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{{Infobox language
#REDIRECT[[Amami language]]
|name=Tokunoshima
|states=[[Japan]]
|region=[[Tokunoshima]] of the [[Amami Islands]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]
|speakers=5,100
|date=2004
|ref=e17
|familycolor=Altaic
|fam1=[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
|fam2=[[Ryukyuan languages|Ryukyuan]]
|fam3=[[Amami–Okinawan languages|Amami–Okinawan]]
|fam4=[[Amami languages|Amami]] ?
|fam5=[[Amami language|Northern Amami]]
|iso3=tkn |iso3comment=(as Toku-No-Shima)
|glotto=toku1246 |glottoname=Toku-No-Shima
}}
The '''Tokunoshima language''' is a [[dialect cluster]] spoken on [[Tokunoshima]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture]] of southwestern [[Japan]]. It is part of the [[Amami–Okinawan languages]], which are part of the [[Japonic languages]].

==Classification==
{{main|Amami–Okinawan languages#Subgroups}}
The classification of Tokunoshima is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy.
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
**[[Amami languages|Amami]]
***[[Amami language|Northern Amami]]
****'''Tokunoshima'''
***Southern Amami
**[[Okinawan languages|Okinawan]]
On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy.
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
**[[Amami language|Ōshima–Tokunoshima / Amami–Tokunoshima / Amami]]
***'''Tokunoshima'''
**[[Kunigami language|Okinoerabu–Northern Okinawan / Okinoerabu–Yoron-Northern Okinawan / Kunigami]]
**[[Okinawan language|Southern Okinawan / South–Central Okinawan / Central Okinawan / Okinawan]]

==Subgroups==
[[Nakamoto Masachie|Nakamoto]] (1976) subdivided Tokunoshima into the northern and southern dialects. He used San as an example of the northern dialect and Isen as that of the southern dialect.<ref name="nakamoto1976c3_5">{{cite book |author=Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 | chapter=''Amami hōgen no on'in'' 奄美方言の音韻 | title=''Ryūkyū hōgen on'in no kenkyū'' 琉球方言音韻の研究 |pages=312–370 |year=1976 |language=Japanese }}</ref>

==Status==
Tokunoshima has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).<ref name="sil_ao">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tkn |title=Toku-No-Shima |publisher=SIL International |accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==Phonology==
The following is the phonology of the Kametsu dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1986).<ref name="hirayama1986">{{cite book |editor=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 | title=''Amami hōgen kiso goi no kenkyū'' 奄美方言基礎語彙の研究 |year=1986 |language=Japanese }}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=3 | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan=3 | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan=3 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br/>alveolar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=3 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! Moraic
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"|mˀ ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}}
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"|nˀ ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}}&nbsp;
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
| rowspan=6 | [<small>Q</small>]<br />[{{IPA link|ɴ}}]<br />[{{IPA link|ː}}]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0"|tˀ ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}}
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0; border-right: 0;"|kˀ ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}||style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;border-right: 0;"|t͡ʃˀ ||style="border-left: 0;"|z
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan=3 |
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}}
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}}
| colspan=2 |
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=3 |
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA|r}}
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=3 |
| colspan=2 |
|}
<!-- Note: Hirayama et al. (1986) use c for t͡ʃ, ᴇ for ː, cˀ for t͡ʃˀ. -->

'''Notes'''
*The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.
*{{IPA|/h/}} is {{IPA link|ç|[}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, and {{IPA link|ɸ|[}} before {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/w/}}.
*{{IPA|/p/}} is new and infrequent.
*{{IPA|/si/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃï/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃˀï/}} are realized as {{IPA|[ʃɪ]}}, {{IPA|[t͡sï]}} and {{IPA|[t͡sˀï]}}, respectively.
*{{IPA|/z/}} is {{IPA|[d͡z]}} before {{IPA|/ï/}} and {{IPA|/ë/}}, and {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} elsewhere.
*{{IPA|[ʃa]}}, {{IPA|[ʃe]}}, {{IPA|[ʃu]}} and {{IPA|/ʃo/}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/sja/}}, {{IPA|/sje/}}, {{IPA|/sju/}} and {{IPA|/sjo/}}, respectively.
*{{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ʃe]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ʃu]}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃo/}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/t͡ʃja/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃje/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃju/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃjo/}}, respectively.
*{{IPA|[t͡ʃˀa]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ʃˀu]}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃˀo/}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/t͡ʃˀja/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃˀju/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃˀjo/}}, respectively.

===Vowels===
Tokunoshima has {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, {{IPA|/ï/}} and {{IPA|/ë/}}.

===Correspondences to Standard Japanese===
Only major sound correspondences are listed.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/e/}} mostly corresponds to {{IPA|/ï/}}.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/o/}} is merged into {{IPA|/u/}}.
*Tokunoshima {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/ë/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/hi/}} and {{IPA|/he/}} corresponds to Tokunoshima {{IPA|/sï/}} and {{IPA|/hwï/}}, respectively.
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/si/}} and {{IPA|/zu/}}, {{IPA|/zi/}} and {{IPA|/zu/}}, and {{IPA|/t͡ʃi/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃu/}} are merged into merged into {{IPA|/sï/}}, {{IPA|/zï/}}, and {{IPA|/t͡ʃï/}}, respectively.
*The fusion of two consecutive morae resulted in glottalized consonants in Tokunoshima.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Link==
*[http://www.unii.ac.jp/~chitsuko/inet/lg7B.html Literature on the Tokunoshima dialect by Fukushima Chitsuko] (in Japanese)

{{Japanese language |collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokunoshima Language}}
[[Category:Kagoshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Ryukyuan languages]]

Revision as of 19:57, 4 October 2014

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