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[[Image:Cuslayshound.jpg|thumb|250px|"[[Cuchulain]] Slays the [[Hound of Culain]]", illustration by [[Stephen Reid (artist)|Stephen Reid]] from [[Eleanor Hull]]'s ''The Boys' Cuchulain'', 1904]]
[[Image:Cuslayshound.jpg|thumb|250px|"[[Cuchulain]] Slays the [[Hound of Culain]]", illustration by [[Stephen Reid (artist)|Stephen Reid]] from [[Eleanor Hull]]'s ''The Boys' Cuchulain'', 1904]]


A '''demigod''' or '''demi-god''' is a divine or supernatural being in [[classical mythology]]. The term has been used in various ways at different times and can refer to a figure who has attained divine status after death, a minor [[deity]], or a mortal who is the offspring of a god and a human.
A '''demigod''' or '''demi-god''' is a divine or supernatural being in [[classical mythology]]. The term has been used in various ways at different times and can refer to a figure who has attained divine status after death, a minor [[deity]], or a mortal who is the offspring of a god and a human.


== Etymology ==
==Etymology==
The English term is a [[calque]] of the Latin {{Lang|La|''semideus''}}, "half-god",<ref name="OED">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition= |year=1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=UK}}</ref> which is probably a [[derivation (linguistics)|coining]] by the Roman poet [[Ovid]] in reference to less important gods, such as [[dryad]]s.<ref name="Weinstock1">{{cite book | title=Divus Julius | publisher=The Clarendon Press | author=Weinstock, Stefan | year=1971 | location=Oxford | page=53}}</ref>
The English term is a [[calque]] of the Latin {{Lang|La|''semideus''}}, "half-god",<ref name="OED">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition= |year=1971 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=UK}}</ref> which is probably a [[derivation (linguistics)|coining]] by the Roman poet [[Ovid]] in reference to less important gods, such as [[dryad]]s.<ref name="Weinstock1">{{cite book | title=Divus Julius | publisher=The Clarendon Press | author=Weinstock, Stefan | year=1971 | location=Oxford | page=53}}</ref>


== Classical ==
==Classical==
In the ancient Greek and Roman world the word did not have a consistent definition.<ref name="Talbert">{{cite journal | title=The Concept of Immortals in Mediterranean Antiquity | author=Talbert, C H | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | year=1975 | volume=94 | issue=3 | pages=419–436 | doi=10.2307/3265162}}</ref> It was rarely used and had a number of different meanings.<ref name="LS">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Charlton |authorlink= |year = 1904|title=An Elementary Latin Dictionary |url= |accessdate= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |page=767}}</ref>
In the ancient Greek and Roman world the word did not have a consistent definition.<ref name="Talbert">{{cite journal | title=The Concept of Immortals in Mediterranean Antiquity | author=Talbert, C H | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | year=1975 | volume=94 | issue=3 | pages=419–436 | doi=10.2307/3265162}}</ref> It was rarely used and had a number of different meanings.<ref name="LS">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Charlton |authorlink= |year = 1904|title=An Elementary Latin Dictionary |url= |accessdate= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |page=767}}</ref>


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The first Roman to employ the term demigod may have been the poet Ovid who used the Latin {{lang|La|''semideus''}} several times in reference to minor deities.<ref name="Weinstock1" /> The poet [[Lucan]] also uses the term to speak of [[Pompey]] attaining divinity upon his death.<ref name="Lucan">{{cite book | title=The Civil War | author=Lucan | volume=Book 9}}</ref> In later antiquity, the Roman writer [[Martianus Capella]] proposed a hierarchy of gods: the gods proper, or [[Olympian gods|major gods]]; the ''[[Genius (mythology)|genii]]'' or [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemones]]; the demigods or ''semones'' (who dwell in the upper atmosphere); the ''[[Shade (mythology)|manes]]'' and ghosts of heroes (who dwell in the lower atmosphere); and the earth-dwelling gods like [[faun]]s and satyrs.<ref name="Capella">{{cite book | title=De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii | author=Capella, Martianus | location=2.156}}</ref>
The first Roman to employ the term demigod may have been the poet Ovid who used the Latin {{lang|La|''semideus''}} several times in reference to minor deities.<ref name="Weinstock1" /> The poet [[Lucan]] also uses the term to speak of [[Pompey]] attaining divinity upon his death.<ref name="Lucan">{{cite book | title=The Civil War | author=Lucan | volume=Book 9}}</ref> In later antiquity, the Roman writer [[Martianus Capella]] proposed a hierarchy of gods: the gods proper, or [[Olympian gods|major gods]]; the ''[[Genius (mythology)|genii]]'' or [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemones]]; the demigods or ''semones'' (who dwell in the upper atmosphere); the ''[[Shade (mythology)|manes]]'' and ghosts of heroes (who dwell in the lower atmosphere); and the earth-dwelling gods like [[faun]]s and satyrs.<ref name="Capella">{{cite book | title=De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii | author=Capella, Martianus | location=2.156}}</ref>


