Sylvia Browne: Difference between revisions

Sylvia Browne
Sylvia Browne
Born	Sylvia Celeste Shoemaker; October 19, 1936; Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Died	November 20, 2013 (aged 77); San Jose, California, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Psychic, medium, author
Spouses	; Gary Dufresne (m. 1959; div. 1972) ; Kenzil Brown (m. 1973; div. 1988) ; Larry Beck (m. 1994; div. 2002) ; Michael Ulery (m. 2009)
Children	2
Website	sylviabrowne.com

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Sylvia Celeste Browne (née Shoemaker; October 19, 1936 – November 20, 2013)^[1] was an American writer and self-proclaimed medium and psychic. She appeared regularly on television and radio, including on The Montel Williams Show and Larry King Live, and hosted an hour-long online radio show on Hay House Radio.

Browne frequently made pronouncements that were later found to be false, including those related to missing persons. In 1992, she pleaded no contest to securities fraud.^[2]^[3] Despite the considerable negative publicity, she maintained a large following until her death in 2013.^[4]

Early life

Sylvia Browne grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, the daughter of William Lee and Celeste (née Coil) Shoemaker.^[5]^[6] Her father held several different jobs, working at times in mail delivery, jewelry sales, and as a vice president of a freight line.^{[citation needed]} Although Browne was raised mostly as a Catholic, she was said to have an Episcopalian mother, a Lutheran maternal grandmother, Jewish father, and relatives from all these faiths.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Browne said that she started seeing visions at the age of three,^[10] and that her grandmother, who she said was also a psychic medium, helped her understand what they meant. Browne also said her great-uncle was a psychic medium and was "rabid about UFOs".^[11]

Career

Browne started working as a psychic in 1973.^[12] In 1986, she founded a "Gnostic Christian" church in Campbell, California, known as the Society of Novus Spiritus.^[13] She was also head of the Sylvia Browne Corporation and Sylvia Browne Enterprises. In a 2010 interview, Browne's business manager said that her businesses earned $3 million a year.^[14]

Browne said she observed Heaven^[15] and angels.^[16] She also professed the ability to speak with a spirit guide named Francine, and to perceive a wide range of "vibrational frequencies".^[15]

Books

Browne authored some 40 books on paranormal topics, some of which appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list.^[1] Many of these books were acknowledged as resulting from collaborations with other writers such as Lindsay Harrison and Chris Dufresne.

Television and radio

Browne was a frequent guest on US television and radio programs, including Larry King Live, The Montel Williams Show,^[17] That's Incredible!,^[18] and Coast to Coast AM. During these appearances, she usually discussed her purported abilities with the host and then performed readings for audience members or callers. On certain occasions she was paired with other guests, including skeptics, often leading to debate about the authenticity of Browne's psychic abilities. Browne hosted her own hour-long online radio show on Hay House Radio, where she performed readings and discussed paranormal issues.^[19]

Browne appeared in a 1991 episode of Haunted Lives: True Ghost Stories. In the segment "Ghosts R Us", she portrayed herself in a recreation of events that purportedly took place in a haunted Toys R Us store. Browne also appeared as herself on the CBS television soap opera The Young and the Restless in December 2006.^[20]

False predictions

Browne made many public pronouncements which were subsequently proven false. Among the more notable incidents were the following:

In 2002, Browne informed the parents of 11-year-old Shawn Hornbeck, who had disappeared earlier that year, that he had been kidnapped by a dark-skinned Hispanic man with dreadlocks and was now deceased.^[21]^[22] Hornbeck was found alive in 2007; his kidnapper was Caucasian and short-haired.^[23] In June 2008, the UK television network ITV2 was sanctioned by Ofcom for re-airing the episode of The Montel Williams Show featuring Browne's original prediction.^[24]^[25]
In November 2004, Browne told the mother of kidnapping victim Amanda Berry, who had disappeared nineteen months earlier: "She's not alive, honey." Browne also said that Berry was "in water", and that she had had a vision of Berry's jacket in the garbage with "DNA on it".^[26] Berry's mother died two years later believing her daughter had been killed. Berry was found alive in May 2013.^[27]^[28]
On Larry King Live in 2003, Browne predicted that she would die at age 88. She died in 2013, at age 77.^[29]^[30]

