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your face existed much longer-->, which became Belgium more than a century later.
{{redirect|Fries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = French fries
| image = [[File:Pommes-1.jpg|267px]]
| caption = A dish of French fries
| alternate_name = Chips, hot chips, finger chips, fries, steak fries, wedges, potato wedges, frites
| country = [[Belgium]] or [[France]]
| region =
| creator =
| course = Side dish or snack, rarely as a main dish
| served = Hot, generally salted, often served with [[ketchup]], [[mayonnaise]], [[vinegar]], [[barbecue sauce]], or other sauce on the side
| main_ingredient = [[Potato]]es and [[Cooking oil|oil]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
[[File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Pommes frites med salatmayonnaise.jpg|thumb|Pommes frites with a salad mayonnaise packet]]

'''French fries''' ([[American English]]), '''chips''' ([[British English]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/chip?q=chips |title=chip: definition of chip in Oxford dictionary (British English) |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |date=12 September 2013 |accessdate=16 September 2013}}</ref> '''fries''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/F0346800.html |title=The American Heritage Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 2000 |publisher=Bartleby.com |accessdate=7 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205060514/http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/F0346800.html |archivedate=5 December 2008 }}</ref> '''finger chips''' ([[Indian English]]),<ref>[[Indian English]], {{cite web|title=finger chip|publisher = Cambridge Dictionary Online|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/finger-chip?q=finger+chips}}</ref> or '''French-fried potatoes''' are [[List_of_culinary_knife_cuts#Batonnet|batonnet]] or [[allumette]] cut [[potato]] that are [[deep frying|deep-fried]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/french-fry|title=french fry – Definition | publisher = Food & Culture Encyclopedia |accessdate=5 December 2009}}</ref> In the United States and most of Canada, the term ''fries'' refers to any fried elongated pieces of potatoes, while in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[New Zealand]], allumette cut fried potatoes are sometimes called ''shoestring fries'' to distinguish them from the batonnet cut ''chips''.

French fries are typically served hot, either soft or crispy, and they are generally eaten as part of lunch or dinner, or by themselves as a snack, and they commonly appear on the menus of [[fast food]] restaurants. French fries are generally [[Table salt|salted]] and are often served with [[ketchup]]; in many countries they are topped instead with other condiments or toppings, including [[vinegar]], [[mayonnaise]], or other local specialties. Fries can also be topped more elaborately, as in the dishes of [[poutine]] and [[chili cheese fries]]. French fries can be made from [[sweet potato]]es instead of potatoes. A baked variant of the french fry is also made, usually with less or even no oil.<ref name="Oven Chips">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/2515/chunky-oven-chips | title=Chunky oven chips | publisher=BBC | work=BBC Good Food | accessdate=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Frenchfriesmainnpret.jpeg|thumb|right|Oven-baked fries]]
[[Thomas Jefferson]] had "potatoes served in the French manner" at a White House dinner in 1802.<ref name="ppc_hess1" /><ref name="jpc_fishwick1">
{{cite journal
|journal = The Journal of Popular Culture
|publisher = Blackwell Publishing
|location = Oxford
|volume = 32
|issue = part 1
|pages = 51–58
|last = Fishwick
|first = Marshall W
|title = The Savant as Gourmet
|doi = 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1998.3201_51.x
|year = 1998}}</ref>

The expression "French Fried Potatoes" first occurred in print in English in the 1856 work ''Cookery for Maids of All Work'' by E Warren:
<blockquote>French Fried Potatoes. – Cut new potatoes in thin slices, put them in boiling fat, and a little salt; fry both sides of a light golden brown colour; drain.<ref>[http://oed.com/view/Entry/74478?redirectedFrom=french%20fried%20potatoes Home : Oxford English Dictionary]. Oed.com. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</ref></blockquote>

