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→Early life: We are reverting to the consensus version. U stated that you support the consensus version. U pointed out how long the consensus version there. Please U have the burden justify changing from the consensus version. U havent met the burden.
Reverted 1 edit by NazariyKaminski (talk): You need to stop the nonsense and engage in talk discussions with everybody else. (TW)
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==Early life==
==Early life==
Cruz was born on December 22, 1970<ref name="CongressionalBio">{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001098 |title=CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted) – Biographical Information |publisher=''Bioguide.congress.gov'' |accessdate=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="AustinAmStCruz"/> in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]<ref name=CongressionalBio/><ref name=Texplainer08132012>{{cite news |title=Texplainer: Could Canadian-Born Ted Cruz Be President? |first=John Wayne |last=Ferguson |url=http://www.texastribune.org/2012/08/13/texplainer-could-canadian-born-ted-cruz-be-preside/ |newspaper=''[[Texas Tribune]]'' |quote=Bottom line: Despite being born in Canada, Cruz can be considered a natural-born U.S. citizen because his mother was also a U.S. citizen who lived in the United States long enough for him to qualify, according to constitutional experts. |date=August 13, 2012 |accessdate=August 17, 2013}}</ref> where his parents, Eleanor Elizabeth Wilson Darragh<ref name=Texplainer08132012/><ref name=OlsenHousChron10132012/><ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/><ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013>{{cite news |title=Canada-born Ted Cruz became a citizen of that country as well as U.S. |author=Gillman, Todd J. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20130818-born-in-canada-ted-cruz-became-a-citizen-of-that-country-as-well-as-u.s..ece |newspaper=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=August 18, 2013 |accessdate=August 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name="FOXNewsLatino04082013">{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz's Father Talks About Latinos, Conservatives and the American Dream |first= |last= |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/04/08/ted-cruz-father-and-inspiration-talks-about-latinos-conservatives-and-american/ |newspaper=''[[Fox Latin America|FOX News Latino]]'' |quote=Cruz, the father, and his wife, Eleanor Darragh, left the United States for a few years, living in Canada to take advantage of the oil boom. |date=April 8, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2013}}</ref> and Rafael Bienvenido Cruz,<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> were working in the oil business.<ref name=NYTimes11182011>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/18/us/politics/ted-cruz-is-a-test-for-the-tea-party-in-texas-race.html?_r=1 |title=A Test for the Tea Party in Texas Senate Race |author=Zernike, Kate |date=November 18, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=November 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=newvos1>{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz: New Voice for the American Dream |first=Terence |last=Jeffrey |url=http://cwww.creators.com/opinion/terence-jeffrey/ted-cruz-new-voice-for-the-american-dream.html |newspaper=''[[Creators Syndicate]]'' |year=2011 |accessdate=August 17, 2013}}</ref> His parents owned a [[Reflection seismology|seismic-data processing]] firm for oil [[Well drilling|drillers]].<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013>{{cite news |title=Senate candidate Ted Cruz aims to pick up mantle of Reagan |author=Garrett, Robert T. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20120428-senate-candidate-ted-cruz-aims-to-pick-up-mantle-of-reagan.ece |newspaper=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=April 28, 2013 |accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Cruz's father, who was born in 1939 in [[Matanzas|Matanzas, Cuba]],<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> as Robert T. Garrett of the ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' has described, "suffered beatings and imprisonment for protesting the oppressive regime"<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013>{{cite news |title= The Rise of Rafael Cruz |author=Costa, Robert |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/356934/rise-rafael-cruz-robert-costa |newspaper=[[National Review]] |date=August 28, 2013 |quote=Born in Matanzas, Cuba, he grew up in the Cuban middle class in the 1950s, as the son of an RCA salesman and an elementary-school teacher. As a teenager, he grew to detest the regime of Fulgencio Batista. He and some of his schoolmates frequently clashed with Batista’s officials. Eventually, he linked up with Castro’s guerrilla groups and supported their attempts to overthrow Batista. It’s a decision he still regrets. His move toward Castro, he explains, was mostly due to his anger with Batista’s government, which at one point imprisoned him and tortured him for his work with the revolutionaries. He says he never shared Castro’s Communism, but, at the time, it was the best way to fight Batista’s oppression. By age 18, in 1957, he knew he needed to get out, and a friend essentially bribed an official to secure him an exit permit. |accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> of dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. He fought for [[Fidel Castro]] in the [[Cuban Revolution]]<ref name=DailyCallerNelson11012011>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/texas-gop-senate-candidate-says-no-rubio-father-151607155.html |title=Texas GOP Senate candidate says he’s no Rubio, his father fought for Castro |author=Nelson, Steven |publisher=''[[The Daily Caller]]'' |date=November 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Lizza>{{Cite journal |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |authorlink=Ryan Lizza |date=November 19, 2012 |title=The Party Next Time |journal=''[[The New Yorker]]'' |publisher=Condé Nast |pages=50–57 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/11/19/121119fa_fact_lizza |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref> when he was 14 years old, but "didn't know Castro was a Communist." A few years later he became a staunch critic of Castro when "the rebel leader took control and began seizing private property and suppressing dissent."<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GarrettDallas10252011>{{cite web|author=Garrett, Robert T. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/incoming/20111025-senate-candidate-ted-cruz-says-he-hasn-t-misled-about-father-s-exodus-from-cuba.ece |title=Senate candidate Ted Cruz says he hasn't misled about father's exodus from Cuba |publisher=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 7, 2012}}</ref> The elder Cruz fled Cuba in 1957 at the age of 18, landing in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]],<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> becoming a Cuban [[émigré]], to study at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]], knowing no English and with $100 sewn into his underwear.<ref name=HarvLawBulWilsonFall2012/><ref name=Cruz07062011>{{cite web|title=Ted Cruz for US Senate - Bio |url=http://www.tedcruz.org/bio/ |accessdate=July 6, 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706055748/http://www.tedcruz.org/bio/|archivedate=July 6, 2011| quote="When my Dad came to Austin in 1957, as a teenage immigrant from Cuba bound for the University of Texas, he spoke no English and had $100 sewn into his underwear. He worked his way through school as a dishwasher making 50 cents an hour, just as my Mom – the first person in her family ever to go to college – earned her math degree at Rice in the 1950s, working summers at Foley’s and Shell."}}</ref> His younger sister fought in the [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolution]] and was tortured by the new regime.<ref name=Lizza/> He remained regretful for his early support of Castro, and emphatically conveyed this remorse to his young son over the following years.<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=Lizza/> The elder Cruz worked his way through college as a dishwasher, making 50 cents an hour,<ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/> earning a degree in mathematics.<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> Cruz's father today is a pastor in [[Carrollton, Texas]],<ref name=OlsenHousChron10132012>{{cite news |title=Cruz's life defies simplification |author=Olsen, Lise |url=http://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/Cruz-s-life-defies-simplification-3946523.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=October 13, 2012 |quote=The ex-revolutionary pastor regularly stumps for his son, whom he's compared to the Old Testament prophet [[Jeremiah]] - a relentless advocate with "fire in his bones." Ted, he says, is "not going to Washington to compromise." |accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> a [[Dallas]] suburb, and became a [[Naturalization|naturalized]] U.S. citizen in 2005.<ref name="NYTimesEckholm08012012"/>