Psychic detective cases

In 2000, Brill's Content examined ten recent Montel Williams episodes that highlighted Browne's work as a psychic detective, spanning 35 cases. In 21 cases, the information predicted by Browne was too vague to be verified. Of the remaining 14, law enforcement officials or family members stated Browne had played no useful role.^[31]

In 2010, the Skeptical Inquirer published a detailed three-year study by Ryan Shaffer and Agatha Jadwiszczok that examined Browne's predictions about missing persons and murder cases. Despite her repeated claims to be more than 85% correct, the study reported that "Browne has not even been mostly correct in a single case." The study compared Browne's televised statements about 115 cases with newspaper reports and found that in the 25 cases where the actual outcome was known, she was completely wrong in every one. In the rest, where the outcome was unknown, her predictions could not be substantiated. The study concluded that the media outlets that repeatedly promoted Browne's work had no visible concern about whether she was untrustworthy or harmed people.^[32]

Among the predictions examined in the study were the following:

In 1999, Browne said that six-year-old Opal Jo Jennings, who had disappeared a month earlier, had been forced into slavery in Japan. Later that year, a local man was convicted of kidnapping and murdering Jennings. In 2003, an autopsy of Jennings' remains found that she had died within hours of her abduction.^[4]
In 2002, Browne said that Holly Krewson, who had disappeared in 1995, was working as an exotic dancer in a Hollywood nightclub. In 2006, dental records were used to positively identify a body found in 1996 in San Diego as Krewson's.
In 2002, Browne said that Lynda McClelland, who had disappeared in 2000, had been taken by a man with the initials "MJ", was alive in Orlando, Florida, and would be found soon. In 2003, McClelland's son-in-law David Repasky, who had been present at Browne's reading, was convicted of murdering McClelland; her remains were found near her home in Pennsylvania.^[33]^[34]
In 2004, Browne said that Ryan Katcher, a 19-year-old who had disappeared in 2000, had been murdered, and his body could be found in a metal shaft. In 2006, Katcher's body was found in his truck at the bottom of a pond, where he had drowned.^[35]

In a 2013 follow-up article, Shaffer reviewed more recent predictions by Browne, as well as predictions whose outcomes had been earlier classified as undetermined but were now largely resolved. According to Shaffer, Browne was mostly or completely wrong in 33 cases and mostly accurate in none.^[36]

Sago Mine disaster

On January 2, 2006, an explosion at Sago mine in West Virginia trapped several miners underground. The following day, Browne was a guest on the radio program Coast to Coast AM with George Noory. At the start of the broadcast, it was believed that twelve of thirteen miners trapped by the disaster had been found alive and, when Noory asked Browne if the reported lack of noise from inside the mine might have led her to think the men had died, she replied, "No; I knew they were going to be found." Later in the program, it was discovered that the earlier news reports had been in error; Browne said, "I don't think there's anybody alive, maybe one ... I just don't think they are alive", adding, subsequently, that she "didn't believe that they were alive ... I did believe that they were gone."^[37]

Popularity

Browne cultivated a large following. In 2007, she had a four-year waiting list for readings by telephone. That same year, hundreds of people joined Browne on a cruise, each paying thousands of dollars for psychic readings.^[4] Many of her books became staples on The New York Times Best Seller list.^[1]

Browne attracted media attention seven years after her death, when social media users claimed that a prediction in her books (End of Days and Prophecy: What the Future Holds For You) referred to the COVID-19 pandemic (she claimed "a severe pneumonia-like illness" would spread "around" 2020). News coverage of the alleged similarity appeared in March 2020, and was picked up by celebrities with large social media platforms such as Kim Kardashian. Investigator Benjamin Radford and others dismissed the one-paragraph prediction as too generic, and actually more akin to the 2003 SARS epidemic, than to COVID-19. Radford said that as Browne had produced predictions by the thousands, "the fact that this one happened to possibly, maybe, be partly right is meaningless."^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Criticism

