and Carolyn Perot in Mother Jones, March/April 2011 Issue</ref>

According to the [[Congressional Budget Office]], between 1979 and 2007 the incomes of the top 1% of Americans grew by an average of 275%. During the same time period, the 60% of Americans in the middle of the income scale saw their income rise by 40%. Since 1979 the average pre-tax income for the bottom 90% of households has decreased by $900, while that of the top 1% increased by over $700,000, as federal taxation became less [[Progressive tax|progressive]]. In 2009, the average income of the top 1% was $960,000 with a minimum income of $343,927.<ref name=CNNstats>[http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/20/news/economy/occupy_wall_street_income/index.htm Who are the 1 percent?], CNN, October 29, 2011</ref><ref name="CBPP">[http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3309 "Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top."] [http://www.cbpp.org Center on Budget and Policy Priorities]. Accessed October 2011.</ref>
-->


==Goals==
==Goals==

Revision as of 02:53, 23 April 2012

This article is about the protests in New York City. For the wider movement, see Occupy movement.

Template:Infobox Occupy movement/protest Occupy Wall Street is a protest that began September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district. The protest was initiated by the Canadian activist group Adbusters and has led to Occupy protests and movements around the world. The main issues are social and economic inequality, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The slogan, We are the 99%, addresses the growing income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. Protesters engage in "direct action" with consensus-based decisions through a general assembly of participants instead of petitioning authorities .[1]

Origins

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) has roots in the British student protests of 2010, Greece's and Spain's anti-austerity protests of the "indignados" (indignants), as well as the Arab Spring protests.[2] But the more immediate series of events which lead to the protest started with email conversations between Kalle Lasn, founder of the Canadian-based Adbusters Media Foundation and Micah White, Adbuster's senior editor.[3] The two had the idea for an occupation of lower Manhattan in early June 2011. Lasn registered the OccupyWallSteet.org web address on June 9th.[3] Early in June, Adbusters sent its subscribers an email saying that “America needs its own Tahrir,” and according to Micah White the idea "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world.”[4][3] In a blog post on July 13 of 2011,[5] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.[4] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue.[6][7][8]

The series of events which culminated in the formation of the New York General Assembly (NYGA) began in June and July when a group called New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB), began promoting a “People’s General Assembly” to “Oppose Cutbacks And Austerity Of Any Kind”. On August 2 NYAB met in Bowling Green Park. Activist, anarchist and anthropologist David Graeber and several of his associates also attended the NYAB meeting, but grew frustrated when they found out that the event was not a "general assembly" which rules by consensus created by group discussions. Rather, the event was intended to be merely a precursor to marching on Wall Street with a corpus of predetermined demands such as "An end to oppression and war!" In response, Graeber and his small group began their own general assembly, which eventually drew all the remaining attendees from the NYAB meeting and eventually developed into the New York General Assembly. The group began to hold weekly meetings to work out the issues and direction of the movement, such as whether or not to have a set of demands, the formation of working groups and whether or not to have leaders. [9] Graeber argues that the Occupy movement is based on the philosophy of anarchism.[10] The internet group Anonymous created a video encouraging its supporters to take part in the protests.[11] Other groups began joining to assist in organization, including the U.S. Day of Rage,[12] and the NYC General Assembly.[13] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[14]

The original location of choice by the protesters was 1 Chase Plaza, the site of the "Charging Bull" sculpture. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off the location. Nearby Zuccotti Park was then chosen. Since the park was private property police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[15] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[13]

Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,[16] and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States. Writing for CNN, Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Peñalver said that "A straight line runs from the 1930s sit-down strikes in Flint, Michigan, to the 1960 lunch-counter sit-ins to the occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists in 1969 to Occupy Wall Street. Occupations employ physical possession to communicate intense dissent, exhibited by a willingness to break the law and to suffer the -- occasionally violent -- consequences."[17] Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as Coxey's Army in 1894, the Bonus Marchers in 1932, and the May Day protesters in 1971.[18][19]