Cruz was born on December 22, 1970<ref name="CongressionalBio">{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001098 |title=CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted) – Biographical Information |publisher=''Bioguide.congress.gov'' |accessdate=April 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name="AustinAmStCruz"/> in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]<ref name=CongressionalBio/><ref name=Texplainer08132012>{{cite news |title=Texplainer: Could Canadian-Born Ted Cruz Be President? |first=John Wayne |last=Ferguson |url=http://www.texastribune.org/2012/08/13/texplainer-could-canadian-born-ted-cruz-be-preside/ |newspaper=''[[Texas Tribune]]'' |quote=Bottom line: Despite being born in Canada, Cruz can be considered a natural-born U.S. citizen because his mother was also a U.S. citizen who lived in the United States long enough for him to qualify, according to constitutional experts. |date=August 13, 2012 |accessdate=August 17, 2013}}</ref> where his parents, Eleanor Elizabeth Wilson Darragh<ref name=Texplainer08132012/><ref name=OlsenHousChron10132012/><ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/><ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013>{{cite news |title=Canada-born Ted Cruz became a citizen of that country as well as U.S. |author=Gillman, Todd J. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20130818-born-in-canada-ted-cruz-became-a-citizen-of-that-country-as-well-as-u.s..ece |newspaper=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=August 18, 2013 |accessdate=August 19, 2013}}</ref><ref name="FOXNewsLatino04082013">{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz's Father Talks About Latinos, Conservatives and the American Dream |first= |last= |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/04/08/ted-cruz-father-and-inspiration-talks-about-latinos-conservatives-and-american/ |newspaper=''[[Fox Latin America|FOX News Latino]]'' |quote=Cruz, the father, and his wife, Eleanor Darragh, left the United States for a few years, living in Canada to take advantage of the oil boom. |date=April 8, 2012 |accessdate=October 6, 2013}}</ref> and Rafael Bienvenido Cruz,<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> were working in the oil business.<ref name=NYTimes11182011>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/18/us/politics/ted-cruz-is-a-test-for-the-tea-party-in-texas-race.html?_r=1 |title=A Test for the Tea Party in Texas Senate Race |author=Zernike, Kate |date=November 18, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=November 18, 2011}}</ref><ref name=newvos1>{{cite news |title=Ted Cruz: New Voice for the American Dream |first=Terence |last=Jeffrey |url=http://cwww.creators.com/opinion/terence-jeffrey/ted-cruz-new-voice-for-the-american-dream.html |newspaper=''[[Creators Syndicate]]'' |year=2011 |accessdate=August 17, 2013}}</ref> His parents owned a [[Reflection seismology|seismic-data processing]] firm for oil [[Well drilling|drillers]].<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013>{{cite news |title=Senate candidate Ted Cruz aims to pick up mantle of Reagan |author=Garrett, Robert T. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20120428-senate-candidate-ted-cruz-aims-to-pick-up-mantle-of-reagan.ece |newspaper=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=April 28, 2013 |accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Cruz's father, who was born in 1939 in [[Matanzas|Matanzas, Cuba]],<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> as Robert T. Garrett of the ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'' has described, "suffered beatings and imprisonment for protesting the oppressive regime"<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013>{{cite news |title= The Rise of Rafael Cruz |author=Costa, Robert |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/356934/rise-rafael-cruz-robert-costa |newspaper=[[National Review]] |date=August 28, 2013 |quote=Born in Matanzas, Cuba, he grew up in the Cuban middle class in the 1950s, as the son of an RCA salesman and an elementary-school teacher. As a teenager, he grew to detest the regime of Fulgencio Batista. He and some of his schoolmates frequently clashed with Batista’s officials. Eventually, he linked up with Castro’s guerrilla groups and supported their attempts to overthrow Batista. It’s a decision he still regrets. His move toward Castro, he explains, was mostly due to his anger with Batista’s government, which at one point imprisoned him and tortured him for his work with the revolutionaries. He says he never shared Castro’s Communism, but, at the time, it was the best way to fight Batista’s oppression. By age 18, in 1957, he knew he needed to get out, and a friend essentially bribed an official to secure him an exit permit. |accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> of dictator [[Fulgencio Batista]]. He fought for [[Fidel Castro]] in the [[Cuban Revolution]]<ref name=DailyCallerNelson11012011>{{cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/texas-gop-senate-candidate-says-no-rubio-father-151607155.html |title=Texas GOP Senate candidate says he’s no Rubio, his father fought for Castro |author=Nelson, Steven |publisher=''[[The Daily Caller]]'' |date=November 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Lizza>{{Cite journal |last=Lizza |first=Ryan |authorlink=Ryan Lizza |date=November 19, 2012 |title=The Party Next Time |journal=''[[The New Yorker]]'' |publisher=Condé Nast |pages=50–57 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/11/19/121119fa_fact_lizza |accessdate=July 20, 2013}}</ref> when he was 14 years old, but "didn't know Castro was a Communist." A few years later he became a staunch critic of Castro when "the rebel leader took control and began seizing private property and suppressing dissent."<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=GarrettDallas10252011>{{cite web|author=Garrett, Robert T. |url=http://www.dallasnews.com/incoming/20111025-senate-candidate-ted-cruz-says-he-hasn-t-misled-about-father-s-exodus-from-cuba.ece |title=Senate candidate Ted Cruz says he hasn't misled about father's exodus from Cuba |publisher=''[[The Dallas Morning News]]'' |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 7, 2012}}</ref> The elder Cruz fled Cuba in 1957 at the age of 18, landing in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]],<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> becoming a Cuban [[émigré]], to study at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]], knowing no English and with $100 sewn into his underwear.<ref name=HarvLawBulWilsonFall2012/><ref name=Cruz07062011>{{cite web|title=Ted Cruz for US Senate - Bio |url=http://www.tedcruz.org/bio/ |accessdate=July 6, 2011 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110706055748/http://www.tedcruz.org/bio/|archivedate=July 6, 2011| quote="When my Dad came to Austin in 1957, as a teenage immigrant from Cuba bound for the University of Texas, he spoke no English and had $100 sewn into his underwear. He worked his way through school as a dishwasher making 50 cents an hour, just as my Mom – the first person in her family ever to go to college – earned her math degree at Rice in the 1950s, working summers at Foley’s and Shell."}}</ref> His younger sister fought in the [[Counter-revolutionary|counter-revolution]] and was tortured by the new regime.<ref name=Lizza/> He remained regretful for his early support of Castro, and emphatically conveyed this remorse to his young son over the following years.<ref name=CostaNatlRev08282013/><ref name=Lizza/> The elder Cruz worked his way through college as a dishwasher, making 50 cents an hour,<ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/> earning a degree in mathematics.<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> Cruz's father today is a pastor in [[Carrollton, Texas]],<ref name=OlsenHousChron10132012>{{cite news |title=Cruz's life defies simplification |author=Olsen, Lise |url=http://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/Cruz-s-life-defies-simplification-3946523.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=October 13, 2012 |quote=The ex-revolutionary pastor regularly stumps for his son, whom he's compared to the Old Testament prophet [[Jeremiah]] - a relentless advocate with "fire in his bones." Ted, he says, is "not going to Washington to compromise." |accessdate=August 28, 2013}}</ref> a [[Dallas]] suburb, and became a [[Naturalization|naturalized]] U.S. citizen in 2005.<ref name="NYTimesEckholm08012012"/>