== Modern ==
==Modern==
The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of {{lang|la|''semideus''}} and daemon.<ref name="OED" /> Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability.<ref name = "Collins">{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/demigod |title= demigod|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=Collins |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> John Milton states in ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' that [[angel]]s are demigods.<ref name="Milton">{{cite book | title=Paradise Lost | author=Milton, John | year=1667 | location=9.937}}</ref>
The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of {{lang|la|''semideus''}} and daemon.<ref name="OED" /> Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability.<ref name = "Collins">{{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/demigod |title= demigod|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=Collins English Dictionary |publisher=Collins |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> John Milton states in ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' that [[angel]]s are demigods.<ref name="Milton">{{cite book | title=Paradise Lost | author=Milton, John | year=1667 | location=9.937}}</ref>


Demigods are important figures in [[Rick Riordan]]'s [[Percy Jackson]] books, where many of the characters, including Percy Jackson himself, are demigods. In Riordan's work, a demigod is strictly defined as an individual born of one human and one divine parent.<ref name="Riordan">{{cite book | title=Percy Jackson: The Demigod Files | publisher=Penguin | author=Riordan, Rick | year=2010 | location=London}}</ref>
Demigods are important figures in [[Rick Riordan]]'s [[Percy Jackson]] books, where many of the characters, including Percy Jackson himself, are demigods. In Riordan's work, a demigod is strictly defined as an individual born of one human and one divine parent.<ref name="Riordan">{{cite book | title=Percy Jackson: The Demigod Files | publisher=Penguin | author=Riordan, Rick | year=2010 | location=London}}</ref>


== Hinduism ==
==Hinduism==
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{{refimprove section|date=August 2013}}
In [[Hinduism]], demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s'' (gods). There are three very notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures, [[Hanuman]], [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the divine vehicle of [[Shiva]]), and [[Garuda]] (the divine steed of [[Vishnu]]). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are [[Madurai Veeran (Hinduism)|Madurai Veeran]] and [[Karuppu Sami]].
In [[Hinduism]], demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s'' (gods). There are three very notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures, [[Hanuman]], [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (the divine vehicle of [[Shiva]]), and [[Garuda]] (the divine steed of [[Vishnu]]). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are [[Madurai Veeran (Hinduism)|Madurai Veeran]] and [[Karuppu Sami]].
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==See also==
==See also==

* [[Cambion]]
* [[Cambion]]
* [[Chinese demigods]]
* [[Chinese demigods]]
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==References==
==References==
{{More footnotes|section|date=April 2016}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


Revision as of 19:18, 27 April 2016

For other uses, see Demigod (disambiguation).
"Cuchulain Slays the Hound of Culain", illustration by Stephen Reid from Eleanor Hull's The Boys' Cuchulain, 1904

A demigod or demi-god is a divine or supernatural being in classical mythology. The term has been used in various ways at different times and can refer to a figure who has attained divine status after death, a minor deity, or a mortal who is the offspring of a god and a human.

Etymology

The English term is a calque of the Latin [semideus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), "half-god",[1] which is probably a coining by the Roman poet Ovid in reference to less important gods, such as dryads.[2]

Classical

In the ancient Greek and Roman world the word did not have a consistent definition.[3] It was rarely used and had a number of different meanings.[4]

The earliest recorded use of the term is in the archaic Greek poets Homer and Hesiod. Both describe dead heroes as [hemitheoi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), "half gods". This did not mean that they had one parent who was divine and one who was mortal.[5] Instead, according to Price, those who demonstrated "strength, power, good family, and good behavior" were termed heroes, and after death they could be called hemitheoi, a process she refers to as "heroization".[6] Pindar also uses the term frequently as a synonym for hero.[7]

