State of Somaliland: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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In May 1960, the [[British government]] stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then [[protectorate]] of [[British Somaliland]], with the intention that the territory would unite with the [[Italy|Italian]]-administered [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]]). The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to gain independence on |
In May 1960, the [[British government]] stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then [[protectorate]] of [[British Somaliland]], with the intention that the territory would unite with the [[Italy|Italian]]-administered [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration]] (the former [[Italian Somaliland]]). The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to gain independence on 1 July that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in [[Mogadishu]].<ref name="wardheernews.com">http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html</ref> |
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On June 26, 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.<ref name="Wssom1">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html Somalia]</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref> The following day, on June 27, 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on |
On June 26, 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.<ref name="Wssom1">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html Somalia]</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref> The following day, on June 27, 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960.<ref name="wardheernews.com"/> |
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[[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]], who had previously served as an unofficial member of the former British Somaliland protectorate's Executive Council and the Leader of Government Business in the Legislative Council, became the Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland during its planned transition to union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration, the former Italian Somaliland.<ref name="Contini">Paolo Contini, ''The Somali Republic: an experiment in legal integration'', (Routledge, 1969), p.6.</ref> |
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During its brief existence, the [[State of Somaliland]] received international recognition from 35 countries,<ref>http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf</ref> that included [[China]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[France]], [[Ghana]], [[Israel]], [[Libya]], the [[Soviet Union]].The [[United States]] [[Secretary of State]] [[Christian Herter]] sent a congratulatory message, <ref>http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-dept-of-state-office-of-public-co/department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-43-jul--sep1960-tin/page-25-department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-43-jul--sep1960-tin.shtml</ref><ref>https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v14/d62</ref><ref>http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf</ref>and the [[United Kingdom]] signed several bilateral agreements with Somaliland in Hargeisa on June 26, 1960.<ref>http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf</ref><ref>[http://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/Files/Brenthurst_Commisioned_Reports/BD-1105_Consequences-of-Somalilands-International-Recognition.pdf THE BRENTHURST FOUNDATION Strengthening Africa’s economic performance AFRICAN GAme ChANGeR? The Consequences of Somaliland’s International (Non) Recognition {{pull quote|This list includes China (Republic of ), Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Israel, Libya, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, and the United States.}}]</ref>{{dubious|date=March 2015}} There were also fears of clashes with populations in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9 |format=fee required |publisher=The New York Times |page=6 |date=1960-06-26 |accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref> |
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On July 1, 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the [[Somali Republic]] (Somalia).<ref name="Wssom1"/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835"/> |
On July 1, 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the [[Somali Republic]] (Somalia).<ref name="Wssom1"/><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835"/> |
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A government was formed by [[Abdullahi Issa]], with [[Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf]] as President of the Somali National Assembly, [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar]] as [[List of Presidents of Somalia|President]] and [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] as [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Prime Minister]], later to become President (from 1967–1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular [[referendum]], the people |
A government was formed by [[Abdullahi Issa]], with [[Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf]] as President of the Somali National Assembly, [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar]] as [[List of Presidents of Somalia|President]] and [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] as [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Prime Minister]], later to become President (from 1967–1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular [[referendum]], the Somali people ratified a new [[constitution]], which was first drafted in 1960.<ref>Greystone Press Staff, ''The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East'', (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338</ref> |
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==Somaliland== |
==Somaliland== |
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[[Somaliland]] is a self-declared [[sovereign state]] that is [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] as an [[States and regions of Somalia|autonomous region]] of Somalia by the international community.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news | title = The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia | publisher = New York Times | date = 2006-06-05 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html | accessdate = 2010-02-02 | first=Marc | last=Lacey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic | publisher = [[University of Pretoria]] | date = 2004-02-01 | url = http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-02}} "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."</ref> |
[[Somaliland]] is a self-declared [[sovereign state]] that is [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] as an [[States and regions of Somalia|autonomous region]] of Somalia by the international community.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news | title = The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia | publisher = New York Times | date = 2006-06-05 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html | accessdate = 2010-02-02 | first=Marc | last=Lacey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic | publisher = [[University of Pretoria]] | date = 2004-02-01 | url = http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-02}} "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."</ref> Its government regards the territory as the [[successor state]] to the State of Somaliland,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9 |format=fee required |publisher=The New York Times |page=6 |date=1960-06-26 |accessdate=2008-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852 | work=BBC News | title=How Britain said farewell to its Empire | date=2010-07-23}}</ref> and seeks [[self-determination]] as the ''Republic of Somaliland''.<ref name="profile">{{cite web| title = Country Profile| publisher = Government of Somaliland| url = http://www.somalilandgov.com/cprofile.htm| accessdate = 2010-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Schoiswohl | first = Michael | title = Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | year = 2004 | location = University of Michigan | page = 351 | url = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GOSbAAAAMAAJ&q=Status+and+(Human+Rights)+Obligations+of+Non-Recognized+De+Facto+Regimes+in+International+Law&dq=Status+and+(Human+Rights)+Obligations+of+Non-Recognized+De+Facto+Regimes+in+International+Law&cd=1 | isbn = 978-90-04-13655-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Regions and Territories: Somaliland | publisher = BBC News | date = 2009-09-25 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/3794847.stm | accessdate = 2010-02-02}}</ref> |