In the early 20th century, the term "French fried" was being used in the sense of "deep-fried", for other foods such as [[onion ring]]s or [[chicken (food)|chicken]].<ref name=nytm_mackenzie1>
{{cite journal
|journal = [[The New York Times Magazine]]
|date = 7 April 1935
|pages = SM18
|last = Mackenzie
|first = Catherine
|title = Food the City Likes Best
|quote = ... the chef at the [[Rainbow Room]] launches into a description of his special steak, its French-fried onion rings, its [[Agaricus bisporus|button mushrooms]] ...
|url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F4081FF83B59107A93C5A9178FD85F418385F9
|accessdate = 15 April 2007}}</ref><ref name=rorer1>
{{cite book
|last = Rorer
|first = Sarah Tyson
|authorlink = Sarah Tyson Rorer
|title = Mrs. Rorer's New Cook Book
|publisher = Arnold & Company
|location = Philadelphia
|page = 211
|quote = French Fried Chicken
|url = http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/books/book_54.cfm
|chapter = Page 211
|chapterurl = http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/coldfusion/display.cfm?ID=rore&PageNum=259
|accessdate = 12 April 2007
|year = c. 1902}}</ref>

It is unlikely that "French fried" refers to ''frenching'' in the sense of ''[[julienning]]'', which is not attested until after ''French fried potatoes''. Previously, frenching referred only to trimming meat off the [[shank (meat)|shank]]s of chops.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]], June 2010</ref>

==Culinary origin==

===Belgium===
Some claim that fries originated in Belgium, and that the ongoing dispute between the French and Belgians about where they were invented is highly contentious, with both countries claiming ownership.<ref name=SW158>{{cite book|last1=Schehr|first1=Lawrence R.|last2=Weiss|first2=Allen S.|title=French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|year=2001|page=158|isbn=0415936284}}</ref> From the Belgian standpoint the popularity of the term "French fries" is explained as a "French gastronomic hegemony" into which the cuisine of Belgium was assimilated because of a lack of understanding coupled with a shared language and geographic proximity between the two countries.<ref name=SW158/>

Belgian journalist Jo Gérard claims that a 1781 family manuscript recounts that potatoes were deep-fried prior to 1680 in the [[Meuse River|Meuse]] valley, in what was then the [[Southern Netherlands|Spanish Netherlands]] (present-day Belgium): "The inhabitants of [[Namur (city)|Namur]], [[Andenne]], and [[Dinant]] had the custom of fishing in the Meuse for small fish and frying, especially among the poor, but when the river was frozen and fishing became hazardous, they cut potatoes in the form of small fish and put them in a fryer like those here."<ref name="frites1">{{fr icon}} Hugues Henry (16 August 2001) {{Wayback |date=20130524003848 |url=http://www.frites.be/v4/index.cfm?context=article&ContentID=354 |title=La Frite est-elle belge?}}{{dead link|date=March 2016}}. Frites.be. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</ref><ref name="ilegems1">{{cite book
|last = Ilegems
|first = Paul
|title = De Frietkotcultuur
|language = Dutch
|publisher = Loempia
|isbn = 90-6771-325-2
|year = 1993}}</ref>
Gérard has not produced the manuscript that supports this claim, which, even if true, is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735. Also, given 18th century economic conditions: "It is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have dedicated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes. At most they were [[Sautéing|sautéed]] in a pan...".<ref>Leclercq, Pierre (2 February 2010). [http://www.musee-gourmandise.be/fr/articles-de-fond/77-articles-fond/132-la-veritable-histoire-de-la-frite La véritable histoire de la pomme de terre frite], musee-gourmandise.be, mentioning the work of Fernand Pirotte on the history of the potato</ref>

Some people believe that the term "French" was introduced when British and American soldiers arrived in Belgium during [[World War I]] and consequently tasted Belgian fries.<ref>{{cite book|last=McDonald|first=George|title=Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg|publisher=Wiley Publishing|year=2007|page=485|isbn=978-0-470-06859-5}}</ref> They supposedly called them "French", as it was the local language and the official language of the [[Belgian Land Component|Belgian Army]] at that time, believing themselves to be in France.<ref name="frites1"/> At that time, the term "French fries" was growing popular. But in fact the term was already used in America as early as 1899, in an item in ''Good Housekeeping'' which specifically references "Kitchen Economy in France": "The perfection of French fries is due chiefly to the fact that plenty of fat is used".<ref>Handy, Mrs. Moses P. "Kitchen Economy in France", Good Housekeeping, Volumes 28–29 159 Vol XXIX No 1 July 1899 Whole No 249. [https://books.google.com/books?id=G_ImAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22french%20fries%22&pg=RA1-PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</ref>

