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The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>
The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.<ref name="RSSS"/>


Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, Director General Pakistan Meteorological Department said: "The rains in Sindh are the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period of August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall for the last 12 months. The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains of Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad, etc during the four weeks period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks is estimated to be above 37&nbsp;million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
According to Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, director general of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, "The rains in Sindh were the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period between August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall in the preceding 12 months." "The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains in Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad during the four-week period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks was estimated to be above 37&nbsp;million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".<ref name="pakmet1"/> The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.<ref>[http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm Monsoon 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126104515/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/prg/monsoon2011/monsoon2011progress.htm |date=26 November 2011 }}. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>


=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===
=== Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh ===

Revision as of 05:10, 16 September 2019

2011 Sindh floods
Location of Sindh,
DateAugust 2011–September 2011
LocationSindh, southern Balochistan, eastern Punjab and Azad Kashmir
DeathsAt least 434 dead, 8.9 million affected
Property damage8.9 million affected, 2.7 million children affected, 6.79 million acres land damaged, 1.52 million homes damaged[1]

Heavy rainfall was the main cause of the 2011 Sindh floods. The area saw the highest-ever recorded rainfall between August 11, 2011, and September 14, 2011. After September 15, 2011, water receded from the inundated area at the rate of 167 square kilometers a day.[2] The floods caused considerable damage. An estimated 434 civilians were killed while 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes were affected.[3] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country due to its agricultural output. The impact of the 2011 flood on the local agrarian economy was substantial. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land was inundated as a result of the flooding.[3] The flooding followed the previous year's historic 2010 Pakistan floods, which devastated the entire country.[3] Unprecedented, torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of the Sindh province.[4]

Causes

In the month of July, Pakistan received below-normal monsoon rains. However, in August and September, the country received above-normal monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh and adjacent areas from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August, and it gained strength in a few days causing heavy downpours. The four weeks of continuous rain had created an unprecedented flood situation in Sindh.[4][5][6]

The Badin district of the Sindh province received a record-breaking rainfall of 615.3 millimeters (24.22 in) during the monsoon spell exceeding the earlier record of 121 millimeters (4.8 in) dating back to 1936. The area of Mithi also received a record rainfall of 1,290 millimeters (51 in) during the spell. The previous maximum rainfall there was recorded 114 millimeters (4.5 in) in 2004. The cloudburst causing incessant rain within a span of 72 hours displaced many people besides destroying crops in the area. The met office had informed the Provincial Disaster Management Authority, all district coordination officers, the offices of the chief minister and chief secretary about the heavy monsoon rain-spell two days earlier to enable them take precautionary measures.

The flood was so severe that it inundated 3820.39 square kilometers in Badin, 1836.26 square kilometers in Mirpurkhas, 1352.32 square kilometers in Jacobabad, 1597.50 square kilometers in Shahdadkot, 1887.57 square kilometers in Dadu, and 2494.18 square kilometers in Sanghar. Furthermore, the above-mentioned districts comprised 61% of the total inundated areas spread over 23 districts of Sindh.[2]

According to Qamar uz Zaman Chaudhry, director general of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, "The rains in Sindh were the highest ever recorded monsoon rains during the four week period between August and September 2011. Before the start of these rains in the second week of August, Sindh was under severe drought conditions and it had not received any rainfall in the preceding 12 months." "The last severe rainfall flooding in Sindh occurred in July 2003," he said and added, "but this time the devastating rains in Mithi, Mirpurkhas, Diplo, Parker, Nawabshah, Badin, Chhor, Padidan, and Hyderabad during the four-week period have created unprecedented flood situation in Sindh." According to Dr. Qamar, the total volume of water fallen over Sindh during the four weeks was estimated to be above 37 million acre-feet, “which is unimaginable".[4] The August monsoon rainfall, over the province of Sindh (271% above normal) is the heaviest recorded during the period 1961–2011.[7]

Torrential rainfall recorded in August and September in Sindh

The following are the heavy rainfalls recorded in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on the data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[8] The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record-breaking widespread torrential rainfalls and resulted in floods in the district of Badin. The second spell hit the areas on 30 August and lasted until 2 September.

In the month of September four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011.[9] The four spells of monsoon produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.[4]

City August Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (in) September Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (in) Total Rainfall (mm) Total Rainfall (in) Notes References
Mithi 530* 21.0 760* 30.0 1290* 51.0 [A] [4][10][11]
Mirpur Khas 263.1* 10.3 603* 23.7 866.1* 34.1 [A] [4][10][11]
Nawabshah 275.2* 10.8 353.2* 13.9 628.4* 24.7 [A] [4][10][11]
Badin 331.2* 13.0 284.1 11.1 615.3* 24.2 [A] [4][10][11]
Chhor 276 10.9 268 10.6 544* 21.4 [A] [4][10][11]
Dadu 134.1 5.2 348.1 13.7 482.2* 18.9 [A] [4][10][11]
Padidan 251.2 9.8 172 6.8 423.2* 16.6 [A] [4][10][11]
Hyderabad 162.2 6.3 244.2 9.6 406.4 16.0 [4][10][11]
Karachi 61.2 2.4 212.2 8.3 273.3 10.7 [4][10][11]

* Indicates new record.