Browne was frequently condemned by skeptics.^[1]^[17] Robert S. Lancaster maintained an exhaustive record of her inaccurate predictions and criminal activity,^[15] and described her pronouncements relating to missing children as "incredibly offensive".^[4] Jon Ronson, who called Browne "America's most controversial psychic", wrote that she was often "psychically wrong" and made "a fortune saying very serious, cruel, show-stopping things to people in distress".^[4] Fox News noted that she was "often criticized for her predictions";^[44] Browne also garnered disapproval from others who claim to be psychics.^[45]

James Randi

Browne's most vocal critic within the skeptical movement was James Randi,^[1] a retired stage magician and investigator of paranormal claims; Randi claimed that Browne's accuracy rate was no better than educated guessing.^[46] On September 3, 2001, Browne stated on Larry King Live that she would prove her legitimacy by accepting the James Randi Educational Foundation's One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to demonstrate supernatural abilities in a controlled scientific test.^[46]^[47] By April 2003, however, Browne had not contacted Randi to make testing arrangements.^[48]

On May 16, 2003, in another appearance on King's show, Browne said she had not taken the test because Randi refused to place the prize money in escrow.^[48] Randi responded by mailing a notarized copy of the prize account status showing a balance in excess of one million dollars; Browne refused to accept the letter.^[48]^[49] In late 2003, despite challenge rules that money could not be placed in escrow, Randi announced that he was willing to do so for Browne; she did not accept or acknowledge this offer. In 2005, Browne posted a message online that she had never received confirmation of the prize money's existence, despite Randi's claim that he had a certified mail receipt showing Browne's refusal of the package.^[50] In 2007, on CNN's Anderson Cooper 360°, Browne's business manager Linda Rossi stated that Browne would not be taking Randi's challenge "because she has nothing to prove to James Randi".^[51]

John Oliver

In a 2019 segment of HBO's Last Week Tonight, John Oliver criticized the media for promoting Browne and other psychics and enabling them to prey on grieving families. Oliver said, "When psychic abilities are presented as authentic, it emboldens a vast underworld of unscrupulous vultures, more than happy to make money by offering an open line to the afterlife, as well as many other bullshit services."^[52]^[53]^[54]

Fraud conviction

During the late 1980s, the FBI and local authorities began investigating Browne and her businesses over several bank loans that caused "sustained losses" to banks.^[55] In 1992, Browne and her then-husband Kenzil Dalzell Brown were indicted on several charges of investment fraud and grand theft. The Superior Court of Santa Clara County, California, found Browne and her husband had sold securities in a gold-mining venture under false pretenses.^[3] In at least one instance, they told a couple that their $20,000 investment was to be used for immediate operating costs.^[56] Instead, the money was transferred to an account for their Nirvana Foundation for Psychic Research.^[3] Browne pleaded no contest to securities fraud and was indicted on grand larceny in Santa Clara County on May 26, 1992.^[2] The couple each received one year probation. In addition, Browne was sentenced to 200 hours of community service.^[3]

Personal life

Browne married four times. Her first marriage, from 1959 to 1972, was to Gary Dufresne.^[14] The couple had two sons, Paul and Christopher. She took the surname Brown upon her third marriage, and later changed it to Browne. Her fourth marriage took place on February 14, 2009, to Michael Ulery, the owner of a jewelry store.^[57]

In March 2011, the Society of Novus Spiritus, the Gnostic Christian Church founded by Browne, announced that she had suffered a heart attack on March 21 in Hawaii, requesting donations on her behalf.^[58]

Browne died on November 20, 2013, aged 77, at Good Samaritan Hospital in San Jose, California.^[1]^[59] Her interment was at Oak Hill Memorial Park.