"''Pommes frites''", "''frites''" (French), or "''frieten''" ([[Dutch language|Dutch]]) became the national [[snack food|snack]] and a substantial part of several national dishes, such as [[Moules-frites]] or [[Steak-frites]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schehr|first1=Lawrence R.|last2=Weiss|first2=Allen S.|title=French Food: On the Table On the Page and in French Culture|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon|year=2001|pages=158–9|isbn=0415936284}}</ref>

===France===
[[File:La Banquise Poutine.jpg|thumb|A popular [[Cuisine of Quebec|Québécois]] dish is [[poutine]], such as this one from [[La Banquise]] restaurant in [[Montreal]]. It is made with French fries, [[cheese curds]] and [[gravy]].]]
In France and other French-speaking countries, fried potatoes are formally ''pommes de terre frites'', but more commonly ''pommes frites'', ''patates frites'', or simply ''frites''. The word "''aiguillettes''" or ''allumettes'' is used when the French fries are very small and thin.

One enduring origin story holds that French fries were invented by street vendors on the [[Pont Neuf]] bridge in [[Paris]] in 1789, just before the outbreak of the [[French revolution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La frite est-elle Belge ou Française ? |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/style/article/2013/01/02/la-frite-est-elle-belge-ou-francaise_1811949_1575563.html
|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2 January 2013|accessdate=3 February 2014|language=fr}}</ref> However, a reference exists in France from 1775 to "a few pieces of fried potato" and to "fried potatoes".<ref name="ppc_hess1b">{{cite book
|last = Le Moyne Des Essarts
|first = Nicolas-Toussaint
|authorlink= Nicolas-Toussaint Des Essarts
|title = Causes célebres curieuses et interessantes, de toutes les cours ..., Volume 5, p. 41 and P. 159
|date = 1775
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DhMEi6nMuRAC&dq=pomme%20frites&pg=RA1-PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false
|accessdate = 16 November 2014}}</ref>

Eating potatoes was promoted in France by [[Antoine-Augustin Parmentier|Parmentier]], but he did not mention fried potatoes in particular.
Many Americans attribute the dish to [[France]] and offer as evidence a notation by U.S. President Thomas Jefferson. ''"Pommes de terre frites à cru, en petites tranches"'' ("Potatoes deep-fried while raw, in small slices") in a manuscript in Thomas Jefferson's hand (circa 1801–1809) and the [[recipe]] almost certainly comes from his French [[chef]], Honoré Julien.<ref name="ppc_hess1">{{cite web
|last = Ebeling
|first = Charles
|title = French fried: From Monticello to the Moon, A Social, Political and Cultural Appreciation of the French Fry
|publisher = The Chicago Literary Club
|date = 31 October 2005
|url = http://www.chilit.org/Papers%20by%20author/Ebeling%20--%20French%20Fried.htm
|accessdate = 12 January 2007}}</ref>
In addition, from 1813<ref name="ude1">Ude, Louis (1822) [https://archive.org/details/frenchcook01udegoog ''The French Cook'']. J. Ebers</ref> on, recipes for what can be described as French fries occur in popular American [[cookbook]]s. By the late 1850s, one of these uses the term ''French fried potatoes''.<ref name="warren1">{{cite book
|last = Warren
|first = Eliza
|title = The economical cookery book for housewives, cooks, and maids-of-all-work, with hints to the mistress and servant
|publisher = Piper, Stephenson, and Spence
|location = London
|oclc = 27869877
|page = 88
|quote = French fried potatoes
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=AkMCAAAAQAAJ&dq=eliza+warren+cookery+%7C+cookbook+%7C+cooking&q=%22french+fried+potatoes%22
|date= c. 1859}}</ref>