Cruz's mother was born and raised in [[Wilmington, Delaware]],<ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> in a family of Irish and [[Italians|Italian]] descent.<ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/><ref name=newvos1/> She was the first person in her family to attend college. She earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics from [[Rice University]] in Houston in the 1950s, working summers at [[Foley's]] and [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell Oil]].<ref name="NYTimesEckholm08012012"/> She later worked in Houston as a computer programmer at Shell.<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> Cruz has said, "I'm [[Cubans|Cuban]], Irish, and Italian, and yet somehow I ended up [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]]."<ref name="DMNCruzCuban"/>
Cruz's mother was born and raised in [[Wilmington, Delaware]],<ref name=GilmanDallasNews08182013/> in a family of Irish and [[Italians|Italian]] descent.<ref name=WashPostWeinerDershowitz/><ref name=newvos1/> She was the first person in her family to attend college. She earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics from [[Rice University]] in Houston in the 1950s, working summers at [[Foley's]] and [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell Oil]].<ref name="NYTimesEckholm08012012"/> She later worked in Houston as a computer programmer at Shell.<ref name=GarrettDallasNews04282013/> Cruz has said, "I'm [[Cubans|Cuban]], Irish, and Italian, and yet somehow I ended up [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptist]]."<ref name="DMNCruzCuban"/>