More immediate prototypes for OWS include the British student protests of 2010, Greece's and Spain's anti-austerity protests of the "indignados" (indignants), as well as the Arab Spring protests.[2] These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging to circumvent the authorities, as well as the feeling that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been malfeasant in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.[2][20] Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States and around the world.[21][22][23]

"We are the 99%"

Further information: We are the 99%

"Occupy" protesters' slogan We are the 99% is derived from a flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011 which carried the heading We the 99%. The variation "We are the 99%" titled a tumblr page and gave the meme greater circulation.[24] Paul Taylor said the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing friction.[25] Record high levels of income inequality and who is to blame for it, is of great importance to OWS protesters.[26] The movement has gained headlines from newspaper and television news for drawing attention to 30 years of inequality.[27] The Economist and Washington Post said a report by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October, 2011 confirmed the validity of the meme formulated from earlier studies reaching similar conclusions.[28][29]

A chart showing the disparity in income distribution in the United States.[30][31] Wealth inequality and income inequality have been central concerns among OWS protesters.[32][33][34]

Goals

The movement's goals include a more balanced distribution of income, more and better jobs, bank reform, a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics, and forgiveness of student loan debt.[35][23][36][37][38]

Many protestors favor a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[39][40] The Liberty Square Blueprint, released by other protesters, is opposed to setting demands, saying demands would limit the movement by implying conditions, and limiting the duration of the movement.[41] Judith Butler and David Graeber say issuing demands legitimizes the structures the movement challenges.[42][43]

Protester demographics

Early on the protesters were mostly young, partly because social networks through which they promoted the protests are primarily used by young people.[44][45] As the protest grew, older protesters also became involved.[46] The average age of the protesters was 33, with people in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s.[47] Various religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.[48] Rabbi Chaim Gruber,[49] however, is reportedly the only clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park. [50][51][52] The Associated Press reported in October that there was "diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.[46] A study based on survey responses at OccupyWallStreet.org reported that the protesters were 81.2% White, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, 1.6% Black, and 7.6% identifying "other".[53][54]

According to a survey of occupywallst.org website visitors[55] by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, 1/3 were older than 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of identifying themselves as Democrat, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats, 2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%, called themselves independents.[56] A survey by Fordham University Department of Political Science confirmed the Baruch College findings and gave further details: the protester's political affiliations were 25% Democrat, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 12% Other, and 39% independent.[57] Ideologically the Fordham survey found 80% self-identifying as slightly to extremely liberal, 15% as moderate, and 6% as slightly to extremely conservative.

Participation and organization

Protesters engaging in the 'human microphone'

The New York City General Assembly (NYCGA) is the main OWS decision-making body and provides much of the leadership and executive function for the protesters.[58] At its meetings the various OWS committees discuss their thoughts and needs, and the meetings are open to the public for both attendance and speaking. [59] The meetings are without formal leadership, although certain members routinely act as moderators. Meeting participants comment upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York uses what is called a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, with facilitators, or "stack-keepers", urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of the line, while white men must often wait for a turn to speak.[60] Volunteers take minutes of the meetings so that organizers who are not in attendance can be kept up-to-date.[61][62] In addition to the over 70 working groups[63] that perform much of the daily work and planning of Occupy Wall Street, the organizational structure also includes "spokes councils," at which every working group can participate.[64]

Even with the perception of a movement with no leaders, leaders have emerged. A facilitator of some of the movement's more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty, says “Usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here,” - “People lead by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.”[65] According to Fordham University communications professor Paul Levinson, Occupy Wall Street and similar movements symbolize another rise of direct democracy that has not actually been seen since ancient times.[66][67]

Funding

During the beginning weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22.[47] According to finance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.[68] During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, members of the OWS finance committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis.[69][70]