Publications

1990: (with Antoinette May). Adventures of a Psychic. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 0-7394-0178-5
1999: (with Lindsay Harrison). The Other Side and Back: A Psychic's Guide to Our World and Beyond. New York, NY: Signet. ISBN 0-451-19863-8
2000: (with Lindsay Harrison). Life on the Other Side: A Psychic's Tour of the Afterlife. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94539-3
2000: God, Creation, and Tools for Life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-722-8
2000: Astrology Through A Psychic's Eyes. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-720-1
2000: Meditations. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-719-8
2000: (with Lindsay Harrison). Blessings From the Other Side. New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN 0-525-94574-1
2000: Souls Perfection. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-723-6
2001: (with Lindsay Harrison). Past Lives, Future Healing. New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-20597-9
2001: The Nature of Good and Evil. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-724-4
2002: Prayers. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-902-6
2002: Conversations With the Other Side. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-56170-718-X
2003: (with Lindsay Harrison). Visits from the Afterlife. New York, NY: New American Library. ISBN 0-525-94756-6
2003: (with Lindsay Harrison). Book of Dreams. New York, NY: Signet. ISBN 0-451-20828-5
2003: Book of Angels. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0193-X
2004: Mother God: The Feminine Principle to Our Creator. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0309-6
2004: Lessons For Life. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0087-9
2004: (with Lindsay Harrison). Prophecy: What the Future Holds for You. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94822-8
2005: Contacting Your Spirit Guide. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0532-3
2005: Secrets & Mysteries of the World. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0458-0
2005: Phenomenon: Everything You Need to Know About the Paranormal. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94911-9
2005: (with Chris Dufresne). Animals on the Other Side. Cincinnati, OH: Angel Bea Publishing. ISBN 0-9717843-4-5
2006: If You Could see What I See: The Tenets of Novus Spiritus. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0648-6
2006: Exploring the Levels of Creation. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 1-4019-0891-8
2006: Insight: Case Files from the Psychic World. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94955-0
2006: The Mystical Life of Jesus. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-95001-X
2006: Light A Candle. Angel Bea Publishing. ISBN 0-9717843-6-1
2006: (with Chris Dufresne). Christmas in Heaven. Angel Bea Publishing. ISBN 0-9777790-0-9
2007: Father God. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1-4019-0533-0
2007: Spiritual Connections. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1-4019-0881-2
2007: (with Lindsay Harrison). Psychic Children. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-95013-4
2007: Secret Societies. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1-4019-1675-6
2007: (with Chris Dufresne). Spirit of Animals Angel Bea Publishing. ISBN 0-9777790-1-7
2007: The Two Marys. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-95043-1
2008: Temples on the Other Side. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1-4019-1745-6
2008: (with Lindsay Harrison). End of Days. New York, NY: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-525-95067-7
2008: Mystical Traveler. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1-4019-1861-3
2009: All Pets go to Heaven: The Spiritual Lives of the Animals We Love. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1416591252
2009: Psychic Healing: Using the Tools of a Medium to Cure Whatever Ails You. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House Inc. ISBN 978-1401910884
2009: Messages from Spirit: An Open-at-Random Book of Guidance. St. Lynn's Press. ISBN 978-0980028867
2009: Accepting the Psychic Torch. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House. ISBN 978-1401920425
2009: (with Lindsay Harrison). The Truth About Psychics: What's Real, What's Not, and How to Tell the Difference. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1439149720
2010: Psychic: My Life in Two Worlds. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0061966729
2011: Afterlives of the Rich and Famous. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0061966798

