Duchies in Sweden: Difference between revisions
→Today: it is my impression that the titles ''indeed do'' merge with the crown, are ''not'' born by the kings, thus Queen Silvia eg is not Duchess of Jämtland |
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* HRH [[Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland|The Duchess of Gotland]] (''Princess Leonore'') |
* HRH [[Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland|The Duchess of Gotland]] (''Princess Leonore'') |
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The titles are given for life and do not merge with the crown, though monarchs mainly use their higher title of king or queen instead of their ducal titles after accession to the throne. Thus the titles have not been conferred on women who became Swedish queens by marrying kings, such as the current [[Queen Silvia of Sweden|Queen Silvia]]. Unlike [[United Kingdom|British]] duchies, for example, they are not hereditary. Spouses of ducal titleholders may also be created dukes and duchesses upon marriage. The first example of a male acquiring the Swedish ducal title of a female was following the 2010 marriage of Crown Princess Victoria to Prince Daniel. Currently the prerequisite for a ducal title is being prince or princess of Sweden, and for that being a Swedish citizen. |
The titles are given for life and do not merge with the crown,{{cn}} though monarchs mainly use their higher title of king or queen instead of their ducal titles after accession to the throne. Thus the titles have not been conferred on women who became Swedish queens by marrying kings, such as the current [[Queen Silvia of Sweden|Queen Silvia]]. Unlike [[United Kingdom|British]] duchies, for example, they are not hereditary. Spouses of ducal titleholders may also be created dukes and duchesses upon marriage. The first example of a male acquiring the Swedish ducal title of a female was following the 2010 marriage of Crown Princess Victoria to Prince Daniel. Currently the prerequisite for a ducal title is being prince or princess of Sweden, and for that being a Swedish citizen. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 14:33, 28 January 2015
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Duchies in Sweden have been allotted since the 13th century to powerful Swedes, almost always to Princes of Sweden (only in some of the dynasties) and wives of the latter. From the beginning these duchies were often centers of regional power, where their dukes and duchesses had considerable executive authority of their own, under the central power of their kings or queens regnant. Since the reign of King Gustav III the titles have practically been nominal, with which their bearers only rarely have enjoyed any ducal authority, though often maintaining specially selected leisure residences in their provinces and some limited measure of cultural attachment to them.
Today
In Sweden today, Duke (hertig) is considered a royal title, and is only given to members of the Royal House (currently Bernadotte). Such modern duchies have always been named for the historical provinces of Sweden, which are no longer governmental entities. Currently, there are five such duchies one of which includes two of the provinces:
- TRH The Duchess and Duke of Västergötland (Crown Princess Victoria and Prince Daniel)
- HRH The Duchess of Östergötland (Princess Estelle)
- HRH The Duke of Värmland (Prince Carl Philip)
- HRH The Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland (Princess Madeleine)
- HRH The Duchess of Gotland (Princess Leonore)
The titles are given for life and do not merge with the crown,[citation needed] though monarchs mainly use their higher title of king or queen instead of their ducal titles after accession to the throne. Thus the titles have not been conferred on women who became Swedish queens by marrying kings, such as the current Queen Silvia. Unlike British duchies, for example, they are not hereditary. Spouses of ducal titleholders may also be created dukes and duchesses upon marriage. The first example of a male acquiring the Swedish ducal title of a female was following the 2010 marriage of Crown Princess Victoria to Prince Daniel. Currently the prerequisite for a ducal title is being prince or princess of Sweden, and for that being a Swedish citizen.
History
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The first use in Swedish of the title of hertig was in 1266 by Prince Magnus, son of Princess Ingeborg and Birger Jarl. That title (derived from German "herzog") then replaced the older Nordic "jarl", both translated into the Latin title dux,[1] (see introduction to list below).