''Frites'' are the main ingredient in the [[Canadians|Canadian]] dish of Québécois descent known in both Canadian English and French as [[poutine]], consisting of fried potatoes covered with [[cheese curd]]s and gravy, a dish with a growing number of variations; this dish is generally considered to have been developed in rural [[Québec]] sometime in the 1950s, although precisely where in the province it first appeared is a matter of contention.<ref name="montrealgazette.com">{{cite news |last=Semenak |first=Susan |date=6 February 2015 |title=Backstage at La Banquise — because it's always poutine week there |work=Montreal Gazette |url=http://montrealgazette.com/life/food/backstage-at-la-banquise}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sekules |first=Kate |title=A Staple From Quebec, Embarrassing but Adored |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/23/dining/23pout.html?ex=1337572800&en=42c5e67c003989af&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |work=The New York Times |date=23 May 2007 |accessdate=19 May 2008}} Article on Poutine coming to New York City</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kane |first=Marion |title=The war of the curds |date=8 November 2008 |journal=The Star |url=http://www.thestar.com/living/Food/article/530474 |accessdate=16 December 2001}}</ref>

===Spain===
In Spain, fried potatoes are called ''patatas fritas'' or ''papas fritas''. Another common form is ''[[patatas bravas]]''. The potatoes are cut into big chunks, partially boiled and then fried. They are seasoned with a spicy tomato sauce, and are one of the most prefered [[tapas]] by spaniards.

Some{{Who|date=June 2013}} speculate that the dish may have been invented in [[Spain]], the first European country in which the potato appeared via the [[New World]] [[colony|colonies]], and assume the first appearance to have been as an accompaniment to fish dishes in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} from which it spread to the rest of the country and further to the Spanish Netherlands<!--do NOT replace link with its redirect destination: ''Southern Netherlands'' existed much longer-->, which became Belgium more than a century later.


Professor Paul Ilegems, [[curator]] of the [[Frietmuseum]] in [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]], believes that [[Teresa of Ávila|Saint Teresa of Ávila]] fried the first French fries, referring also to the [[tradition]] of frying in [[Mediterranean cuisine]].<ref name="ilegems1" /><ref name=demorgen_schoetens1>{{cite news|last=Schoetens |first=Marc |title=Heilige Teresa bakte de eerste frieten |language=Dutch |publisher=De Morgen |date=13 December 2005 |url=http://www.demorgen.be/gastronomie/artikels/?id_article=ODA4&ih=h=h= |accessdate=25 October 2006 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
Professor Paul Ilegems, [[curator]] of the [[Frietmuseum]] in [[Bruges]], [[Belgium]], believes that [[Teresa of Ávila|Saint Teresa of Ávila]] fried the first French fries, referring also to the [[tradition]] of frying in [[Mediterranean cuisine]].<ref name="ilegems1" /><ref name=demorgen_schoetens1>{{cite news|last=Schoetens |first=Marc |title=Heilige Teresa bakte de eerste frieten |language=Dutch |publisher=De Morgen |date=13 December 2005 |url=http://www.demorgen.be/gastronomie/artikels/?id_article=ODA4&ih=h=h= |accessdate=25 October 2006 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:04, 7 September 2016

your face existed much longer-->, which became Belgium more than a century later.

Professor Paul Ilegems, curator of the Frietmuseum in Bruges, Belgium, believes that Saint Teresa of Ávila fried the first French fries, referring also to the tradition of frying in Mediterranean cuisine.[1][2]

Subsequent history

French fry production at a restaurant with thermostatic temperature control.

The J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s. Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes.

In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop were used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.[3] It is estimated that 80% of households in the UK buy frozen fries each year.[4]

By country

Belgium and the Netherlands

A patatje speciaal, with frietsaus, curry ketchup or tomato ketchup, and chopped raw onions, is popular in the Netherlands.

Fries are very popular in Belgium, where they are known as frieten (in Dutch) or frites (in French), and the Netherlands, where they are known as patat in the north and, in the south, friet.[5] In Belgium, fries are sold in shops called friteries (French), frietkot/frituur (Dutch), or Fritüre/Frittüre (German). They are served with a large variety of Belgian sauces and eaten either on their own or with other snacks such as fricandelle or burgers. Traditionally, fries are served in a cornet de frites (French), patatzak[6]/frietzak/fritzak (Dutch/Flemish), or Frittentüte (German), a white cardboard cone, then wrapped in paper, with a spoonful of sauce (mayonnaise and many others) on top. They may also be served with other traditional fast-food items, such as frikandel/fricadelle, fishsticks gehaktbal/boulet (meatballs) or kroket/croquette.[citation needed] In the Netherlands, fries are sold at snack bars, often served with the sauce Fritessaus or curry ketchup.[citation needed].