Met with increasing costs and significant overhead expenses in order to sustain the movement, an internal audit from the fiscal management team known as the "accounting working group" revealed on March 2nd, 2012 that only $44,000 of the several hundred thousand dollars raised still remained available. The report warned that if current revenues and expenses were maintained at current levels, then funds would run out in three weeks.[71][72] Some of the movement's biggest costs include ground-level activities such as food kitchens, street medics, bus tickets, subway passes, and printing expenses.[73][74] On March 3rd, a group of business leaders including Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield, Danny Goldberg, Norman Lear, and Terri Gardner[75] have created a new working group, the Movement Resource Group, and with it have pledged $300,000 with plans to add $1,500,000 more. [76][77] The money would be made available in the form of grants of up to $25,000 for eligible recipients.

Zuccotti Park encampment

Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Encampment at Zuccotti Park and 'People's Library' with over 5,000 books, wi-fi internet, and a reference service, often staffed by professional librarians, procuring material through the interlibrary loan system.

Prior to being closed to overnight use, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[78] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. While some visitors ate at nearby restaurants, according to the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post many businesses surrounding the park were adversely affected.[79][80][81] Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from around the country.[79] Eric Smith, a local chef who was laid off at the Sheraton in Midtown, said that he was running a five-star restaurant in the park.[82] In late October kitchen volunteers complained about working 18 hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and potato chips for three days.[83]

Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[84]

New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound," including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.[85][86]

During the weeks that overnight use of the park was allowed, a separate area was set aside for an information area which contained laptop computers and several wireless routers.[87][88] The items were powered with gas generators until the New York Fire Department removed them on October 28, saying they were a fire hazard.[89] Protesters then used bicycles rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge batteries to power the protesters' laptops and other electronics.[90] According to the Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, ran websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, and Tumblr" as well as Skype sessions with other demonstrators.[91]

Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011

On October 6, Brookfield Office Properties, which owns Zuccotti Park, issued a statement saying: "Sanitation is a growing concern... Normally the park is cleaned and inspected every weeknight [but] because the protesters refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions have reached unacceptable levels."[92][93]

On October 13, New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[94] However, protesters vowed to "defend the occupation" after police said they wouldn’t allow them to return with sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning, and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.[95][96] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[95] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[94]

Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner (Brookfield Office Properties) to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[97][98] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."[99]

File:Police stuggle with barricades.jpg
New York Police struggle with OWS protesters trying to remove barricades

On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.[100] Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were pushed back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 a.m. after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 a.m. Sixty-eight people were arrested—including one accused of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors—in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.[101]

Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the removal, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.[102] Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park. [103] [104][105]

On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protestors were soon cleared away by Police, who made over 70 arrests. Veteran protesters said the force used by police was the most violent they had witnessed and a Guardian reporter witnessed a protester being slammed into a glass door by a "burly police officer, resulting in a large crack in the glass."[106] [107] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.[108]

Security and crime

OWS Demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[109] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[110]

Police Commissioner Paul Browne said protesters delayed reporting crime until three complaints were made against the same individual.[111] The protesters denied a "three strikes policy", and one protester told the New York Daily News that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".[112]

After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of sexual assault and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[113][114][115][116] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm.”[117]

The Department of Homeland Security considers Occupy Wall Street a threat, stating "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas". The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information, according to leaked emails released by Wikileaks.[118]

Notable American responses

October 5, 2011 in Foley Square, members of National Nurses United labor union supporting OWS
Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street

Prominent politicians, academics, and other public figures have reacted to the Occupy Wall Street movement with criticism and/or praise.

During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[119][120]

Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that to aim at one industry or region of America is a mistake and views encouraging the Occupy Wall Street protests as "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".[121][122] Romney later expressed sympathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."[123]

House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the growing nationwide Occupy Wall Street movement.[124] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators.[125]

Five days into the protest, political commentator Keith Olbermann, formerly of CurrentTV, vocally criticized mainstream media outlets for failing to cover the initial Wall Street protests and demonstrations adequately.[126][127]

See also

Related portals:

References

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