From the 13th century and until 1618, in some Swedish royal houses, when a king had more than one son, he gave each or some of them duchies to rule as fiefs. The geography of these duchies could be unclear, as they were not always within the boundaries of one province and could also be reallotted with territorial changes. Feuds between a king and ducal brothers were common, and ended at times in assassination and fratricide. There was only one non-royal Swedish duke, Benedict, Duke of Halland and Finland.
After the Kalmar Union period, just before his death in 1560, King Gustav I continued the tradition by making his sons John, Magnus and Carl powerful dukes, together ruling much more of the kingdom than their older half-brother Eric, who had held a duchy in the southeast. When Eric became King Eric XIV, the imbalance of power his father had created became destructive. John, with the aid of Carl, eventually revolted, dethroned Eric and became king; Magnus proved unimportant due to mental health issues, but Carl's duchy of Södermanland prospered as a separate territory for several decades and also made his eventual rise to the throne possible. His duchy was inherited by his younger son, Carl Philip, who died in 1622 having been the last holder of one of the semi-autonomous Swedish duchies, which his brother, King Gustav II Adolph, officially abolished in 1618.
During the subsequent rule of Queen Christina of Sweden, however, her cousin and heir Carl Gustav of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken was titled Duke of Öland by the Swedish sovereign herself, but her government refused to acknowledge that title officially.[2] His father was created Duke of Stegeborg in 1651, a title that a younger brother of Carl Gustav's eventually inherited.
In 1772, King Gustav III reinstated the appointment of dukes, now non-hereditary, for his brothers as courtesy titles, which did add to the international prestige and domestic influence of at least one of them. Since then, all Swedish princes have been created dukes of a province at birth, as well as one Great Prince or Grand Duke of Finland (who died in infancy). During the 20th century, because of constitutional restraints, several princes gave up their royal titles for marriages that were not approved by the King (see Bernadotte af Wisborg). Whether or not they then actually lost their ducal titles too has never been formally or legally determined.
For the first time since the 14th century a Princess of Sweden was created duchess in her own right in 1980, when the Act of Succession was changed so that Princess Victoria became Crown Princess and also Duchess of Västergötland. Her younger sister Madeleine was the first princess to be created duchess at birth, and also the first to get a double duchy (see above), roughly corresponding with the modern governmental limits of Gävleborg County. Such modern ducal titles are handled by the King of Sweden personally, are unregulated by law and not registered as names in the Swedish Tax Agency's population census.
Now the title holders are mainly known domestically as Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Daniel, Princess Estelle, Prince Carl Philip, Princess Madeleine and Princess Leonore though the ducal titles often are included in formal communication and royal court usage. In writing to them, it is considered correct to address all of them but the Crown Princess by ducal title. As of 1772, the dukes and duchesses do not normally reside permanently within their duchies, though they are associated with them to some extent by making occasional visits, seen as beneficial to public relations for the County Administrative Boards and local business.
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List of dukes and duchesses by duchy in Sweden
Professor of art history Jan Svanberg is of the opinion that since Birger Jarl (died 1266) wore a ducal coronet of English and continental European design, he actually was a duke, and that his Latin title of Dux Sueorum should be given as Duke and Regent of Sweden in English.[3] In Sweden and in Swedish then, the meaning of the Latin dux was still interpreted as jarl until Birger's son officially was given the new hertig title, which the Swedes saw, from then on, as the equivalent of duke.[4] Svanberg's opinion would then make duchesses of both of Birger's wives Ingeborg (died 1254) and Matilda (died 1288), in English usage. In addition to his own genealogy, Birger's powerful position has mainly been attributed to his royal marriage to his first consort[5] and to the outcome of the Battle of Sparrsätra.[6] Since his son, however, was the first to bear the Swedish title of hertig, this list begins, in the chronological aspect, with him.
