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name="atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/ |title=Manufacturing Cigarettes |deadlink=404
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Tobacco is an agricultural [[commodity]] product, [[Agricultural economics|similar in economic terms]] to agricultural [[food]]stuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specific [[species]] or [[cultivar]] grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.
Tobacco is an agricultural [[commodity]] product, [[Agricultural economics|similar in economic terms]] to agricultural [[food]]stuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specific [[species]] or [[cultivar]] grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.


Since 1964 conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Laws around the world now often have some restrictions on smoking, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing over a 12% increase since the year 2000.<ref name="atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/ |title=Manufacturing Cigarettes |publisher=[[World Lung Foundation]] and [[American Cancer Society]] |accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> China accounts for over 40% of current world production.<ref name="atlas" /> Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.<ref name="whotax">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/downloads/doc_download/2381-chapter-28-tobacco-prices-and-taxes.html |title=Tobacco Prices and Taxes |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref>
Since 1964 conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Laws around the world now often have some restrictions on smoking, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing over a 12% increase since the year 2000.<ref name="atlas">{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/ |title=Manufacturing Cigarettes |deadlink=404|publisher=[[World Lung Foundation]] and [[American Cancer Society]] |accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> China accounts for over 40% of current world production.<ref name="atlas" /> Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.<ref name="whotax">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/downloads/doc_download/2381-chapter-28-tobacco-prices-and-taxes.html |title=Tobacco Prices and Taxes |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 04:05, 1 September 2016

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The tobacco industry comprises those persons and companies engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except Antarctica.

Tobacco, one of the most widely used addictive substances in the world, is a plant native to the Americas and historically one of the half-dozen most important crops grown by American farmers.[citation needed] More specifically, tobacco refers to any of various plants of the genus Nicotiana (especially N. tabacum) native to tropical America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for smoking in pipes, cigarettes, and cigars; it is also cut to form chewing tobacco or ground to make snuff or dipping tobacco, as well as other less common preparations. From 1617 to 1793 tobacco was the most valuable staple export from the English American mainland colonies and the United States.[citation needed] Until the 1960s, the United States not only grew but also manufactured and exported more tobacco than any other country.[citation needed]

Tobacco is an agricultural commodity product, similar in economic terms to agricultural foodstuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions. The price also varies by specific species or cultivar grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.

Since 1964 conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Laws around the world now often have some restrictions on smoking, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing over a 12% increase since the year 2000.[1] China accounts for over 40% of current world production.[1] Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.[2]

History

Main article: History of tobacco

For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see tobacco, smoking and articles on similar topics.

Position as of 2015

The phrase "tobacco industry" generally refers to the companies involved in the manufacture of cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing tobacco and pipe tobacco. China National Tobacco Co. has become the largest tobacco company in the world by volume. Following extensive merger and acquisition activity in the 1990s and 2000s, five firms dominate international markets - in alphabetical order:

Altria, formerly called the Philip Morris Cos. (Philip Morris Companies Inc.), still owns the Philip Morris tobacco business in the United States, but Philip Morris International has been fully independent since 2008. In most countries these companies either have long-established dominance, or have purchased the major domestic producer or producers (often a former state monopoly). Until 2014 the United States had one other substantial independent firm, Lorillard, which Reynolds American, Inc. acquired. India has its own major player, ITC Limited (25.4%-owned by British American Tobacco). A small[quantify] number of state monopolies survive, as well as some small independent firms.

Tobacco advertising is becoming increasingly restricted by the governments of countries around the world citing health issues as a reason to restrict tobaccos appeal[citation needed]

Industry outlook in the United States

Anti-smoking ad, 1905

The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990s, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states. The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.

The industry was found to have decades of internal memos confirming in detail that tobacco (which contains nicotine) is both addictive and carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The industry had long denied that nicotine is addictive.[4]

The suit resulted in a large cash settlement being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued. Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, in class action lawsuits, claiming individual damages. New suits of this nature will probably continue for a long time.[citation needed]

Since the settlement is a heavy tax on the profits of the tobacco industry in the US, regressive against smokers, and further settlements being made only add to the financial burden of these companies, it is debatable if the industry has a money-producing long term outlook.[citation needed]

The tobacco industry has historically been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry. During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation[5] thanks to tactics described in a R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphrase Gen. Patton, is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his."[6] Between 1995 and 2005 only 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US,[7] but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable. In Florida, the industry has lost 77 of the 116 "Engle progeny" cases that have gone to trial.[8] The U.S. Supreme Court has also denied the industry's major grounds for appeal of Engle cases.[9]

In June 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act which has been called a "sweeping anti-smoking" bill.[10] Amongst other restrictions, this Act banned the use of any constituent, additive, herb or spice that adds a "characterizing flavor" to the tobacco product or smoke (Section 907)(a)(1)(A).[11] The aim of this ban is to prevent children and teenagers from becoming addicted to cigarettes at a young age with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services citing that "studies have shown that 17 year old smokers are three times as likely to use flavored cigarettes as are smokers over the age of 25".[12] This ban however does not apply to menthol cigarettes, which are exempt from the bill.

Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities.[13]

Large tobacco companies has entered the electronic cigarette market by either buying some of the small e-cigarette companies or by starting their own e-cigarette companies.[14] They control the e-cigarette market.[15]

Tobacco control

On May 11, 2004, the U.S. became the 108th country to sign the World Health Organization's Global Treaty on Tobacco Control. This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment, and taxation of tobacco products. The U.S. has not yet ratified this treaty in its senate and does not yet have a schedule for doing so.

Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobacco corporations by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand.[16]

On February 20, 2007, the US Supreme Court ruled that the Altria Group (formerly Philip Morris) did not have to pay $79.5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams.[17] The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by the Oregon Supreme Court that upheld the award.[18]

On April 3, 2008, The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit threw out a $800 billion class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of a group or class of people who smoked light cigarettes. The plaintiffs' lawyers were confident that they would be able to win this suit due to the success of the Schwab case [19] wherein tobacco companies were found guilty of fraud-like charges because they were selling the idea that light cigarettes were safer than regular cigarettes. The ruling by the three-judge panel will not allow the suit to be pursued as a class, but instead need proof for why individual smokers chose light cigarettes over regular cigarettes.[20]

Production by country or region

Map of tobacco production across the world

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimates the following production of unprocessed tobacco by country/region in 2000. (Figures are in thousands of tonnes.)[citation needed]

Country or region Production in thousands of tons
 China 2,298.8
 India 595.4
 Brazil 520.7
 United States 408.2
 European Union 314.5
 Zimbabwe 204.9
 Turkey 193.9
 Indonesia 166.6
 Russia 116.8
 Malawi 108.0

The tobacco industry has had a long relationship with the entertainment industry. In silent era movies, back-lit smoke was often used by filmmakers to create sense of mystery and sensuality in a scene. Later, cigarettes were deliberately placed in the hands of Hollywood stars as an early phase of product placement,[21] until health regulating bodies tightened rules on tobacco advertisement and anti-smoking groups pressured actors and studio executives against such tactics. Big Tobacco has since been the subject focus of films such as the docudrama The Insider (1999) and Thank You For Smoking (2005).

These issues have also constituted a recurring storyline in the AMC series Mad Men, from season 1 beginning with the pilot episode ("Smoke Gets In Your Eyes") through season 7's midseason finale, "Waterloo". In another television show, the Netflix original program Orange Is the New Black season 2, episode 2 ("Looks Blue, Tastes Red"), "Black Cindy bring[s] some Naderism to Lichtfield (a women's federal penitentiary) when talking about Philip Morris: 'Nah they ain't so bad. The people can decide for themselves if they wanna smoke. The real evil is them companies killing us without our consent. Monsanto. Rio Tinto. Big Pharma. BP. Halliburton. I've been reading there's some dark shit goin' down. Not that those motherfuckers are ever gonna hire us! The real criminals? They don't bother with small timers.' ".[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Manufacturing Cigarettes". World Lung Foundation and American Cancer Society. Retrieved June 7, 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadlink= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Tobacco Prices and Taxes". World Health Organization. Retrieved June 7, 2014.
  3. ^ Whitten, David O.; Whitten, Bessie Emrick, eds. (1990). Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing. Handbook of American Business History. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 70. ISBN 9780313251986. Retrieved 2015-11-14. British-American Tobacco Company (BAT), formed by American Tobacco and British Imperial Tobacco, dominated the world market.
  4. ^ Glantz, SA (August 2000). "The truth about big tobacco in its own words". British Medical Journal. 321 (7257): 313–314. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.313. PMC 1118313. PMID 10926570.
  5. ^ Daynard, RA; Bates, C; Francey, N (2000). "Tobacco litigation worldwide". BMJ. 320 (7227): 111–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7227.111. PMC 1117367. PMID 10625272.
  6. ^ Haines v Liggett Group, Inc, 818 F Supp 414, 421 (DNJ 1993), quoted in Daynard et al. 2000
  7. ^ Douglas CE, Davis RM, Beasley JK. Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994–2005. Tobacco Control 2006;15(suppl_4):iv9-iv16; doi:10.1136/tc.2006.016725
  8. ^ Richard Craver, Winston-Salem Journal, 24 June 2014 Reynolds loses another "Engle" case in Florida
  9. ^ Stephen Nohlgren, Tampa Bay Times, 24 June 2014 U.S. Supreme Court sides against Big Tobacco in Florida litigation
  10. ^ "Obama signs sweeping anti-smoking bill - politics - White House - msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  11. ^ http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_bills&docid=f:h1256enr.txt.pdf
  12. ^ http://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/FlavoredTobacco/UCM183230.pdf
  13. ^ http://www.bat.com/OneWeb/sites/uk__3mnfen.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/88CD3E64F551DBA380256BF400033142?opendocument&SID=&DTC=
  14. ^ Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic Cigarettes—A Narrative Review for Clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. 128 (7): 674–681. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
  15. ^ Joseph A. Califano Jr. (10 March 2015). "It's About the Kids". The Huntington Post.
  16. ^ C. Callard, D. Thompson and N. Collishaw, Curing The Addiction To Profits: A Supply-Side Approach To Phasing Out Tobacco (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005)
  17. ^ "Supreme Court throws out Philip Morris verdict - Business - US business - msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2007-02-20. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  18. ^ http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003687.php
  19. ^ Johnston, David Kay and Melanie Warner (2006-09-26). "US: Tobacco Makers Lose Key Ruling on Latest Suites". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  20. ^ Saul, Stephanie (2008-04-03). "Suit on Light Cigarettes Is Thrown Out". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  21. ^ C Mekemson1, S A Glantz2. "How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood - Mekemson and Glantz 11 (suppl 1): i81 - Tobacco Control". Tobaccocontrol.bmj.com. Retrieved 2012-03-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "The Orange is the New Black Binge Review, Season 2: Episodes 1 through 6". The Atlantic. June 2014.

Further reading

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