Revision as of 03:40, 17 April 2014

Ted Cruz
Cruz in 2013
United States Senator
from Texas
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2013
Serving with John Cornyn
Preceded byKay Bailey Hutchison
Solicitor General of Texas
In office
January 9, 2003 – May 12, 2008[1]
GovernorRick Perry
Preceded byJulie Parsley
Succeeded byJames Ho
Personal details
Born
Rafael Edward Cruz

(1970-12-22) December 22, 1970 (age 53)
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Political partyRepublican
SpouseHeidi Suzanne (Nelson) Cruz
Children2
Residence(s)Houston, Texas, U.S.
Alma materPrinceton University (A.B.) (1992) (cum laude)[2]
Harvard University (J.D.) (1995) (magna cum laude)[2]
WebsiteTed Cruz for Senate
Senator Ted Cruz

Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (born December 22, 1970) is the junior United States Senator from Texas. Elected in 2013, he is the first Cuban-American or Latino to hold the office.[4][5][6][7] Cruz is a member of the Republican Party. He served as Solicitor General of Texas from 2003 to May 2008, after being appointed by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott.[2] Between 1999 and 2003, Cruz served as the director of the Office of Policy Planning at the Federal Trade Commission, an Associate Deputy Attorney General at the United States Department of Justice, and as Domestic Policy Advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush on the 2000 Bush-Cheney campaign. Cruz was also an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Texas School of Law in Austin, where he taught U.S. Supreme Court litigation, from 2004 to 2009.

Cruz was the Republican nominee for the Senate seat vacated by fellow Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison.[8] On July 31, 2012, he defeated Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst in the Republican primary runoff, 57–43.[9] Cruz defeated the Democrat, former state Representative Paul Sadler, in the general election held on November 6, 2012; he prevailed with 56–41 over Sadler.[9][6] Cruz openly identifies with the Tea Party movement, and has been endorsed by the Republican Liberty Caucus.[10] On November 14, 2012, Cruz was appointed vice-chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, the committee that seeks to elect more Republicans to the Senate.[11]

He was the first Hispanic Solicitor General in Texas,[12] the youngest Solicitor General in the United States, and the longest-serving Solicitor General in Texas' history. Cruz is one of three Latinos in the Senate; the others — also Americans of Cuban ancestry — are fellow Republican Marco Rubio of Florida and Democrat Bob Menendez of New Jersey.[13]

Early life

Cruz was born on December 22, 1970[2][6] in Calgary, Alberta, Canada[2][14] where his parents, Eleanor Elizabeth Wilson Darragh[14][15][16][17][18][19] and Rafael Bienvenido Cruz,[17][18] were working in the oil business.[20][21] His parents owned a seismic-data processing firm for oil drillers.[17][22] Cruz's father, who was born in 1939 in Matanzas, Cuba,[17][18] as Robert T. Garrett of the Dallas Morning News has described, "suffered beatings and imprisonment for protesting the oppressive regime"[17][22] of dictator Fulgencio Batista. He fought for Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution[23][24] when he was 14 years old, but "didn't know Castro was a Communist." A few years later he became a staunch critic of Castro when "the rebel leader took control and began seizing private property and suppressing dissent."[17][25] The elder Cruz fled Cuba in 1957 at the age of 18, landing in Austin,[22] becoming a Cuban émigré, to study at the University of Texas, knowing no English and with $100 sewn into his underwear.[26][27] His younger sister fought in the counter-revolution and was tortured by the new regime.[24] He remained regretful for his early support of Castro, and emphatically conveyed this remorse to his young son over the following years.[17][24] The elder Cruz worked his way through college as a dishwasher, making 50 cents an hour,[16] earning a degree in mathematics.[22] Cruz's father today is a pastor in Carrollton, Texas,[15] a Dallas suburb, and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005.[28]