This list of dukes and duchesses in Sweden excludes minor duchies (individual towns, manors, mines, estates) as well as former lands and provinces such as Finland and Estonia which are no longer in the kingdom. For ease of reference, the provinces are listed by their modern Swedish names, although Latin or English exonyms[7] are given as alternatives for some. Years given are those during which ducal titles incontestably were held, regardless of subsequent status as monarchs or former royalty.
Sweden and Swealand (Dux Sueorum as hertig)
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1252-death (1290) | Prince Magnus | became King in 1275 |
| 1275-his death (1266) | Prince Eric | |
| 1284–1310 | Eric[8] | After 1310 became Duke of Södermanland, etc |
| 1318–1321 | Ingeborg | Widow of Eric Also Duchess of Halland, etc |
Finland and Estonia
Relevant, and at times important, to periods of Sweden's history, when those areas belonged the kingdom, were also the titles Duke of Finland and Duke of Estonia.
Dalarna also known as Dalecarlia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1831-death (1873) | Prince August | |
| 1864–death (1914_ | Princess Teresia | Wife and later widow of Prince August |
| 1916–1946 only, | Prince Carl Johan |
Dalsland also known as Dalia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1310–1318 – | Prince Eric | see Swealand 1284–1310 |
| 1312–1326 | Princess Ingiburga | Wife and later widow of Prince Eric, see Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1560–1595 | Prince Magnus | see Östergötland |
East Gothland: see Östergötland
Eyland: see Öland
Gotland also known as Gothland
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1859–1888 | Prince Oscar | |
| 2014-present | Princess Leonore |
Gästrikland also known as Gestricland
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1982—present | Princess Madeleine | also Duchess of Hälsingland |
Halland also known as Hallandia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1310–1318 | Prince Eric, Duke of North Hallandia | see Swealand 1284–1310 |
| 1312–1341 | Princess Ingiburga,Duchess of North Hallandia | Wife and later widow of Eric, See Swealand |
| 1327–his death (1330) | Lord Canute Porse, Duke of South Hallandia | Second husband of Ingiburga |
| 1312–1341 | Duchess Ingiburga, | Wife and later widow of Lord Canute Porse, Duke of South Hallandia, Now also Duchess of South Hallandia, see Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1330–his death (1350) | Lord Canute Canuteson Porse | Son of Ingiburga and Lord Canute Porse held the title Duchess of South Hallandia with his brother and mother |
| 1330–his death (1350) | Lord Hacon Canuteson Porse | Son of Ingiburga and Lord Canute Porse held the title Duchess of South Hallandia with his brother and mother |
| 1341–1353 | Duchess Ingiburga, | In her own right, see Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1353–1356 | Lord Benedict Algotson | |
| 1341–1353 | Duchess Ingiburga, | In her own right, see Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1912–his death (1997) | Prince Bertil | |
| 1976-her death (2013) | Princess Lilian | Wife and later widow of Prince Bertil |
Hälsingland also known as Helsingia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1982—present | Princess Madeleine | also Duchess of Gästrikland |
Jämtland also known as Iemptia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1946-present | Prince Carl Gustaf | became King in 1973 |
Närke also known as Nericia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1560- his death(1611) | Prince Carl | see Södermanland, became king in King 1604 |
| 1579–her death (1589) | Princess Maria | First wife of Prince Carl |
| 1592-her death (1625) | Princess Christina | Second wife and later widow of Prince Carl, became Queen consort in 1604 – see Södermanland |
| 1607–1618 | Prince Carl Philip | see Södermanland |
