Jump to content

Nolan Bushnell: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→BrainRush: copyedited section, NPOV, removed advertising language
←Replaced content with '{{pagesize}}'
Line 1: Line 1:
{{pagesize}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nolan Bushnell
| image = File:Nolan Bushnell (8363876645).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
|birth_name=Nolan Key Bushnell
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|2|5|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Clearfield, Utah]]
| residence =
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Electrical Engineering]]<br>[[entrepreneur]]
| work_institutions = [[Atari]]<br>[[Chuck E. Cheese's]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Utah]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Pong]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes =
| awards = Video Game Hall of Fame <br> [[Consumer Electronics Association]] Hall of Fame
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nolan Key Bushnell''' (born February 5, 1943) is an [[United States|American]] [[engineer]] and [[entrepreneur]] who founded both [[Atari, Inc.]] and the [[Chuck E. Cheese's|Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters]] chain. Bushnell has been inducted into the [[Walk of Game|Video Game Hall of Fame]] and the [[Consumer Electronics Association]] Hall of Fame, received the [[BAFTA]] Fellowship and the Nations Restaurant News “Innovator of the Year” award, and was named one of [[Newsweek]]'s "50 Men Who Changed America." Bushnell has started more than twenty companies and is one of the founding fathers of the [[video game]] industry. He is currently on the board of Anti-Aging Games, but his latest venture is an educational software company called Brainrush that is using video game technology in educational software, incorporating real brain science, in a way that Bushnell believes will fundamentally change education. Nolan, who is co-founder and chairman of Brainrush, believes that Brainrush will be his biggest success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techland.time.com/2012/06/27/atari-at-40-catching-up-with-founder-nolan-bushnell/2/ |title=Atari at 40: Catching Up with Founder Nolan Bushnell |author=McCracken, Harry |date=June 27, 2012 |work=Time |publisher=Time Inc |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bushnell graduated from the [[University of Utah]] [[University of Utah College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] with a degree in [[electrical engineering]] in 1968 after transferring from [[Utah State University]], and was a member of the [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] [[Fraternities and sororities|fraternity]]. He was one of many [[computer science]] students of the 1960s who played the historic ''[[Spacewar!]]'' game on [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] mainframe computers. The University of Utah was heavily involved in [[computer graphics]] research and spawned a wide variety of Spacewar versions.

Bushnell worked at [[Lagoon Amusement Park]] for many years in high school and college while living in his hometown of [[Ogden, Utah]]. He was particularly interested in the midway arcade games, where theme park customers would have to use skill and luck to ultimately achieve the goal and win the prize. He liked the concept of getting people curious about the game and from there getting them to pay the fee in order to play. He would use his love for games and theme parks to help launch both Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters.

After selling Atari to Warner Communications for $28 million, Bushnell purchased the former mansion of coffee magnate [[J. A. Folger|James Folger]] in [[Woodside, California]], which he shared with his wife Nancy and their eight children. The Bushnells now live in Southern California.

Bushnell's oldest child, Alissa, currently works with him at [[uWink]].

Bushnell was raised in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], but is no longer an active member.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_5_29/ai_n18766084/pg_3 Games people play]</ref> A 1999 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' article described him as a "lapsed [[Mormon]]"<ref>[http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/09.16.99/cover/bushnell2-9937.html No Pain, No Game]</ref> and described him smoking a [[Smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipe]], which is inconsistent with the LDS Church's health practice of the [[Word of Wisdom]].

In June 2008 a new film was announced in which [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] would portray Bushnell.<ref name="movie">{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/underwire/2008/06/leo-dicaprio-at/|title=DiCaprio to Play Nolan Bushnell in Atari|author=Huge Hart|publisher=''Wired.com''|date=June 9, 2008|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>

At the [[British Academy Video Games Awards]] on March 10, 2009, the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] awarded the Academy Fellowship to Bushnell in recognition of his outstanding achievement as a founding father of the video games industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/press/video-games-fellow-nolan-bushnell,45,SNS.html|title=Pong Pioneer Nolan Bushnell to Receive the Academy Fellowship}}</ref>

Bushnell was featured in the documentary film ''[[Something Ventured (film)|Something Ventured]]'' which premiered in 2011.

==Entrepreneurship==

===Syzygy===
In 1969, Bushnell and colleague [[Ted Dabney]] formed Syzygy with the intention of producing a ''Spacewar'' clone known as ''[[Computer Space]]''.