Cruz's mother was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware,[18] in a family of Irish and Italian descent.[16][21] She was the first person in her family to attend college. She earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics from Rice University in Houston in the 1950s, working summers at Foley's and Shell Oil.[28] She later worked in Houston as a computer programmer at Shell.[22] Cruz has said, "I'm Cuban, Irish, and Italian, and yet somehow I ended up Southern Baptist."[5]

Cruz's parents returned to Houston in 1974, after working in the Alberta oil fields, when a slump hit the price of oil and they sold their first seismic data company.[15] They were divorced while Cruz was in law school.[22]

Education

Cruz attended high school at Faith West Academy in Katy, Texas,[29] and later graduated from Second Baptist High School in Houston as valedictorian in 1988.[15] During high school, Cruz participated in a Houston-based group called the Free Market Education Foundation where Cruz learned about free-market economic philosophers such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Frédéric Bastiat and Ludwig von Mises.[24] The program was run by Rolland Storey and Cruz entered the program at the age of 13.[22]

Cruz graduated cum laude from Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs in 1992.[2][30] While at Princeton, he competed for the American Whig-Cliosophic Society's Debate Panel and won the top speaker award at both the 1992 U.S. National Debating Championship and the 1992 North American Debating Championship.[31] In 1992, he was named U.S. National Speaker of the Year and Team of the Year (with his debate partner, David Panton).[31] Cruz was also a semi-finalist at the 1995 World Universities Debating Championship, making him Princeton’s highest-ranked debater at the championship.[32][33] Princeton's debate team later named their annual novice championship after Cruz.[32]

Cruz's senior thesis on the separation of powers, titled "Clipping the Wings of Angels," draws its inspiration from a passage attributed to President James Madison: "If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary." Cruz argued that the drafters of the Constitution intended to protect the rights of their constituents, and the last two items in the Bill of Rights offered an explicit stop against an all-powerful state. Cruz wrote: "They simply do so from different directions. The Tenth stops new powers, and the Ninth fortifies all other rights, or non-powers."[28][34]

After graduating from Princeton, Cruz attended Harvard Law School, graduating magna cum laude in 1995 with a Juris Doctor.[2][35] While at Harvard Law, Cruz was a primary editor of the Harvard Law Review, and executive editor of the Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, and a founding editor of the Harvard Latino Law Review.[30] Referring to Cruz's time as a student at Harvard Law, Professor Alan Dershowitz said, "Cruz was off-the-charts brilliant."[16][36][37][38][39][40] At Harvard Law, Cruz was a John M. Olin Fellow in Law and Economics.[41]

Cruz currently serves on the Board of Advisors of the Texas Review of Law and Politics.[41][42]

Clerkships

Cruz giving a speech to the Montgomery County Republican Party meeting held in Conroe, Texas, on August 19, 2013

Cruz served as a law clerk to J. Michael Luttig of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in 1995[12][41] and William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States in 1996.[2] Cruz was the first Hispanic ever to clerk for a Chief Justice of the United States.[43]

Private practice

After Cruz finished his clerkships, he took a position with Cooper, Carvin & Rosenthal, which is now known as Cooper & Kirk, LLC, from 1997 to 1998.[44]

In 1998, Cruz served as private counsel for Congressman John Boehner during Boehner's lawsuit against Congressman Jim McDermott for releasing a tape recording of a Boehner telephone conversation.[45]

Bush Administration

Cruz joined the George W. Bush presidential campaign in 1999 as a domestic policy adviser, advising then-Governor George W. Bush on a wide range of policy and legal matters, including civil justice, criminal justice, constitutional law, immigration, and government reform.[44]

Cruz assisted in assembling the Bush legal team, devise strategy, and draft pleadings for filing with the Supreme Court of Florida and U.S. Supreme Court, the specific case being Bush v. Gore, during the 2000 Florida presidential recounts, leading to two successful decisions for the Bush team.[41][46]

After President Bush took office, Cruz served as an associate deputy attorney general in the U.S. Justice Department[2][46] and as the director of policy planning at the U.S. Federal Trade Commission.[2][16][46]

Texas Solicitor General

Appointed to the office of Solicitor General of Texas by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott,[12][47] Cruz served in that position from 2003 to 2008.[24][41]

Cruz has authored 70 United States Supreme Court briefs and presented 43 oral arguments, including nine before the United States Supreme Court.[12][16][26] Cruz's record of having argued before the Supreme Court nine times is more than any practicing lawyer in Texas or any current member of Congress.[48] Cruz has commented on his nine cases in front of the U.S. Supreme Court: "We ended up year after year arguing some of the biggest cases in the country. There was a degree of serendipity in that, but there was also a concerted effort to seek out and lead conservative fights."[48]