According to the Roman author Cassius Dio, Julius Caesar was declared a demigod by the Roman Senate after his victory at Thapsus.[8] However, Dio was writing in the third century and modern critics have cast doubt on this.[2][9]

The first Roman to employ the term demigod may have been the poet Ovid who used the Latin [semideus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) several times in reference to minor deities.[2] The poet Lucan also uses the term to speak of Pompey attaining divinity upon his death.[10] In later antiquity, the Roman writer Martianus Capella proposed a hierarchy of gods: the gods proper, or major gods; the genii or daemones; the demigods or semones (who dwell in the upper atmosphere); the manes and ghosts of heroes (who dwell in the lower atmosphere); and the earth-dwelling gods like fauns and satyrs.[11]

Modern

The term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of [semideus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and daemon.[1] Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability.[12] John Milton states in Paradise Lost that angels are demigods.[13]

Demigods are important figures in Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson books, where many of the characters, including Percy Jackson himself, are demigods. In Riordan's work, a demigod is strictly defined as an individual born of one human and one divine parent.[14]

Hinduism

In Hinduism, demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human and later became devas (gods). There are three very notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures, Hanuman, Nandi (the divine vehicle of Shiva), and Garuda (the divine steed of Vishnu). Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are Madurai Veeran and Karuppu Sami.

The heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the five Pandava brothers, fit the Western definition of demigods, but are generally not referred to as such. Queen Kunti, the wife of King Pandu, was given a mantra that, when recited, meant that one of the Gods would give her his child. When her husband was cursed to die if he ever engaged in sexual relations, Kunti used this mantra to provide her husband with children, Yudhishthira (father Yama), Bhima (father Vayu) and Arjuna (father Indra). She taught this mantra to Madri, King Pandu's other wife, and she conceived twin boys, Nakula and Sahadeva (fathers the Asvins). Queen Kunti had previously conceived another son, Karna, when she had tested the mantra out—despite her protests, Surya the sun god was compelled by the mantra to impregnate her. Also Bhishma is a demigod which fits according to the western culture, as he was the son of king Shantanu and Goddess Ganga.

The Vaishnavites (who often translate deva as "demigod") cite various verses that speak of the devas' subordinate status. For example, the Rig Veda (1.22.20) states, oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ: "All the suras (i.e., the devas) look always toward the feet of Lord Vishnu." Similarly, in the Vishnu Sahasranama the concluding verses state: "The Rishis (great sages), the ancestors, the devas, the great elements, in fact all things moving and unmoving constituting this universe, have originated from Narayana," (i.e., Vishnu). Thus the Devas are stated to be subordinate to Vishnu, or God.

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) translated the Sanskrit word "deva" as "demigod" in his literature when the term referred to a God other than the Supreme Lord. This is because the ISKCON tradition teaches that there is only one Supreme Lord and that all others are but His servants. In order to emphasize their subservience, Prabhupada used the word "demigod" as a translation of deva. However, there are at least three occurrences in the eleventh chapter of Bhagavad-Gita where the word deva is used to refer to Lord Krishna; here Prabhupada translates it as "Lord". The word deva can be used to refer to the Supreme Lord, celestial beings and saintly souls depending on the context. This is similar to the word Bhagavan which is translated according to different contexts.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary. UK: Oxford University Press. 1971.
  2. ^ a b c Weinstock, Stefan (1971). Divus Julius. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. p. 53.
  3. ^ Talbert, C H (1975). "The Concept of Immortals in Mediterranean Antiquity". Journal of Biblical Literature. 94 (3): 419–436. doi:10.2307/3265162.
  4. ^ Lewis, Charlton (1904). An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 767.
  5. ^ Hansen, W (2004). Handbook of Classical Mythology. ABC-CLIO Ltd. p. 199.
  6. ^ Price, T H (1973). "Hero-cult and Homer". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 22 (2): 129–144.
  7. ^ Liddell, H (1897). A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ Dio, Cassius. Roman History. 43.21.2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  9. ^ Fishwick, D (1975). "The name of the demigod". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 24 (4): 624–628.
  10. ^ Lucan. The Civil War. Vol. Book 9.
  11. ^ Capella, Martianus. De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii. 2.156.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. ^ "demigod". Collins English Dictionary. Collins. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  13. ^ Milton, John (1667). Paradise Lost. 9.937.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  14. ^ Riordan, Rick (2010). Percy Jackson: The Demigod Files. London: Penguin.
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