In order to keep the company alive while the machine was being prototyped, the two took on a route servicing broken [[pinball]] machines. Dabney built the prototype and Bushnell shopped it around, looking for a manufacturer. They made an agreement with [[Nutting Associates]], a maker of coin-op trivia and shooting games, who produced a fiberglass cabinet for the unit that included a coin-slot mechanism.<ref name="arcadehistory">
{{cite web
| title = Big History of the Arcade
| url=http://dragonsden.emuunlim.com/ddhistory.htm
| accessdate = 2007-08-31 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070609102853/http://dragonsden.emuunlim.com/ddhistory.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-06-09}}</ref>
<ref name="moby">
{{cite web
| title = Nolan Bushnell profile
| url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,66816/
| accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref>
<ref name="computerspace">
{{cite web
| title = Computer Space History
| url=http://www.computerspacefan.com/History.htm
| accessdate = 2007-08-31 }}</ref>

''Computer Space'' was a commercial failure, though sales exceeded $3 million. Bushnell felt that Nutting Associates had not marketed the game well, and decided that his next game would be licensed to a bigger manufacturer.

===Atari, Inc.===
{{main|Atari, Inc}}
In 1972, Bushnell and Dabney set off on their own, and learned that the name "Syzygy" was in use; Bushnell has said at different times that it was in use by a candle company owned by a [[Mendocino, California|Mendocino]] hippie commune<ref name="doteaters">{{cite web|title=Player 1 Stage 2: Atari Rising|url=http://www.thedoteaters.com/stage2.php|accessdate=2007-05-15 }}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|title=Atari's Pong - A Legend Begins|url=http://computermuseum.50megs.com/pong.htm|accessdate= 2007-05-15 }}</ref><ref name="videgamenet">{{cite web|title=Atari History|url=http://www.vidgame.net/ATARI/ATARI.html|accessdate=2007-05-15 }}</ref><ref name="videgamenet2">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.computerspacefan.com/History.htm|accessdate=2007-05-15 }}</ref><ref name="SteveKent">{{cite book|last=Kent| first=Steven L.|authorlink=Steven L. Kent|title=The Ultimate History Of Video Games|publisher=Prima Publishing|year=2001|pages=35|isbn=0-7615-3643-4 }}</ref> and by a roofing company.<ref name="Syzygy">{{cite web|title=Moby Games Nolan Bushnell Bio|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,66816/}}</ref>
They instead incorporated under the name '''Atari''', a reference to a check-like position in the game [[Go (board game)|Go]] (which Bushnell has called his "favorite game of all time"<ref name="favoritegame">{{cite video|title=Video interview with Go as his favorite game|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cR9yJNf6R7Y}}</ref>). They rented their first office on Scott Boulevard in [[Sunnyvale, California]], contracted with [[Bally Technologies|Bally Manufacturing]] to create a driving game, and hired their first employee, [[engineer]] [[Allan Alcorn]]. Bushnell later bought out Dabney, who was forced out after Nolan told him he would transfer all the assets to another corporation and leave Ted with nothing.<ref name="dabneyinterview">http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/10/102746459-05-01-acc.pdf</ref>

After Bushnell attended a [[Burlingame, California]] demonstration of the [[Magnavox Odyssey]], he gave the task of making the Magnavox tennis game into a coin-op version to Alcorn as a test project. Alcorn incorporated many of his own improvements into the game design, such as scoring and sound, and ''[[Pong]]'' was born. ''Pong'' proved to be very popular; Atari released a large number of ''Pong''-based arcade games over the next few years as the mainstay of the company.

In 1974, Atari entered the consumer electronics market after engineers Harold Lee and Bob Brown approached Alcorn with an idea to develop a home version of ''Pong''. With a marketing and distribution agreement with [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]], ''Pong'' sales soared when the unit was released in 1975.

Using borrowed parts from Atari, having the main [[Printed circuit board|PCB]] printed up by Atari employee Howard Cantin, and receiving further assistance from Atari employee Ron Wayne,<ref name="pcb">{{cite book|last=Young|first=Jeffrey S.|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey Is The Reward|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|year=1988|location=Glenview, Illinois, USA|pages=90–91, 94|isbn=0-673-18864-7}}</ref> two non-employees, [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]]—both of whom had previously been involved in the development of the Atari arcade game ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]''—created and marketed their [[Apple I|own home computer]]. They offered the design to Bushnell, but Atari had no desire to build computers at the time, instead focusing on the arcade and home console markets.