In the landmark case of District of Columbia v. Heller, Cruz drafted the amicus brief signed by attorneys general of 31 states, which said that the D.C. handgun ban should be struck down as infringing upon the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms.[26][49] Cruz also presented oral argument for the amici states in the companion case to Heller before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.[26][50]

In addition to his success in Heller, Cruz has successfully defended the constitutionality of Ten Commandments monument on the Texas State Capitol grounds before the Fifth Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court, winning 5-4 in Van Orden v. Perry.[16][26][41]

In 2004, Cruz was involved in another high-profile case, which was Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow.[16][41] In Newdow, Cruz wrote a U.S. Supreme Court brief on behalf of all 50 states which argued that a non-custodial parent does not have standing in court to sue to stop a public school from requiring its students to recite of the Pledge of Allegiance.[16][41] The Supreme Court upheld the position of Cruz’s brief in a 9-0 decision.

Cruz served as lead counsel for the state and successfully defended the multiple litigation challenges to the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting plan in state and federal district courts and before the U.S. Supreme Court, winning 5-4 in League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry.[41][51]

Cruz also successfully defended, in Medellin v. Texas, the State of Texas against an attempt by the International Court of Justice to re-open the criminal convictions of 51 murderers on death row throughout the United States.[12][16][26][41]

Cruz has been named by American Lawyer magazine as one of the 50 Best Litigators under 45 in America,[47][52] by The National Law Journal as one of the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America,[53][54] and by Texas Lawyer as one of the 25 Greatest Texas Lawyers of the Past Quarter Century.[55][56]

Private practice

After leaving the Solicitor General position in 2008, he worked in a private law firm in Houston, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, often representing corporate clients, until he was sworn in a U.S. Senator from Texas in 2013.[28][41][57] At Morgan, Lewis, he led the firm’s U.S. Supreme Court and national appellate litigation practice.[57]

In 2009, while working for Morgan, Lewis, Cruz formed and then abandoned a bid for state attorney general when the incumbent Attorney General Greg Abbott, who hired Cruz as Solicitor General, decided to run for re-election.[15]

U.S. Senate

2012 election

Main article: United States Senate election in Texas, 2012
Cruz speaking to the Values Voters Summit in October 2011

Cruz's election has been described by the Washington Post as “the biggest upset of 2012 . . . a true grassroots victory against very long odds.”[58] On January 19, 2011, after U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison said she would not seek reelection, Cruz announced his candidacy via a blogger conference call.[8] In the Republican senatorial primary, Cruz ran against sitting Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst. Cruz was endorsed by the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative political action committee;[59] Erick Erickson, editor of prominent conservative blog RedState;[60] the FreedomWorks for America super PAC;[61] nationally syndicated radio host Mark Levin;[62] former Attorney General Edwin Meese;[46] Tea Party Express;[63] Young Conservatives of Texas;[64] and U.S. Senators Tom Coburn,[65] Jim DeMint,[66] Mike Lee,[67] Rand Paul[68] and Pat Toomey.[69] He was also endorsed by former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin[70] and former Texas Congressman Ron Paul,[71] George P. Bush,[46] and former U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Rick Santorum.[72]

Cruz won the runoff for the Republican nomination with a 14-point margin over Dewhurst.[73] In the November 6 general election, Cruz faced Democrat Paul Sadler, an attorney and a former state representative from Henderson, in east Texas. Cruz won with 4.5 million votes (56.4%) to Sadler's 3.2 million (40.6%). Two minor candidates garnered the remaining 3% of the vote.[9] According to a poll by the Washington Examiner taken six weeks after the 2012 general election, Cruz received 40% of the Hispanic vote, vs. 60% for Sandler, outperforming Republican Presidential candidate Mitt Romney with the Hispanic vote by 27 points.[74][75]

Cruz has called his failure to disclose his connections with Caribbean Equity Partners Investment Holdings LTD before the election, an inadvertent omission.[76]

Political positions

Cruz is pro-life, with an exception only when a pregnancy endangers the mother's life.[77][78] Cruz opposes same-sex marriage, stating that he instead supports marriage "between one man and one woman,"[79] but believes that the legality of same-sex marriage should be left to each state to decide.[80]

Cruz is a gun-rights supporter.[81] On March 25, 2013, an announcement was made by Cruz and U.S. Senators Rand Paul and Mike Lee threatening that they would filibuster any legislation that would entail gun control, such as the Manchin-Toomey Amendment, which would require additional background checks on sales at gun shows.[82] On April 17, 2013, Cruz voted against the Manchin-Toomey Amendment.[83] Republicans successfully filibustered the amendment by a vote of 54–46, as 60 votes were needed for cloture.[84]

Cruz has raised concerns that the National Security Agency has not done effective surveillance of potential terrorists while intruding needlessly into the lives of ordinary Americans.[85]

