Grape seed extract: Difference between revisions
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The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as [[acetone]], [[acetonitrile]], [[ethyl acetate]], and [[methanol]].<ref name="Zhu">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Lei | last2=Zhang | first2=Yali | last3=Lu | first3=Jiang | title=Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=13 | issue=3 | date=14 March 2012 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=22489164 | pmc=3317724 | doi=10.3390/ijms13033492 | pages=3492–3510| doi-access=free }}</ref> Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. [[High performance liquid chromatography]] seems to be the most effective analysis along with [[proton NMR spectroscopy]] with [[principal component analysis]] to ensure accurate composition.<ref name=Zhu/> |
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as [[acetone]], [[acetonitrile]], [[ethyl acetate]], and [[methanol]].<ref name="Zhu">{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Lei | last2=Zhang | first2=Yali | last3=Lu | first3=Jiang | title=Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=13 | issue=3 | date=14 March 2012 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=22489164 | pmc=3317724 | doi=10.3390/ijms13033492 | pages=3492–3510| doi-access=free }}</ref> Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. [[High performance liquid chromatography]] seems to be the most effective analysis along with [[proton NMR spectroscopy]] with [[principal component analysis]] to ensure accurate composition.<ref name=Zhu/> |
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== Supplement use and research== |
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== Research== |
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| ⚫ | Grape seed extract is sold as a [[dietary supplement]]. The US [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/grapeseed/ataglance.htm|title=Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance|publisher=US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health|date=September 2016}}</ref> [[Side effect]]s may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, and nausea.<ref name=nih/> |
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A 2019 [[meta-analysis]] suggested that grape seed extract might help to lower concentrations of [[LDL cholesterol]], total cholesterol, [[triglyceride]]s, and the inflammatory marker, [[C-reactive protein]].<ref name=nih/> However, each of the studies was small in size, possibly affecting interpretation of the analysis.<ref name=nih/> |
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A 2019 [[meta-analysis]] review of 15 studies involving 825 participants suggested that grape seed extract lowers concentrations of [[LDL cholesterol]], total cholesterol, [[triglyceride]]s, and the inflammatory marker [[C-reactive protein]].<ref name=nih/> (Each of the fifteen individual studies were small in size though, which could affect the interpretation of the results.<ref name=nih/>) A 2016 meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 [[milligram]]s per day over at least 8 weeks, significantly lowered [[systolic blood pressure|systolic]] and [[diastolic blood pressure]].<ref name=Medicine16>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G |title=The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=95 |issue=33 |pages=e4247 |year=2016 |pmid=27537554 |pmc=5370781 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000004247 }}</ref> Broken down further, the results were "strikingly significant" in patients with [[metabolic syndrome]] (average of –8½ mmHg for [[systolic blood pressure|systolic]]) but insignificant in healthy subjects.<ref name=Medicine16 /> An earlier 2011 meta-analysis reported lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no effect on [[blood lipids]] or C-reactive protein levels.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2011.05.015 |title=The effect of grape seed extract on cardiovascular risk markers: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |year=2011 |last1=Feringa |first1=Harm H.H. |last2=Laskey |first2=Dayne A. |last3=Dickson |first3=Justine E. |last4=Coleman |first4=Craig I. |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=111 |issue=8 |pages=1173–81 |pmid=21802563}}</ref> |
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A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 [[milligram]]s per day over at least 8 weeks, might help to reduce [[systolic blood pressure|systolic]] and [[diastolic blood pressure]].<ref name=Medicine16>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G |title=The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=95 |issue=33 |pages=e4247 |year=2016 |pmid=27537554 |pmc=5370781 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000004247 }}</ref> People with [[metabolic syndrome]] had a more significant outcome (average of a 8½ mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure) than in healthy subjects.<ref name=Medicine16 /> The authors concluded that heterogeneity in the study designs and small sample sizes involved in the meta-analysis introduced uncertainty in the results, and that larger-scale, long-term, multiple-dose studies in people with high blood pressure were warranted.<ref name=Medicine16 /> |
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| ⚫ | Grape seed extract is sold as a [[dietary supplement]]. The US [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks.<ref name="nih">{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/grapeseed/ataglance.htm|title=Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance|publisher=US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health|date=September 2016}}</ref> [[Side |
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Grape seed extract should not be taken with [[vitamin C]], as this combination might raise blood pressure instead of lowering it.<ref name=nih/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 16:59, 29 April 2024
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract contains proanthocyanidins.[1] Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins.[2] Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products.[3] Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.[4]
Extraction method
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol.[5] Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.[5]
Supplement use and research
Grape seed extract is sold as a dietary supplement. The US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reported that oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks.[1] Side effects may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, and nausea.[1]
A 2019 meta-analysis suggested that grape seed extract might help to lower concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein.[1] However, each of the studies was small in size, possibly affecting interpretation of the analysis.[1]
A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, might help to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure.[6] People with metabolic syndrome had a more significant outcome (average of a 8½ mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure) than in healthy subjects.[6] The authors concluded that heterogeneity in the study designs and small sample sizes involved in the meta-analysis introduced uncertainty in the results, and that larger-scale, long-term, multiple-dose studies in people with high blood pressure were warranted.[6]
Grape seed extract should not be taken with vitamin C, as this combination might raise blood pressure instead of lowering it.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Grape Seed Extract, Herbs at a Glance". US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health. September 2016.
- ^ Rue, Emily A.; Rush, Michael D.; van Breemen, Richard B. (9 May 2017). "Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry". Phytochemistry Reviews. 17 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3. PMC 5891158. PMID 29651231.
- ^ Wanwimolruk, S; Phopin, K; Prachayasittikul, V (2014). "Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 2)". EXCLI Journal. 13: 869–96. PMC 4464477. PMID 26417310.
- ^ Payne, Caroline; Bowyer, Paul K.; Herderich, Markus; Bastian, Susan E.P. (15 July 2009). "Interaction of astringent grape seed procyanidins with oral epithelial cells". Food Chemistry. 115 (2): 551–557. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.061. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ a b Zhu, Lei; Zhang, Yali; Lu, Jiang (14 March 2012). "Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (3): 3492–3510. doi:10.3390/ijms13033492. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 3317724. PMID 22489164.
- ^ a b c Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G (2016). "The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (33): e4247. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004247. PMC 5370781. PMID 27537554.