In 1976 Steve Jobs went to Nolan to get him to put in some money in exchange for a minor equity stake in Apple. Nolan remarked, "Steve asked me if I would put $50,000 in and he would give me a third of the company. I was so smart, I said no. It's kind of fun to think about that, when I'm not crying."<ref>Book "Steve Jobs" by Walter Isaacson, Simon & Schuster, 2011, Pg.75</ref>

By 1976 Atari was in the midst of developing the Atari VCS (Video Computer System, later renamed the [[Atari 2600]]), but Bushnell realized that if the company was going to grow, it needed capital, and with the stock market in a bleak condition, going public would not be the solution. He made a list of companies to approach to buy Atari. Meanwhile, Steve Ross, CEO of Warner Communications, noticed that his children were hovering around video game cabinets at [[Walt Disney World]]. Warner Communications contacted Atari to discuss purchasing the company. For $28 million, Warner Communications (now [[Time Warner]]) bought Atari, bringing the capital they needed for the VCS launch, which took place in August 1977.

In November 1978, Bushnell was forced out of the company after a dispute with Warner over its future direction, notably on the lifespan of the Atari 2600 and their closed software strategy, which was later changed for the new home computer division.

By 1982, Atari had [[United States dollar|US]]$2 billion in annual sales and was the fastest-growing company in the history of American business.<ref name=Friedland>{{cite journal |first=Nat |last=Friedland |title=Today's Atari Corp.: A close-up look inside |journal=Antic |volume=5 |issue=11 |year=1987 |pages=31 |url=http://www.atarimagazines.com/v5n11/ataricorp.html |accessdate=Nov. 30, 2008 }}</ref> By 1984, the company had crashed and was split into three pieces to be sold off. The coin-op division became [[Atari Games]]. The Consumer division was sold to [[Jack Tramiel]], who folded it into his Tramel Technology, Ltd., which was then renamed Atari Corporation. The budding Ataritel division was sold to Mitsubishi Electric.

===Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre===
{{main|Chuck E. Cheese}}
In 1977, while at Atari, Bushnell purchased Pizza Time Theatre from Warner Communications. It had been created by Bushnell, originally as a place where kids could go and eat [[pizza]] and play [[video game]]s, which would therefore function as a distribution channel for Atari games. The Pizza Time Theatre / Chuck E. Cheese's also had animatronic animals that played music as entertainment. (Bushnell had always wanted to work for Walt Disney, but was continually turned down for employment when he was first starting out after graduation; Chuck E. Cheese's was his homage to Disney and the technology developed there.) In 1981 Bushnell turned over day-to-day food operations of Chuck E. Cheese’s to a newly hired restaurant executive and focused on [[Catalyst Technologies]].

Through 1981 and 1982, Bushnell concentrated on subsidiaries [[Sente Technologies]] and Kadabrascope. Sente was a reentry into the coin-operated game business and Kadabrascope was an early attempt at computer assisted animation. In 1983 as the restaurants started to lose money, Sente, though profitable, was sold to Bally for $3.9 million and Kadabrascope was sold to Lucas which became the beginnings of what became Pixar.

During this time Bushnell was using large loans on his Pizza Time Stock to fund Catalyst. Bushnell also became more and more involved in sailing and campaigned "Charlie" to the first to finish trophy in the Transpac Yacht race from Newport to Honolulu

By the end of 1983, Chuck E. Cheese was having serious financial problems. President and long-time friend Joe Keenan resigned that fall. Nolan tried to step back in, blaming the money problems on over-expansion, too much tweaking of the formula and saturation in local markets by the management team. He resigned in February 1984, when the Board of Directors rejected his proposed changes. Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theaters (now named after its famous mouse mascot) entered bankruptcy in the fall of 1984.

[[ShowBiz Pizza]], a competing Pizza/Arcade family restaurant, then purchased Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre and assumed its debt. The newly formed company, ShowBiz Pizza Time, operated restaurants under both brands for a period of time before unifying all locations under the Chuck E. Cheese's brand. Today over 500 locations of this restaurant are in business.

===Catalyst Technologies Venture Capital Group===
Bushnell founded the [[Catalyst Technologies]], one of the earliest [[business incubator]]s. The Catalyst Group companies included Androbot, [[Etak (automotive navigation systems)|Etak]], Cumma, and Axlon.

Axlon launched many consumer and consumer electronic products successfully, most notably [[AG Bear]], a bear that mumbled/echoed a child's words back to him/her. In the late 1980s, Axlon managed the development of two new games for the Atari 2600, most likely as part of a marketing attempt to revive sales of the system, already more than a decade old. The company was largely sold to [[Hasbro]].

[[Etak (automotive navigation systems)|Etak]], founded in 1984, was the first company to digitize the maps of the world, as part of the first commercial [[automotive navigation system]]; the maps ultimately provided the backbone for [[Google maps]], [[mapquest.com]], and other navigation systems; it was sold to [[Rupert Murdoch]] in the 1980s. In May 2000 the company, headquartered in [[Menlo Park, California]], became a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Tele Atlas]].