Since being elected, Cruz has spent a great deal of time speaking about what he characterizes as the misguided economic policies of the Obama Administration.[86] Chiding the GOP over its 2012 electoral losses, he stated that "Republicans are and should be the party of the 47 percent" [87] and has also often noted that the words "growth and opportunity" ought to be tattooed on every Republican's hand.[88]

Regarding foreign policy, in 2004, he criticized Democratic Presidential candidate John Kerry for being "against defending American values, against standing up to our enemies, and, in effect, for appeasing totalitarian despots." [89] In 2013, Cruz stated that America had no “dog in the fight” during the Syrian civil war.[90]

Affordable Care Act and U.S. government shutdown of 2013

Main articles: Affordable Care Act and United States federal government shutdown of 2013

In the summer of 2013, Cruz started "nationwide tour" sponsored by The Heritage Foundation to promote a congressional effort to defund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, arguing that a shutdown of the government would not be a disaster for America or the Republican Party (GOP).[91][92]

On September 24, 2013, Cruz began a speech on the floor of the Senate regarding the Affordable Care Act relative to a continuing resolution designed to fund the government and avert a government shutdown.[93][94] Cruz promised to keep speaking until he was "no longer able to stand."[95] Cruz yielded the floor at noon the following day for the start of the proceeding legislative session after twenty-one hours nineteen minutes.[96] His speech was the fourth-longest in United States Senate history.[97] Following Cruz's speech, the Senate voted 100–0 regarding a "procedural hurdle toward passing a stopgap funding bill to avert a government shutdown."[98] Cruz was joined by 18 Republican senators in his effort to prevent stripping out a clause that would have defunded the Affordable Care by voting against the cloture motion, leaving the effort 21 votes short of the required number to deny cloture.[99]

Cruz is believed to a major force behind the U.S. government shutdown in 2013.[100][101] Cruz delivered a message on October 11, 2013 to fellow Republicans against accepting Obamacare and describing it as a "train wreck," claimed the American people remain "energized" around the goal of gutting the law.[102] Cruz stated Obamacare is causing "enormous harm" to the economy.[102] Republican strategist Mike Murphy stated: "Cruz is trying to start a wave of Salem witch trials in the G.O.P. on the shutdown and Obamacare, and that fear is impacting some people’s calculations on 2016."[101] Cruz said that he "didn't threaten to shut down the government" and blamed the shutdown on President Barack Obama and Senate Majority Leader Harry M. Reid.[103]

The Houston Chronicle which had endorsed Cruz in the general election, regretted that he had not lived up to the standard set by the previous U.S. Senator from Texas, Kay Bailey Hutchison.[104][105] After a deal was made to end the shutdown and to extend the debt-ceiling deadline, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell called Cruz's actions "not a smart play" and a "tactical error"[106] and Cruz stated: “I would do anything, and I will continue to do anything I can, to stop the train wreck that is Obamacare. The test that matters. . . is are we doing anything for all the people that are getting hurt from Obamacare?”[107]

After the launch of the HealthCare.gov website, with which there were significant implementation problems,[108] Cruz stated, "Obamacare is a disaster. You have the well-publicized problems with the website. It just isn't working."[108] He called for Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius to resign.[108]

In February 2014, Cruz opposed an unconditional increase in the debt limit.[109] He said that Republican politicians feared the truth and "they wanted to be able to tell what they view as their foolish, gullible constituents back home they didn’t do it".[110]

On March 24, Cruz posted an informal survey on his senatorial Facebook page,[111] which read: "Quick poll: Obamacare was signed into law four years ago yesterday. Are you better off now than you were then? Comment with YES or NO!”. Many of the more than 47,000 comments were supportive of Obamacare, but the Dallas Morning-News stated that: "Anti-Obamacare comments still seem to outnumber those tweaking Cruz or lauding the Affordable Care Act."[112] His spokeswoman stated that the results were "a manufactured, concerted effort from people on the left making comments days after the original post was put up. Maybe a better use of their time would be advocating for an Obamacare website that actually works before the last day of enrollment."[112][113][114]

Legislation

Cruz sponsored sixty-seven bills, including:[115]

  • S.177, a bill named “ObamaCare Repeal Act”, introduced January 29, 2013
  • S.505, a bill to prohibit the use of drones to kill citizens of the United States within the United States, introduced March 7, 2013
  • S.729, a bill named “Disarm Criminals and Protect Communities Act”, introduced March 15, 2013
  • S.730, a bill named “Firearm Straw Purchasing and Trafficking Prevention Act”, introduced March 15, 2013
  • S.1336, a bill to amend the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 to permit States to require proof of citizenship, introduced July 17, 2013

On April 1, 2014, Cruz introduced Senate bill 2195, a bill that would allow the President of the United States to deny visas to any ambassador to the United Nations who has been found to have been engaged in espionage activities or a terrorist activity against the United States or its allies and may pose a threat to U.S. national security interests.[116] The bill was written in response to Iran's choice of Hamid Aboutalebi as their ambassador.[117] Aboutalebi was involved in the Iran hostage crisis, in which of a number of American diplomats from the US embassy in Tehran were held captive in 1979.[117][118][119]