| 1865–his death (1947) | Prince Eugen |
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1560- his death(1319) | Prince Waldemar | also Duke of Uppland |
| 1312-her death (1357) | Princess Ingiburga | Wife and later widow, also Duchess of Uppland |
| 1592-her death (1625) | Prince Eric | Son of Waldemar and Ingiburga, held the title Duke of Öland with hid mother. |
| 1557-his death (1577) | Crown Prince Eric | became king in 1560, see Småland |
| 1650–his death (1660) | Crown Prince Carl Gustav | became king in 1654 |
Östergötland also known as East Gothland
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1560–his death (1595) | Prince Magnus | also Duke of Dalsland |
| 1606–his death (1618) | Prince John | |
| 1612–her death 1618 | Princess Maria Elizabeth | Wife and later widow of Prince John |
| 1829-his death (1907) | Prince Oscar | became king in 1872 |
| 1857-her death (1913) | Princess Sophia | wife of Prince Oscar, became queen consort in 1872 |
| 1911–1937 | Prince Carl | |
| 2012-present | Princess Estelle |
Skåne also known as Scania
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1826–his death (1872) | Prince Carl | became king in 1859 |
| 1850–her death (1871) | Crown Princess Louise | wife of Crown Prince Carl |
| 1882–his death (1973) | Prince Gustaf Adolf | became king in 1950 |
| 1904-her death (1920) | Crown Princess Margareta | first wife of Prince Gustaf Adolf |
| 1923-her death (1965) | Crown Princess Louise | second wife of Prince Gustaf Adolf, became queen consort in 1950 |
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1275-his death (1318) | Eric | see also Swealand |
| 1557–his death (1577) | Crown Prince Eric | became king in 1560, also duke of Öland |
| 1782–1783 | Prince Carl Gustav | |
| 1904-her death (1920) | Crown Princess Margareta | first wife of Prince Gustaf Adolf |
| 1909–1932 | Prince Lennart |
Södermanland also known as Southmanland[11] and Sudermania
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1302–1310 | Prince Eric | Also duke of Dalsland, North Halland, Södermanland, Värmland and West Gothland |
| 1318–1321 | Duchess Ingiburga | , Wife and later widow of Prince Eric held the title Duchess of Södermanland in her own right as a widow also held the title Duchess of Halland and as Eric’s wife and widow Duchess of Dalsland, Värmland and West Gothland |
| 1560-his death (1611) | Prince Carl | became king in 1604, also Duke of Närke and Värmland |
| 1579-her death (1589) | Princess Maria, | First wife of Prince Carl, also Duchess of Närke and Värmland |
| 1592–her death (1625) | Princess Christina | Second wife and later widow of Prince Carl, became Queen consort in 1604, also Duchess of Närke and Värmland |
| 1604–1607 | Crown Prince Gustav Adolph | Also Duke of also Västmanland |
| 1607–1618 | Prince Carl Philip | |
| 1772-his death (1818) | Prince Carl | became king in 1809 |
| 1774–her death (1818) | Princess Charlotte | Second wife and later widow of Prince Carl became Queen consort in 1809. |
| 1811–his death (1859) | Crown Prince Oscar | became king in 1844 |
| 1823–her death (1876) | Crown Princess Josephine | Wife and later widow of Crown Prince Oscar became Queen consort in 1844 |
| 1852– his death (1854) | Prince Carl Oscar | |
| 1884– his death (1965) | Prince Wilhelm | |
| 1909-1914 | Princess Maria | Wife of Prince Wilhelm until divorce in 1914 |
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1651–1652 | Prince John Casimir | Widower of Princess Catherine who was styled as Countess of Stegeborg. |
| 1652–his death (1660) | Crown Prince Carl Gustav | became king in 1654, also duke of Öland (see Öland) |
| 1782–1783 | Prince Carl Gustav | |
| 1654-his death (1689) | Adolph John | son of Prince John Casimir and Princess Catherine |
| 1662–her death (1689) | Elsa Elizabeth Brahe, Duchess of Stegeborg | wife of Adolph John |
Uppland also known as Upland