===PlayNet/Aristo===
In the mid '90s Nolan Bushnell became senior consultant to the small game developer PlayNet after it was bought under the name Aristo. The company's CEO and Chairman was [[Mouli Cohen]]. PlayNet developed two main products: a touchscreen interface bar-top/arcade system that would also provide internet access, phone calls, and online networked tournaments;<ref>[http://www.nethelper.com/article/Androbot Review of companies associated with Nolan Bushnell]</ref> and a digital jukebox, capable of storing thousands of songs and downloading new releases.<ref>[http://ryanwolfe.prosite.com/1892/28884/gallery/playnet-music-station Description of the "Music Station" jukebox]</ref> The company died shortly before the [[dot-com bubble]] burst with its prototype machines still in development in 1997.

===uWink===
{{main|uWink}}
Before BrainRush, Bushnell's most recent company was [[uWink]], a company that evolved out of an early project called In10City (pronounced 'Intensity') which was a concept of an entertainment complex and dining experience. Today [[Dave & Busters]] has more or less brought Bushnell's concept to reality. uWink was started by Bushnell and his business adviser Loni Reeder, who also designed the original logo for the company. The company has gone through several failed iterations including a touch-screen kiosk design, a company to run cash and prize awards as part of their uWin concept and also an online Entertainment Systems network.<ref name="uWinkWeb">{{cite web
| title = uWink website archive from 2002.
| url=http://web.archive.org/web/20011024005549/uwink.com/index.shtml
| accessdate = 2007-05-02 }}</ref> After nearly 7 years and over $24 million in investor funding, the touchscreen kiosks/bartop model was closed amid complaints of unpaid prizes and lack of maintaining service agreements with locations to keep the kiosk/bartop units in working condition.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The latest iteration (announced in 2005) is a new interactive entertainment restaurant called the uWink Media Bistro, whose concept builds off his Chuck E. Cheese venture and previous 1988–1989 venture Bots Inc., which developed similar systems of customer-side point-of-sale touch-screen terminals in addition to autonomous [[pizza delivery]] robots for [[Little Caesar's Pizza]]. The plan was for guests to order their food and drinks using screens at each table, on which they may also play games with each other and watch movie trailers and short videos. The multiplayer network type video games that allowed table to table interaction or even with table group play never materialized. Guest often spotted the OSX based machine being constantly re-booted in order to play much simpler casual video games. The first Bistro opened in [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California|Woodland Hills, California]] on October 16, 2006. A second in [[Hollywood]] was established, and in 2008 the company opened a third Southern California restaurant and one in [[Mountain View, California]], in [[Silicon Valley]].<ref name=Holbrook>{{cite web|title=Stett Holbrook, "The Poet of Play," ''Metro Silicon Valley'' Nov. 26, 2008|url=http://www.metroactive.com/metro/11.26.08/cover-Bushnell-0848.html|accessdate = 2008-11-30}}</ref> Both the Hollywood restaurant and Woodland Hills locations were located in obscure non-ground level locations. All the restaurants have since closed.

===Atari, SA===
{{main|Atari, SA}}
On April 19, 2010 Atari announced Nolan Bushnell along with Tim Virden would join the company's Board of Directors.<ref>[http://www.thatgamingsite.com/id354-Nolan-Bushnell-Tom-Virden-Join-Atari-Board-of-Directors.html Nolan Bushnell, Tom Virden, Join Atari Board of Directors], That Gaming Site, 19 April 2010</ref>

===Anti-Aging Games, LLC===
Nolan is on the advisory board of Anti-AgingGames.com,<ref name="anti">[http://www.Anti-AgingGames.com/about.html Anti-Aging Games About Us page]</ref> featuring online memory, concentration, and focus games for healthy people over 35.<ref name="anti"/>

'''

==BrainRush==
Bushnell's most recent company is BrainRush, where he is Founder, CEO and Chairman, a company that uses video game technology in [[educational software]]. The company was venture capital funded in 2012. It's based on the idea that many curriculum lessons can be turned into mini-games. Developers can take any body of knowledge from English language arts to foreign language, geography, multiplication table or chemistry tables, to parts of the human body and gamify the experience. BrainRush calls their underlying technology "Adaptive Practice." They've also developed an open-authoring system allowing users to quickly create games in different topic areas.