Friteries and other fast-food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats. In addition to ketchup and mayonnaise, popular options include:[7] aioli, sauce andalouse, sauce Americaine, Bicky Dressing (Gele Bicky-sauce), curry mayonnaise, mammoet-sauce, peanut sauce, samurai-sauce, sauce "Pickles", pepper-sauce, tartar sauce, zigeuner sauce, and À la zingara. These sauces are generally also available in supermarkets. In addition to this, hot sauces are sometimes offered by friteries, including hollandaise sauce, sauce provençale, Béarnaise sauce, or a splash carbonade flamande stew from a constantly simmering pot, in the spirit of British chips and gravy.[citation needed]

Currywurst and frites, Germany

Canada

The town of Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, headquarters of McCain Foods, calls itself "The French fry capital of the world" and also hosts a museum about potatoes called Potato World.[8] It is also one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen French fries and other potato specialties.[9]

France

In France, the thick-cut fries are called Pommes Pont-Neuf[10] or simply pommes frites, about 10 mm; thinner variants are pommes allumettes (matchstick potatoes), about 7 mm, and pommes paille (potato straws), 3–4 mm (roughly 0.4, 0.3 and 0.15 inch respectively). The two-bath technique is standard (Bocuse). Pommes gaufrettes are waffle fries.

Germany, Austria, Switzerland

French fries migrated to the German-speaking countries during the 19th century. In Germany, where they are usually known by the French words pommes frites, or (derived from the French words, but pronounced as German words) only Pommes or Fritten, they are often served with mayonnaise, and are a popular walking snack offered by Schnellimbiss ("quick bite") kiosks.[11] Since the advent of Currywurst in the 1950s, a paper tray of sausage (bratwurst or bockwurst) anointed with curry ketchup and laced with additional curry powder, and a side of french fries, has become an immensely popular fast-food meal.[12]

Scandinavia

In Denmark, Sweden and Norway the French name pommes frites is used. They are the most common form of potatoes when served together with breaded plaice (or certain other low fat fishes). When served with fish, remoulade and a lemon slice this represents the typical Danish version of fish and chips. Pommes frites are also served across Scandinavia as a small stand-alone dish, together with ketchup or mayonnaise. Fried sausage (same kind as for hot dogs), hamburgers or schnitzels may be the meat portion of a dish which includes french fries. Some traditional restaurants (as contrast to "fast-food") may serve french fries. This may be as an accompaniment to an entrecote or other beef steak together with bearnaise. Better restaurants tend to avoid serving french fries, with the possible exception of fish 'n chips.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Fish and chips

The usual deep-fried potatoes in the United Kingdom are called "chips", and are between 10 and 15 mm (0.39 and 0.59 in) wide. They are occasionally made from unpeeled potatoes. Chips are often less crisp than the continental European French fry, owing to their relatively high water content. British chips are not potato chips, which are called "crisps" in Britain.

Like other deep-fried potatoes, they are cooked twice, once at a relatively low temperature (blanching) to cook the potato, and then at a higher temperature to crisp the surface, making them crunchy on the outside and fluffier on the inside.[citation needed]

In the UK, chips are part of the popular fast food dish fish and chips.

The first chips fried in the UK were sold by a Mrs 'Granny' Duce, in one of the West Riding towns beginning in 1854.[13] A blue plaque in Oldham marks the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries in Britain.[14] In Scotland, chips were first sold in Dundee, "...in the 1870s, that glory of British gastronomy – the chip – was first sold by Belgian immigrant Edward De Gernier in the city's Greenmarket".[15]

United States

Although French fries were already a popular dish in most British commonwealth countries, the thin style of French fries has been popularized worldwide in part by the large American fast-food chains, such as McDonald's, Burger King, and Wendy's.[16][17]

Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s, usually having been pre-fried (or sometimes baked), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag.

Some later varieties of French fries are battered and breaded, and many fast-food chains in the U.S. dust the potatoes with kashi, dextrin, and other flavor coatings for crispier fries with particular tastes. Results with batterings and breadings, followed by microwaving, have not achieved widespread critical acceptance. Oven frying delivers a dish different from deep-fried potatoes.