Committee assignments

Speculation on a possible run for higher office

Further information: United States presidential election, 2016

Commentators have expressed their opinion that Cruz will run for President in 2016.[120][121][122] On March 14, 2013, Cruz gave the keynote speech at the 2013 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington DC.[123] He came in tied for 7th place in the 2013 CPAC straw poll on March 16, winning 4% of the votes cast.[124] In October 2013, Cruz won the Values Voter Summit Presidential straw poll with 42% of the vote.[125]

Cruz did speaking events in the summer of 2013 across Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, early primary states, leading to speculation that he was laying the groundwork for a run for President in 2016.[126]

Since Cruz was born in Canada, commentators for the Austin American-Statesman[127] and the Los Angeles Times,[128] have speculated about Cruz's legal status as a natural-born citizen. Because he was a U.S. citizen at birth (since his mother was a U.S. citizen who lived in the U.S. for more than 10 years as required by the Nationality Act of 1940), most commentators believe Cruz is eligible to serve as President of the United States.[14][129][130][131] After hearing that according to legal experts he is a dual citizen of Canada and the U.S., Cruz announced on August 19, 2013 that he would renounce his Canadian citizenship.[132] On December 28, 2013, Cruz told the Dallas Morning News that he “retained counsel” and he was “preparing the paperwork to renounce the citizenship.”[131]

On April 12, 2014, Cruz spoke at the Freedom Summit, an event organized by Americans for Prosperity, and Citizens United.[133] The event was attended by several potential presidential candidates.[134] In his speech, Cruz mentioned that Latinos, young people and single mothers, are the people most affected by the recession, and that the Republican Party should make outreach efforts to these constituents. He also said that the words "Growth and Opportunity” should be tattooed on every Republican politician.[133]

Awards

The Hill, a Washington D.C. newspaper covering Capitol Hill, on December 27, 2013, named Cruz "2013 Person of the Year."[135] The Hill stated that "Of course, Cruz made his biggest mark when he and fellow freshman Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) led a last-ditch national grassroots effort to defund ObamaCare before the law went into effect fully. Imagine how many Senate Democrats wish right now that they had heeded Cruz's entreaties and agreed to delaying or defunding it for one year. Now, they are stuck with the law and all its consequences."[135]

Cruz was also named "2013 Man of the Year" by TheBlaze,[136] FrontPage Magazine[137] and The American Spectator,[138] "2013 Conservative of the Year" by Townhall.com,[139] "2013 Statesman of the Year" by the Republican Party of Sarasota County[140] and was a finalist in both "2013 Texan of the Year" by The Dallas Morning News[141] and a "2013 Person of the Year" finalist by Time.[142]

In 2014, the Sarasota GOP awarded Cruz "Statesman of the Year", which they had in previous years given to Sean Hannity and Donald Trump.[143]

Personal life

Cruz and his wife, Heidi Cruz (née Nelson), have two daughters. Cruz met his wife while working on the George W. Bush presidential campaign of 2000. Cruz's wife is currently head of the Southwest Region in the Investment Management Division of Goldman, Sachs & Co. and previously worked in the White House for Condoleezza Rice and in New York as an investment banker.[144]

Electoral history

Main article: United States Senate election in Texas, 2012
2012 Republican primary
Republican primary results, May 29, 2012[9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican David Dewhurst 624,170 44.6
Republican Ted Cruz 479,079 34.2
Republican Tom Leppert 186,675 13.3
Republican Craig James 50,211 3.6
Republican Glenn Addison 22,888 1.6
Republican Lela Pittenger 18,028 1.3
Republican Ben Gambini 7,193 0.5
Republican Curt Cleaver 6,649 0.5
Republican Joe Argis 4,558 0.3
Total votes 1,399,451 100
2012 Republican primary runoff
Republican runoff results, July 31, 2012[9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ted Cruz 631,316 56.8
Republican David Dewhurst 480,165 43.2
Total votes 1,111,481 100
2012 General Election
General Election, November 6, 2012[9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ted Cruz 4,469,843 56.45
Democratic Paul Sadler 3,194,927 40.62
Libertarian John Jay Myers 162,354 2.06
Green David Collins 67,404 0.85
Total votes 7,864,822 100

See also

References

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  4. ^ U.S. Senator Ted Cruz at U.S.-Cuba Democracy PAC 10th Annual Luncheon, Biltmore Hotel (Miami, FL), US-Cuba Democracy PAC, March 10, 2013.
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Articles
Party political offices
Preceded by Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Texas
(Class 1)
2012 		Most recent
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Texas
2013–present
Served alongside: John Cornyn 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
Tim Kaine
D-Virginia
 United States Senators by seniority
96th 		Succeeded by
Elizabeth Warren
D-Massachusetts

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