Between 2010-2012 BrainRush ran a test in Spanish language vocabulary learning with over 2200 teachers and 80,000 students across the country and got an increase in learning speed of between 8-10 times traditional learning. BrainRush is rolling out the full platform in the Fall of 2013.

==Other ventures==
In 1981, Bushnell created the TimberTech Computer Camp in [[Scotts Valley, California]].

In 1984, Bushnell purchased the arcade game company Videa and renamed it [[Sente Games]]. Among the games developed by the company before its close in 1987 included the hockey video game ''[[Hat Trick (arcade game)|Hat Trick]]''.

In 1991, Bushnell endorsed the [[Commodore International]] [[CDTV]], a [[CD-ROM]]-based version of the [[Amiga]] 500 computer repackaged for the consumer electronics market.

In June 1999, Bushnell joined the Board of directors of [http://www.wave.com Wave Systems Corp.]

In 2005, he served as a judge on the [[USA Network]] [[Reality television|reality series]] ''[[Made in the USA]]''.

In 2007, Bushnell joined the board of [[NeoEdge Networks]] as Chairman.

In 2007, Bushnell joined the advisory board of GAMEWAGER.<ref name="VentureBeat">{{cite web
| title = Nolan Bushnell bets on GameWager.
| url=http://venturebeat.com/2009/01/26/nolan-bushnell-bets-on-raffle-gaming-firm-gamewager/
| accessdate = 2009-01-26 }}</ref>

In 2008, Bushnell became a member of [[AirPatrol Corporation]]'s Board of Directors.

In 2008, Bushnell became a member of the board of ME3 GLOBAL, LLC. {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

In 2009, Bushnell announced his intention to move into the game-education market with a venture called Snap. He also announced that he would make an appearance at SGC, a gaming convention organized by [[Screwattack]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*''Atari Inc. - Business is Fun'', by Curt Vendel, Marty Goldberg (2012) ISBN 0985597402
*''Zap: The Rise and Fall of Atari'', by Scott Cohen (1984) ISBN 0-7388-6883-3
*''Gaming 101: A Contemporary History of PC and Video Games'', by George Jones (2005) ISBN 1-55622-080-4
*''The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokémon—The story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World'', by Steven L. Kent (2001) ISBN 0-7615-3643-4
*''High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games'', by Rusel DeMaria, Johnny L. Wilson (2003) ISBN 0-07-223172-6
*''The First Quarter'', by Steven L. Kent

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Nolan Bushnell}}
*[http://www.bafta.org/learning/webcasts/nolan-bushnell,727,BA.html Nolan Bushnell: A Life in Video Games], filmed [[BAFTA]] event
*[http://www.mercextra.com/listen/index.php?id=241 San Jose Mercury News Podcast Interview] with Bushnell
*[http://wetalkgames.com/WTG5.mp3 Podcast Interview] Nolan Bushnell on "We Talk Games." [Timecode, 00:38:05].
*[http://www.thedoteaters.com/stage1.php The Dot Eaters entry] on Bushnell and Atari
*[http://www.thetech.org/revolutionaries/bushnell/i_a.html An interview] with Bushnell
*[http://www.bestofgooglevideo.com/video.php?video=272 Discovery Channel Interview] with Bushnell
*[http://gigaom.com/2007/11/24/father-of-videogames-joins-latest-ad-driven-game-network/10739/ gigaom.com] on Bushnell and NeoEdge Networks
*[http://newlearning.blip.tv/file/1905445/ Nolan Bushnell Keynote Address] at Game Based Learning 2009, London, March 2009
*[http://www.thebusinessmakers.com/episodes/shows/2007/december/episode-132/nolan-bushnell-atari-inc.html An interview] with Bushnell on The BusinessMakers Show
*[http://quotes.nobosh.com/nolan-bushnell-quotes/quotations/ quotes.nobosh.com] Nolan Bushnell Quotes
*[http://twit.tv/show/triangulation/60 Nolan Bushnell with Leo Laporte on TWiT -Triangulation No.60 ](video and audio - Wed 11 July 2012 - duration 87 minutes)

{{Authority control |VIAF=34679292 |GND= }}

{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Bushnell, Nolan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American entertainment industry businessperson
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1943-02-05
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Clearfield, Utah]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bushnell, Nolan}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:American chief executives]]
[[Category:American entertainment industry businesspeople]]
[[Category:Atari people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:People from Davis County, Utah]]
[[Category:People from Salt Lake City, Utah]]
[[Category:Pizza chain founders]]
[[Category:University of Utah alumni]]
[[Category:Utah State University alumni]]

Revision as of 05:21, 16 November 2013

Nolan Bushnell (12 bytes)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nolan_Bushnell&oldid=581868990"