Variants

Tornado fries

There are several variants of French fries. They include:

  • Animal fries – fries covered with cheese, grilled onions, and In-N-Out's secret spread
  • Carne asada fries – fries covered with carne asada, guacamole, sour cream and cheese
  • Cheese fries – fries covered with cheese
  • Chili fries – fries covered with chili
  • Chili Cheese fries - fries covered with chili and cheese
  • Crinkle-cut fries – also known as "wavy fries, they're cut in a corrugated fashion
  • Curly fries – characterized by their spring-like shape, cut from whole potatoes using a specialized spiral slicer.
  • Curry Chips – fries covered in curry sauce, a popular item served by chip shops in Ireland
  • French fries sandwich[18]
  • Home fries – fries cut into rough cubes instead of sticks
  • Oven fries – fries that are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory), often sold frozen
  • Potato wedges – Thick-cut fries with the skin
  • Poutine – a dish consisting of fries topped with cheese curds and light brown gravy and principally associated with the Canadian province of Québec
  • Seasoned fries – coated with spices, or other ingredients, which include garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, paprika, and salt
  • Shoestring fries – fries cut "as thin as a shoestring"
  • Steak fries – thick-cut fries without the skin
  • Sweet potato fries – fries made with sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes
  • Triple Cooked Chips
  • Tornado fries
  • Waffle fries – obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once

Accompaniments

Main article: List of accompaniments to french fries
Gourmet fries with dipping sauces
An assortment of Belgian sauces for fries

Fries tend to be served with a variety of accompaniments, such as salt and vinegar (malt, balsamic or white), pepper, Cajun seasoning, grated cheese, melted cheese, mushy peas, heated curry sauce, curry ketchup (mildly spiced mix of the former), hot sauce, relish, mustard, mayonnaise, bearnaise sauce, tartar sauce, chili, tzatziki, feta cheese, garlic sauce, fry sauce, butter, sour cream, ranch dressing, barbecue sauce, gravy, honey, aioli, brown sauce, ketchup, lemon juice, piccalilli, pickled cucumber, pickled gherkins, pickled onions or pickled eggs.[19]

Health aspects

Fries frying in oil

French fries contain primarily carbohydrates from the potato (mostly in the form of starch) and fat absorbed during the deep-frying process. For example: a large serving of French fries at McDonald's in the United States is (154 grams); nearly all of the 500 calories per serving derive from the 63 g of carbohydrates and the 25 g of fat; a serving also contains 6 g of protein, plus 350 mg of sodium.[20]

According to Jonathan Bonnet, MD, writing in a TIME magazine article, "...fries are nutritionally unrecognizable from a spud", as they "...involve frying, salting, and removing one of the healthiest parts of the potato: the skin, where many of the nutrients and fiber are found."[21] Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD, calls French fries "...an extremely starchy vegetable dipped in a fryer that then loads on the unhealthy fat, and what you have left is a food that has no nutritional redeeming value in it at all." [21] David Katz, MD states that "...French fries are often the super-fatty side dish to a burger—and both are often used as vehicles for things like sugar-laced ketchup and fatty mayo."[21]

Frying French fries in beef tallow, lard, or other animal fats adds saturated fat to the diet. Replacing animal fats with tropical vegetable oils, such as palm oil, simply substitutes one saturated fat for another. Replacing animal fats with partially hydrogenated oil reduces cholesterol but adds trans fat, which has been shown to both raise LDL cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol. Canola/Rapeseed oil, or sunflower-seed oil are also used, as are mixes of vegetable oils, but beef tallow is generally more popular, especially amongst fast-food outlets that use communal oil baths.[22][23][24] Accordingly, many restaurants now advertise their use of unsaturated oils; for example, both Five Guys and Chick-fil-A advertise that their fries are prepared with peanut oil.[25][26]

French fries contain some of the highest levels of acrylamides of any foodstuff, and concerns have been raised about the impact of acrylamides on human health.[27] According to the American Cancer Society it is not clear, as of 2013, whether acrylamide consumption affects people's risk of getting cancer.[27]

A lower fat method for producing a french fry-like product is to coat frenched or wedge potatoes in oil and spices/flavoring, then baking them. The heat will not be as great as deep frying, thus also reducing acrylamides.[28]

In June 2004, the United States Department of Agriculture, with the advisement of a federal district judge from Beaumont, Texas, classified batter-coated French fries as a vegetable under the Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act. This was primarily for trade reasons. French fries do not meet the standard to be listed as a processed food.[29][30] This classification, referred to as the "French fry rule", was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit case Fleming Companies, Inc. v. USDA.[31][32]

In the United States in 2002, the McDonald's Corporation agreed to donate to Hindu and other groups to settle lawsuits filed against the chain for mislabeling French fries and hash browns as vegetarian,[33] because their French fries and hash browns were found to contain beef extract added during production.