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1310–1318 | Prince Waldemar | Also Duke of Öland (see Öland) |
| 1312–her death (1357) | Princess Ingiburga | Wife of Prince Waldemar (see Öland) |
| 1827–his death (1852) | Prince Gustav | |
| 1907–1934 | Prince Sigvard |
Värmland also known as Vermelandia and Wermelandia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1310–his death (1318) | Prince Eric | See also Swealand 1284–1310 |
| 1312–1326 | Princess Ingiburga | Wife and later widow of Prince Eric, See also Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1560-his death (1611) | Prince Carl | became king in 1604, also Duke of Södermanland (see also Södermanland) |
| 1579-her death (1589) | Princess Maria | First wife of Prince Carl, also Duchess of Närke and Södermanland |
| 1592–her death (1625) | Princess Christina | Second wife and later widow of Prince Carl, became Queen consort in 1604, also Duchess of Närke and Södermanland |
| 1560-his death (1611) | Prince Carl | became king in 1604, also Duke of Södermanland (see also Södermanland) |
| 1607–1618 | Prince Carl Philip | |
| 1798-his death (1798) | Prince Carl Adolph | |
| 1858-his death (1950) | Prince Gustaf | became king in 1907 |
| 1881-her death (1930) | Crown Princess Victoria | Wife of Prince Gustaf, became Queen consort in 1907 |
| 1979-present | Prince Carl Philip |
Västmanland also known as Westmania
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1610–1611 | Crown Prince Gustav Adolph | Also Duke of Södermanland (see also Södermanland) |
| 1889–his death (1918) | Prince Erik |
Västerbotten also known as West Bothnia
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1906–his death (1947) | Prince Gustaf Adolf | |
| 1932–her death (1972) | Princess Sibylla | Wife and later widow of Prince Gustaf Adolf |
Västergötland also known as West Gothland
| Title held from (years) | Name | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1310–his death (1318) | Prince Eric | See also Swealand 1284–1310 |
| 1312–1326 | Princess Ingiburga | Wife and later widow of Prince Eric, See also Swealand 1318–1321 |
| 1861–his death (1951) | Prince Carl | became king in 1604, also Duke of Södermanland (see also Södermanland) |
| 1897–her death (1958) | Princess Ingeborg | Wife and later widow of Prince Carl |
| 1980-present | Crown Princess Victoria | |
| 2010-present | Prince Daniel | husband of Crown Princess Victoria |
Non-ducal provinces
Seven of Sweden's 25 modern provinces are not listed above because as yet (2014) they have never had any dukes or duchesses:
- Ångermanland also known as Angermannia
- Blekinge also known as Blekingia
- Bohuslän also known as Bahusia
- Härjedalen also known as Heriedalia
- Lapland also known as Lappland and Laponia (two extramarital sons of King Oscar I were unofficially called Princes of Lapland)[12]
- Medelpad also known as Medelpadia
- Norrbotten also known as North Bothnia
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Nationalencyklopedin: Hertig
- ^ Paul Meijer Granqvist in Carl X Gustaf “den förste pfalzaren”, Askerbergs, Stockholm, 1910 p. 56
- ^ Prof. Jan Svanberg in Furstebilder från folkungatid ISBN 91-85884-52-9 pp. 97 & 104-106
- ^ Prof. Jan Svanberg in Furstebilder från folkungatid ISBN 91-85884-52-9 p. 97
- ^ Schück in Sveriges konungar och drottningar genom tiderna, Svensk Litteratur, Stockholm, 1952, p. 147
- ^ Lagerqvist in Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år ISBN 91-0-075007-7 p. 71
- ^ Eric Linklater in The Life of Charles XII pp. 53-54 & throughout
- ^ Ducal seal at Commons
- ^ William Morris Endeavor as here
- ^ William Morris Endeavor as here
- ^ William Morris Endeavor as here
- ^ Söderhjelm & Palmstierna in Oscar I, Bonniers, Stockholm 1944, p. 279
References
- Main reference as of 2010-12-12: Bonniers konversationslexikon encyclopaedia, Stockholm 1949, pp. 884–885
- Fredrik Fryxell as per Svenskt biografiskt lexikon below pdf here