Heaviest spell of monsoon rains of 2011 in Sindh

Following are the heaviest rainfalls recorded in the monsoon spell in Sindh province in the months of August and September 2011 based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.[8]

City Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (in) Monsoon Spell Notes
Mithi 760 30.0 1 to 14 September* [10][11]
Mirpur Khas 603 23.7 1 to 14 September [10][11]
Padidan 356 14.0 30 August to 4 September* [10][11]
Nawabshah 353.2 13.9 1 to 14 September [10][11]
Dadu 348.1 13.7 1 to 14 September [10][11]
Badin 302.1 11.8 10 to 14 August* [10][11]
Chhor 268 10.6 1 to 14 September [10][11]
Hyderabad 244.2 9.6 1 to 14 September [10][11]
Karachi 212.2 8.3 1 to 14 September [10][11]
  • 1 to 14 September 2011, four consecutive spells of monsoon rains.
  • 1 to 14 August 2011, first spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.
  • 30 August to 4 September, second spell of monsoon rains in Sindh.

Flooding and impact

Millions of people have been affected because of heavy rains that started in August, coinciding with monsoon season. Villages have become particularly affected. The area of Sanghar was declared as the most dangerous region. In the aftermath of the monsoon rains, Oxfam warned that aid should be provided to Pakistanis or they will die. 8,920,631 people have been affected because of floods, and 433 people are said to have been killed.[12]

Protests by flood victims

Some Pakistanis affected by the flood are protesting the government's response as slow and inadequate. Aid organizations have reported that some ruling party politicians and officials are distributing aid only to their party supporters and people from their villages.[13]

Health concerns

Spread of disease

Gastroenteritis and malaria have killed many infected people.

Domestic reaction

A special wing of the ministry of the Government of Sindh has been created to deal with the flooding. The Chief Minister of Sindh Qaim Ali Shah has visited the affected areas, announcing a million rupees in relief for each flood victim. Various politicians are also engaged in setting up relief camps for the victims. A helpline 0800-11-121 has been set up for the victims.

The Pakistani Army and Navy are actively engaged in flood relief and helping victims. According to aid organization Save the Children, the flooding is more disastrous than that during the 2004 tsunami.[13]

International reactions to the floods

  •  United Nations- UN is engaged in assisting the flood victims by the help of its agencies.10 million are announced by UNICEF. It has said to feed 500,000 victims of flood specially these part of the country-in Badin district.[14][15]
  •  China- China has announced the $4.7 million aid for the flood victims.[16]
  •  Iran- Iran has also announced the $10 million aid for the flood victims.[17]
  •  United States- The U.S. embassy in Islamabad has been said to help the affected, with all types of aid coming from the USA.[14][16][18]
  •  Japan- Japanese Government has also provided aid to flood victims. It has announced 35 million yen for them.[16][19]

See also

Notes

A. ^ Indicates new record. Record-breaking torrential monsoon rains in Sindh.

References

  1. ^ "Flood Damage". CNN World. 15 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  2. ^ a b Haq, M.; Akhtar, M.; Muhammad, S.; Paras, S.; Rahmatullah, J. (2012). "Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS for flood monitoring and damage assessment: A case study of Sindh province, Pakistan". The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. 15 (2): 135–141.
  3. ^ a b c "Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials". The Express Tribune. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Government of Pakistan Archived 24 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  5. ^ "Daily Express News Story". Daily Express. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  6. ^ "2011 Sindh Floods". The Star Online. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  7. ^ Monsoon 2011 Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  8. ^ a b . Pakmet.com.pk (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  9. ^ Weather Advisory & Press Releases Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "RAINFALL (MM) STATEMENT for the Month of August-2011". Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r [1][dead link]
  12. ^ "28 September 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  13. ^ a b Guerin, Orla (17 October 2011). "Pakistan's Sindh province remains hostage to flood water". BBC News. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  14. ^ a b "Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response". BBC World News South Asia. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  15. ^ "UN Relief". The Nation. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  16. ^ a b c "Heavy rains, floods kill 233, affect 5.5 million in Pakistan". CNN World. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  17. ^ "Foreign Aid". Daily News. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  18. ^ "Aid pours in from Japan, US for Sindh flood survivors". Pakistan Today. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  19. ^ "Japan aid for flood victims". Frontier Post. 14 September 2011. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
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