Techniques

See also

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference ilegems1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Schoetens, Marc (13 December 2005). "Heilige Teresa bakte de eerste frieten" (in Dutch). De Morgen. Retrieved 25 October 2006.[dead link]
  3. ^ Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine[dead link]. FAS.usda.gov (21 July 2004). Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  4. ^ Archived 2011-02-11 at the Wayback Machine. Lovechips.co.uk. 27 February 2011
  5. ^ See this map indicating where patat/friet/frieten is used in the Low Countries
  6. ^ http://www.ah.nl/allerhande/video/R-V2113887/patatzak-vouwen
  7. ^ "La Frite se mange-t-elle à toutes les sauces?" (in French). Frites.be. 2011. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ http://thechronicleherald.ca/travel/1237742-nb-museum-celebrates-the-humble-spud
  9. ^ http://www.mccain.com/about-us
  10. ^ Saint-Ange, Evelyn and Aratow, Paul (translator) (2005) [1927]. La Bonne Cuisine de Madame E. Saint-Ange: The Essential Companion for Authentic French Cooking. Larousse, translation Ten Speed Press. p. 553. ISBN 1-58008-605-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Erste Runde – Pommes frites", Atlas zur deutschen Alltagssprache (AdA), Phil.-Hist. Fakultät, Universität Augsburg, 10. November 2005
  12. ^ Currywurst – die Erfindung: Nur ohne ist sie das Original
  13. ^ Chaloner, W. H.; Henderson, W. O. (1990). Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays. Taylor & Francis ISBN 0714633356.
  14. ^ The Portuguese gave us fried fish, the Belgians invented chips but 150 years ago an East End boy united them to create The World's Greatest Double Act Daily Mail. Retrieved 21 September 2011
  15. ^ "Dundee Fact File". Dundee City Council. Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/06/the-u-s-open-is-selling-a-delicious-sandwich-with-french-fries-on-it
  17. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/10greatplaces/2016/07/01/french-fries/86548582/
  18. ^ http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/06/the-u-s-open-is-selling-a-delicious-sandwich-with-french-fries-on-it
  19. ^ List of accompaniments to french fries – Unlikely Words – A blog of Boston, Providence, and the world. Unlikely Words (7 November 2011). Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  20. ^ "McDonald's Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items" (PDF). nutrition.mcdonalds.com.
  21. ^ a b c Fried Potatoes and Acrylamide: Are French Fries Bad For You?
  22. ^ "Fats and Cholesterol". Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
  23. ^ "Trans: The Phantom Fat". Nutrition Action Healthletter (Center for Science in the Public Interest). Retrieved 14 September 2006.
  24. ^ "Dietary fats: Know which types to choose". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). 22 June 2006. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
  25. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". FiveGuys.com.
  26. ^ "Healthy Lifestyle". Chick-Fil-A.
  27. ^ a b "Acrylamide". American Cancer Society. 1 October 2013. Retrieved September 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ^ "Eat Fries—Guilt-Free!". Prevention. Retrieved 2016-04-19.
  29. ^ "Country of Origin Labelling: Frequently Asked Questions". Agricultural Marketing Service. 12 January 2009.
  30. ^ Dreyfuss, Ira (16 June 2004). "Batter-Coated Frozen French Fries Called Fresh Vegetable". The Washington Post.
  31. ^ "AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AGREEMENT ACT - vol63_at_958.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ "04-40802: Fleming Companies v. Dept of Agriculture :: Fifth Circuit :: US Court of Appeals Cases :: Justia". Law.justia.com. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  33. ^ Grace, Francie (5 June 2002). "McDonald's Settles Beef Over Fries". CBS News. Retrieved 4 May 2011.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to French fries.
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