References

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^ ^a ^b Gonzales, Sandra (December 18, 1993). " Psychic Gets 1-Year Probation For 'Good Feelings' About Venture". San Jose Mercury News
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ronson, Jon (October 27, 2007). "Is she for real?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ Dulin, Dann (December 2005). "Soul Advice". A&U Magazine. Archived from the original on July 3, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
^ DuFresne, Chris (January 23, 2011). My Life with Sylvia Browne: A Son Reflects on Life with His Psychic Mother. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781459609938. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
^ Browne, Sylvia; May, Antoinette (1990). Adventures of a Psychic. Carlsbad, California: Hay House, Inc. ISBN 0-7394-0178-5.
^ "Sylvia Browne Bio". penguin.com. Penguin. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ King, Larry (March 6, 2001). "Are Psychics for Real?". Larry King Live. CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
^ "Grand Sierra hosts psychic and author Sylvia Browne". Reno Gazette-Journal. June 5, 2008. p. BestBets 8 – via newspapers.com.
^ Browne, Sylvia (2005). Secrets & Mysteries of the World. Hay House. pp. 94–96. ISBN 1-4019-0085-2 – via archive.org.
^ "2006: 'People are coming to you this year,' astrologer tells Calgarians". Calgary Herald. December 30, 2005. p. C13.
^ "Novus Spiritus- FAQ". Novus Spiritus, Founder Sylvia Browne. 2006. Archived from the original on May 18, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2006.
^ ^a ^b Cheatham, Craig (May 13, 2010). "Sylvia Browne secrets". KMOV-TV. Archived from the original on May 20, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Smith, Jonathan C. (2011). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-5894-0.
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^ ^a ^b Javier Leiva (July 2, 2019). "The Psychic Grief Vampires" (Podcast). Pretend Radio. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
^ "1980 That's Incredible, Haunted Toys R Us in Sunnyvale, California". May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2013 – via YouTube.
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^ The Montel Williams Show. February 26, 2003. syndicated.
^ Cooper, Anderson (January 19, 2007). Anderson Cooper 360°. CNN. Psychic Powers Debunked in Shawn Hornbeck Case?.
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^ "ITV wrong over psychic claim repeat". The Press Association. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
^ Ramsay, Fiona (June 23, 2008), "Ofcom rules that ITV breached broadcast code", MediaWeek.co.uk, Haymarket Media Group Ltd. Republished Archived July 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
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^ Browne, Sylvia (May 16, 2003). "CNN Larry King Live: Interview With Sylvia Browne". Larry King Live (Interview). Interviewed by Larry King. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013. KING: OK. Do you know when you're going to die? BROWNE: Yes. When I'm 88.
^ Gomes, Joseph (November 27, 2000)"Prophet Motive". Archived from the original on January 24, 2001. Retrieved March 23, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (Brill's Content), as reported in Skeptics Dictionary. "psychic detective". Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
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^ Radford, Benjamin (March 12, 2020). "Sylvia Browne's Non-Psychic, Non-Coronavirus Prediction". Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
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^ Moye, David (May 10, 2013). "Sylvia Browne's Failed Amanda Berry Prediction Returns To Haunt Her". HuffPost. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
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^ Romano, Bill (March 9, 1993). "Spiritualist, Ex-Husband Plead No Contest in Securities Case". San Jose Mercury News
^ Neville, Anne. "Psychic Sylvia Browne sees better days ahead.", Buffalo News, 2009-03-26
^ "Special Urgent Announcement" (PDF). SylviaBrowne.com. March 24, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
^ "Renowned psychic, bestselling author Sylvia Browne dies at 77 – CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2013.

External links

Official website
Sylvia Browne at IMDb
The Society of Novus Spiritus, the Gnostic Christian church founded by Browne.
Ask Sylvia!, Browne's HayHouse radio talk show.

[NYTobit-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Yardley, William (November 22, 2013). "Sylvia Browne Dies at 77; Self-Proclaimed Psychic". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.

[probation-2] Gonzales, Sandra (December 18, 1993). " Psychic Gets 1-Year Probation For 'Good Feelings' About Venture". San Jose Mercury News

[conviction-3] Nickell, Joe (November–December 2004). "Psychic Sylvia Browne once failed to foresee her own criminal conviction". Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 28, no. 6. p. 11. Archived from the original on July 27, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2012.

[Ronson2007-4] Ronson, Jon (October 27, 2007). "Is she for real?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2009.

