Burgundy: Difference between revisions
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=== Climate === |
=== Climate === |
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The climate of this region is essentially oceanic (Cfb in [[Köppen classification]]), with a continental influence (sometimes called a "half-continental climate"). |
The climate of this region is essentially oceanic (Cfb in [[Köppen classification]]), with a continental influence (sometimes called a "half-continental climate"). |
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==History== |
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Burgundy was inhabited in turn by [[Celts]], [[ancient Rome|Romans]] ([[Gallo-Roman]]s), and in the 4th century, the Roman allies the [[Burgundians]], a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people possibly originating in Bornholm (Baltic Sea), who settled there and established their own kingdom. However, [[Agathias]] identifies Burgunds (''Βουρουγουνδοι'') and Ultizurs as [[Bulgars|Bulgaric]] people of [[Hunnic]] circle tribes, near relatives of Turkic [[Kutrigurs|Cotrigurs]] and [[Utigurs]].<ref>Agathias, ''Histiriae'', V,11,3-4</ref><ref>Runciman S., ''A history of the First Bulgarian empire'', London, G.Bell & Sons, 1930, p.7, & notes</ref> |
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This Burgundian kingdom was conquered in the 6th century by another Germanic tribe, the [[Franks]] who continued the kingdom of Burgundy under their own rule. |
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Later, the region was divided between the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] (to the west) and the [[County of Burgundy]] (to the east). The Duchy of Burgundy is the better-known of the two, later becoming the French province of Burgundy, while the County of Burgundy became the French province of [[Franche-Comté]], literally meaning ''free county''. |
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The modern-day administrative ''région'' of [[Bourgogne]] comprises most of the former Duchy of Burgundy. |
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The [[Burgundians]] were one of the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] or [[Turkic peoples|Turko]]-Germanic alliance peoples who filled the power vacuum left by the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|collapse]] of the western half of the [[Roman Empire]]. In A.D. 411, they crossed the [[Rhine]] and established a kingdom at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]]. Amidst repeated clashes between the Romans and [[Huns]], the Burgundian kingdom eventually occupied what is today the borderlands between [[Switzerland]], France, and [[Italy]]. In 534, the [[Franks]] defeated [[Godomar]], the last Burgundian king, and absorbed the territory into their growing empire. |
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Burgundy's modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the [[Frankish Empire]]. In the 880s, there were four Burgundies: |
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#the Kingdom of [[Upper Burgundy|Upper (Transjurane) Burgundy]] around [[Lake Geneva]], |
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#the Kingdom of [[Lower Burgundy]] in Provence, |
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#the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] west of the [[Saône]], |
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#the [[County of Burgundy]] east of the Saône. |
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The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy were reunited in 937 and absorbed into the [[Holy Roman Empire]] under [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] in 1032, as the [[Kingdom of Arles]]. |
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The Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by the French throne in 1004. The County of Burgundy remained loosely associated with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (intermittently independent, whence the name "[[Franche-Comté]]"), and finally incorporated into France in 1678, with the [[Treaties of Nijmegen]]. |
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During the [[Middle Ages]], Burgundy was the seat of some of the most important Western churches and [[monastery|monasteries]], among them [[Cluny]], [[Cîteaux]], and [[Vézelay]]. |
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[[Image:Shepherd-c-076.jpg|thumb|left|Burgundy within 14th century France, map by [[William R. Shepherd]].]] |
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[[Image:Map France 1477-en.svg|thumb|right|Territory of the Duchy of Burgundy (''Bourgogne'') in 1477 marked in yellow.]] |
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During the [[Hundred Years' War]], King [[John II of France]] gave the duchy to his youngest son, [[Philip the Bold]], rather than leaving it for his successor on the French throne. The duchy soon became a major rival to the throne, because the Dukes of Burgundy succeeded in assembling an empire stretching from [[Switzerland]] to the [[North Sea]], in large part by marriage. The Burgundian territories consisted of a number of fiefdoms on both sides of the (then largely symbolic) border between the Kingdom of France and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Its economic heartland was in the [[Low Countries]], particularly [[Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]]. The court in [[Dijon]] outshone the French court both economically and culturally. In [[Belgium]] and in the south of the [[Netherlands]], a 'Burgundian lifestyle' still means 'enjoyment of life, good food, and extravagant spectacle'. |
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In 1477, at the [[battle of Nancy]] during the [[Burgundian Wars]], the last duke [[Charles the Bold]] was killed in battle, and the Duchy itself was annexed by France. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the other Burgundian territories provided a power base for the rise of the [[Habsburg]]s, after [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian of Austria]] married the surviving daughter of the ducal family, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]]. After her death, her husband moved his court first to Mechelen and later to the palace at [[Coudenberg]], Brussels, and from there ruled the remnants of the empire, the Low Countries ([[Burgundian Netherlands]]) and [[Franche-Comté]], then still an imperial fief. The latter territory was ceded to France in the [[Treaty of Nijmegen]] of 1678. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 19:42, 13 September 2012
Template:Infobox French region
.svg?lang=en)
Burgundy (Template:Lang-fr, IPA: [buʁ.ɡɔɲ] ) is one of the 27 regions of France.