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The separatist administration in the present-day Somaliland region claims that 35 countries diplomatically recognized a State of Somaliland during the five-day transitional period to union in 1960, including all five permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]] ([[United States]], [[China]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Russia]] and [[France]]).<ref name="Saosmicfi">{{cite web|title=Somaliland: An Oasis of Stability Makes Its Case for Independence|url=http://halbeegnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Somaliland1.docx|publisher=Halbeegnews|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> The [[Northern Somali Unionist Movement]], a unionist group hailing from the northwestern region of Somalia coextensive with the former British Somaliland protectorate, disputes this claim; it asserts that no such records exist and that these nations instead only diplomatically recognized the Somali Republic (Somalia) as a whole.<ref name="Tcosir">{{cite web|title=The Consequences of Somaliland’s International Recognition|url=http://www.wardheernews.com/Articles_2011/August/16_Consequences%20of%20Somaliland_unionist.pdf|publisher=Northern Somali Unionist Movement|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> Additionally, the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]] indicates in its Document 62 that the United States did not extend formal recognition to a state of Somaliland in 1960, as the enclave's brief independence from Britain was intended to allow it to unite with the Trust Territory of Somaliland a few days later. Secretary of State [[Christian Herter]] instead sent a congratulatory message to the Somaliland Council of Ministers on June 26, 1960.<ref name="Frotus">{{cite web|last1=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State|title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960 Volume XIV, Africa, Document 62|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v14/d62|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> Upon union of the two Somalilands, the United States recognized the Somali Republic on July 1, 1960, in a congratulatory message from US President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] to President of Somalia [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar]].<ref name="Agtushrdcrbcsss">{{cite web|last1=Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State|title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Somalia|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/somalia|publisher=US Department of State|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref> In 2007, the [[Government of China]] issued an affidavit on behalf of the Somali Republic at the [[International Court of Justice]], which similarly indicates that the international community recognized the Somali Republic when it was accepted into the United Nations on September 20, 1960. The Chinese government therein also notes that the sole purpose of gaining independence from Britain was to unite the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland territories.<ref name="Msbteprc"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 17:58, 8 April 2015
State of Somaliland | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1960–1960 | |||||||||
 Location of the State of Somaliland. | |||||||||
| Status | Independent state | ||||||||
| Capital | Hargeisa | ||||||||
| Common languages | Somali | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Independence from the United Kingdom | June 26 1960 | ||||||||
• Unification with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic | July 1 1960 | ||||||||
| Currency | Somali shilling | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The State of Somaliland was a short-lived independent state in the territory of present-day northwestern Somalia.[1] It was the name assumed by the former British Somaliland protectorate in the five days between June 26, 1960 and July 1, 1960, when the territory prepared for union as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (the former Italian Somaliland) to form the Somali Republic (Somalia).
History
In May 1960, the British government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then protectorate of British Somaliland, with the intention that the territory would unite with the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration (the former Italian Somaliland). The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland, which was scheduled to gain independence on 1 July that year. The legislative councils of both territories agreed to this proposal following a joint conference in Mogadishu.[2]
On June 26, 1960, the former British Somaliland protectorate briefly obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, with the Trust Territory of Somaliland following suit five days later.[3][4] The following day, on June 27, 1960, the newly convened Somaliland Legislative Assembly approved a bill that would formally allow for the union of the State of Somaliland with the Trust Territory of Somaliland on 1 July 1960.[2]
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, who had previously served as an unofficial member of the former British Somaliland protectorate's Executive Council and the Leader of Government Business in the Legislative Council, became the Prime Minister of the State of Somaliland during its planned transition to union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration, the former Italian Somaliland.[5]
During its brief existence, the State of Somaliland received international recognition from 35 countries,[6] that included China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Israel, Libya, the Soviet Union.The United States Secretary of State Christian Herter sent a congratulatory message, [7][8][9]and the United Kingdom signed several bilateral agreements with Somaliland in Hargeisa on June 26, 1960.[10][11][dubious – discuss] There were also fears of clashes with populations in Ethiopia.[12]
On July 1, 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united as scheduled with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the Somali Republic (Somalia).[3][4]
A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa, with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967–1969). On July 20, 1961 and through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.[13]
Somaliland
Somaliland is a self-declared sovereign state that is recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia by the international community.[14][15] Its government regards the territory as the successor state to the State of Somaliland,[16][17] and seeks self-determination as the Republic of Somaliland.[18][19][20]
References
- ^ a b Somalia - British Somaliland and Somaliland
- ^ a b http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html
- ^ a b Somalia
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835
- ^ Paolo Contini, The Somali Republic: an experiment in legal integration, (Routledge, 1969), p.6.
- ^ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf
- ^ http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-dept-of-state-office-of-public-co/department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-43-jul--sep1960-tin/page-25-department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-43-jul--sep1960-tin.shtml
- ^ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v14/d62
- ^ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf
- ^ http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/anotes_0211.pdf
- ^ THE BRENTHURST FOUNDATION Strengthening Africa’s economic performance AFRICAN GAme ChANGeR? The Consequences of Somaliland’s International (Non) Recognition
This list includes China (Republic of ), Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Israel, Libya, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom, and the United States.
- ^ "Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule" (fee required). The New York Times. 1960-06-26. p. 6. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
- ^ Greystone Press Staff, The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338
- ^ Lacey, Marc (2006-06-05). "The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
- ^ "The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic" (PDF). University of Pretoria. 2004-02-01. Retrieved 2010-02-02. "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."
- ^ "Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule" (fee required). The New York Times. 1960-06-26. p. 6. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
- ^ "How Britain said farewell to its Empire". BBC News. 2010-07-23.
- ^ "Country Profile". Government of Somaliland. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
- ^ Schoiswohl, Michael (2004). Status and (Human Rights) Obligations of Non-Recognized De Facto Regimes in International Law. University of Michigan: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 351. ISBN 978-90-04-13655-7.
- ^ "Regions and Territories: Somaliland". BBC News. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
External links
- The Somali Republic: an experiment in legal integration by Paolo Contini—leader of the UN Consultative Commission for Integration, which oversaw the union of the former State of Somaliland and the Trust Territory of Somaliland.
- Constitution