[NAU-5] Dulin, Dann (December 2005). "Soul Advice". A&U Magazine. Archived from the original on July 3, 2006. Retrieved August 18, 2006.

[6] DuFresne, Chris (January 23, 2011). My Life with Sylvia Browne: A Son Reflects on Life with His Psychic Mother. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781459609938. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.

[adventures-7] Browne, Sylvia; May, Antoinette (1990). Adventures of a Psychic. Carlsbad, California: Hay House, Inc. ISBN 0-7394-0178-5.

[8] "Sylvia Browne Bio". penguin.com. Penguin. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[CNN0103/06-9] King, Larry (March 6, 2001). "Are Psychics for Real?". Larry King Live. CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2006.

[sierra-10] "Grand Sierra hosts psychic and author Sylvia Browne". Reno Gazette-Journal. June 5, 2008. p. BestBets 8 – via newspapers.com.

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v t e Spiritualism and spiritism
History and beliefs	Apport Automatic writing Cross-Correspondences Ectoplasm Faith healing Materialization Mediumship Séance Spirit guides Spiritual healing Spirit obsession Spirit photography Spirit possession Spirit world Table-turning Theism
Spiritualists	Derek Acorah Rosemary Altea Dan Aykroyd Charles Bailey Bangs Sisters Ada Besinnet Stephen E. Braude William Breeze Rosemary Brown Sylvia Browne Eva Carrière Doris Collins Florence Cook Mina Crandon William Crookes Geraldine Cummins Pearl Curran Frank Decker Arthur Conan Doyle Helen Duncan Eddy Brothers Harry Edwards John Edward William Eglinton Colin Evans Fox sisters Leslie Flint Arthur Ford Colin Fry Eileen Garrett Kathleen Goligher Rita Goold Jan Guzyk Robert Hare Alec Harris Gordon Higginson Richard Hodgson Daniel Dunglas Home Elizabeth Hope William Hope Swami Laura Horos Cecil Husk James H. Hyslop Allan Kardec Franek Kluski Gladys Osborne Leonard Oliver Lodge Heinrich Melzer Carmine Mirabelli Francis Ward Monck William Usborne Moore Lorin Morgan-Richards William Stainton Moses Einer Nielsen Eusapia Palladino Leonora Piper Ethel Post-Parrish James Van Praagh Bert Reese Estelle Roberts Jane Roberts William Roy Rudi Schneider Maria Silbert Henry Slade Doris Stokes Emanuel Swedenborg Rosina Thompson Stanisława Tomczyk Ena Twigg George Valiantine Jack Webber Etta Wriedt Chico Xavier
Organizations	List of Spiritualist organizations Spiritualist churches Spiritist centres London Spiritualist Alliance National Spiritualist Association of Churches Spiritualists' National Union Spiritualist Association of Great Britain Spiritual church movement Arthur Findlay College International Spiritualist Federation
Skeptics	David Abbott John Henry Anderson George Miller Beard Ruth Brandon Lionel Branson Derren Brown William Carpenter Milbourne Christopher Edward Clodd Edmund Smith Conklin Millais Culpin Stuart Cumberland Eric Dingwall Joseph Dunninger Henry Evans Chris French Martin Gardner G. Stanley Hall Trevor H. Hall William A. Hammond C. E. M. Hansel Carlos María de Heredia Carl Hertz Terence Hines Harry Houdini Joseph Jastrow Stanley LeFevre Krebs Rose Mackenberg David Marks John Nevil Maskelyne Henry Maudsley Joseph McCabe Henry C. McComas Georgess McHargue Charles Arthur Mercier Albert Moll John Mulholland Fulton Oursler Joe Nickell E. Clephan Palmer Ronald Pearsall Frank Podmore Massimo Polidoro Harry Price Julien J. Proskauer James Randi Donovan Rawcliffe Joseph F. Rinn C. E. Bechhofer Roberts Chung Ling Soo Gordon Stein Amy Tanner Ivor Lloyd Tuckett Lyttelton Winslow Richard Wiseman

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