Name
The name comes from the Burgundians, an ancient Germanic people who settled in the area during the early Middle Ages. The region of Burgundy is both larger than the old Duchy of Burgundy and smaller than the area ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy, from the modern Netherlands to the border of Auvergne.
Geography
Burgundy is made up of the following old provinces:
- Burgundy: Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, and southern half of Yonne. This corresponds to the old duchy of Burgundy (later called province of Burgundy). However, the old county of Burgundy (later called province of Franche-Comté) is not included inside the Burgundy region, but it makes up the Franche-Comté region. Also, a small part of the duchy of Burgundy (province of Burgundy) is now inside the Champagne-Ardenne region.
- Nivernais: now the Nièvre department
- the northern half of Yonne is a territory that was not part of Burgundy (at least not since the 11th century), and was a frontier between Champagne, Île-de-France, and Orléanais, depending from each of these provinces at different times in history.
Major communities
Climate
The climate of this region is essentially oceanic (Cfb in Köppen classification), with a continental influence (sometimes called a "half-continental climate").
History
Burgundy was inhabited in turn by Celts, Romans (Gallo-Romans), and in the 4th century, the Roman allies the Burgundians, a Germanic people possibly originating in Bornholm (Baltic Sea), who settled there and established their own kingdom. However, Agathias identifies Burgunds (Βουρουγουνδοι) and Ultizurs as Bulgaric people of Hunnic circle tribes, near relatives of Turkic Cotrigurs and Utigurs.[1][2] This Burgundian kingdom was conquered in the 6th century by another Germanic tribe, the Franks who continued the kingdom of Burgundy under their own rule.
Later, the region was divided between the Duchy of Burgundy (to the west) and the County of Burgundy (to the east). The Duchy of Burgundy is the better-known of the two, later becoming the French province of Burgundy, while the County of Burgundy became the French province of Franche-Comté, literally meaning free county.
The modern-day administrative région of Bourgogne comprises most of the former Duchy of Burgundy.
The Burgundians were one of the Germanic or Turko-Germanic alliance peoples who filled the power vacuum left by the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. In A.D. 411, they crossed the Rhine and established a kingdom at Worms. Amidst repeated clashes between the Romans and Huns, the Burgundian kingdom eventually occupied what is today the borderlands between Switzerland, France, and Italy. In 534, the Franks defeated Godomar, the last Burgundian king, and absorbed the territory into their growing empire.
Burgundy's modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the Frankish Empire. In the 880s, there were four Burgundies:
- the Kingdom of Upper (Transjurane) Burgundy around Lake Geneva,
- the Kingdom of Lower Burgundy in Provence,
- the Duchy of Burgundy west of the Saône,
- the County of Burgundy east of the Saône.
The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Burgundy were reunited in 937 and absorbed into the Holy Roman Empire under Conrad II in 1032, as the Kingdom of Arles. The Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by the French throne in 1004. The County of Burgundy remained loosely associated with the Holy Roman Empire (intermittently independent, whence the name "Franche-Comté"), and finally incorporated into France in 1678, with the Treaties of Nijmegen.
During the Middle Ages, Burgundy was the seat of some of the most important Western churches and monasteries, among them Cluny, Cîteaux, and Vézelay.
During the Hundred Years' War, King John II of France gave the duchy to his youngest son, Philip the Bold, rather than leaving it for his successor on the French throne. The duchy soon became a major rival to the throne, because the Dukes of Burgundy succeeded in assembling an empire stretching from Switzerland to the North Sea, in large part by marriage. The Burgundian territories consisted of a number of fiefdoms on both sides of the (then largely symbolic) border between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire. Its economic heartland was in the Low Countries, particularly Flanders and Brabant. The court in Dijon outshone the French court both economically and culturally. In Belgium and in the south of the Netherlands, a 'Burgundian lifestyle' still means 'enjoyment of life, good food, and extravagant spectacle'.
In 1477, at the battle of Nancy during the Burgundian Wars, the last duke Charles the Bold was killed in battle, and the Duchy itself was annexed by France. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the other Burgundian territories provided a power base for the rise of the Habsburgs, after Maximilian of Austria married the surviving daughter of the ducal family, Mary. After her death, her husband moved his court first to Mechelen and later to the palace at Coudenberg, Brussels, and from there ruled the remnants of the empire, the Low Countries (Burgundian Netherlands) and Franche-Comté, then still an imperial fief. The latter territory was ceded to France in the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678.
References
See also
- Burgundy (region)
- Burgundy wine
- Burgundy, What a Story! by Bernard Lecomte and Jean-Louis Thouart (Ed. de Bourogne, 2004) ISBN 978-2-902650-02-6
External links
- Template:Fr icon Regional Council website
- Template:En icon Short guide to Burgundy with main tourist attractions
