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Undid revision 1253815783 by Mellk (talk) which one? It's better to start discussion on talk page to get consensus for this changes. Modern Historiography suggests Tsardom of Russia appeared only in 1547.
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* In the [[history of England]], the [[Heptarchy]]
* In the [[history of England]], the [[Heptarchy]]
* In the [[history of Poland]], the regionalization<ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> or [[fragmentation of Poland]] ({{langx|pl|rozbicie dzielnicowe}}) refers to the period following the [[testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth]] (1138) that led to the split of the [[Kingdom of Poland (Piasts)|Kingdom of Poland]] into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by [[Ladislaus the Short]] approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century<ref name=WIEM/><ref name=PWN/><ref name="Davies1998">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Europe: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 January 1998|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-097468-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/429 429]}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Poland]], the regionalization<ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/53 53]}}</ref> or [[fragmentation of Poland]] ({{langx|pl|rozbicie dzielnicowe}}) refers to the period following the [[testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth]] (1138) that led to the split of the [[Kingdom of Poland (Piasts)|Kingdom of Poland]] into several mostly independent provinces, unified only by [[Ladislaus the Short]] approximately two centuries later, in the early 14th century<ref name=WIEM/><ref name=PWN/><ref name="Davies1998">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Europe: a history|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=20 January 1998|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-097468-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00norm/page/429 429]}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Belarus]], [[History of Russia|Russia]] and [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine]], the period of fragmentation that started from around the 12th century during the decline of [[Kievan Rus']]. In Eastern territories it lasted up until 1547, the year of the ascension of [[Ivan IV]] to the throne of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]];<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Perrie2001">{{cite book|author=Maureen Perrie|title=The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxuunLzN0YC&pg=PA100|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-65684-6|page=100}}</ref><ref name="GinsburgsClark2001">{{cite book|author1=George Ginsburgs|author2=Roger Stenson Clark|author3=Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge|author4=Stanisław Pomorski|title=International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zJrKRkSiEMC&pg=PA163|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1654-3|page=163}}</ref> the last appange Russian prince was [[Vladimir of Staritsa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref>
* In the [[history of Belarus]], [[History of Russia|Russia]] and [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine]], the period of fragmentation ({{langx|ru|феодальная раздробленность}}) that started from around the 12th century during the decline of [[Kievan Rus']]. In Russia, it lasted up until the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible|Ivan IV of Russia]];<ref name=PWN/><ref name="Perrie2001">{{cite book|author=Maureen Perrie|title=The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQxuunLzN0YC&pg=PA100|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-65684-6|page=100|quote=Bakhrushin, in turn, defended the post-Pokrovskii depiction of Ivan IV as ‘a great statesman who smashes the remains of feudal fragmentation and lays the basis for the further development of the absolutist state’}}</ref><ref name="GinsburgsClark2001">{{cite book|author1=George Ginsburgs|author2=Roger Stenson Clark|author3=Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge|author4=Stanisław Pomorski|title=International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zJrKRkSiEMC&pg=PA163|year=2001|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1654-3|page=163|quote=2. The period of feudal fragmentation (''feodal'naia nazdroblenost{{'}}'') or of the appanage principalities... with its nadir the fall of Kiev in 1240... 3. The formation of a centralized Russian state}}</ref> the last appange Russian prince was [[Vladimir of Staritsa]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auty |first1=Robert |last2=Obolensky |first2=Dimitri |title=Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-28038-9 |page=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0iVBLGd9xEC |language=en}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Bulgaria]], the late 14th century fragmentation of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]<ref name="TanchevBelov2008">{{cite book |author1=Evgeni Tanchev |author2=Martin Belov |author3=Cristian Ionescu |author4=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author5=J. W. A. Fleuren |author6=Wim Voermans |title=Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXk5r1WtZcC&pg=SA1-PA5 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-90-13-05635-8 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Somel2003">{{cite book|author=Selçuk Akşin Somel|title=Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4332-5|page=32}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Bulgaria]], the late 14th century fragmentation of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]]<ref name="TanchevBelov2008">{{cite book |author1=Evgeni Tanchev |author2=Martin Belov |author3=Cristian Ionescu |author4=C. A. J. M. Kortmann |author5=J. W. A. Fleuren |author6=Wim Voermans |title=Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgXk5r1WtZcC&pg=SA1-PA5 |accessdate=23 May 2011 |year=2008 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-90-13-05635-8 |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Somel2003">{{cite book|author=Selçuk Akşin Somel|title=Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGZQL41tg_oC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4332-5|page=32}}</ref>
*In the [[history of Hungary]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)#Interregnum (1301–1323)|interregnum]] (1301–1323)
*In the [[history of Hungary]], the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)#Interregnum (1301–1323)|interregnum]] (1301–1323)

Revision as of 02:29, 29 October 2024

English feudalism
Manorialism
Feudal land tenure in England
Feudal duties
Feudalism

Feudal fragmentation[1] is a process whereby a feudal state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke.[2][3] Feudal fragmentation is usually associated with European history, particularly during the Middle Ages.[4][5]

Feudal fragmentation occurs after the death of the legitimate ruler leaves no clear heirs, and rulers of various subdivisions of the original state fail at electing or agreeing on a new leader for the previous, larger entity. In some cases (for example, the Holy Roman Empire), such a leader may be elected, yet wield much lesser powers than those of his predecessor. Feudal fragmentation is related to the concepts of agnatic seniority and principate.[3]

Division of the Polish state in 1138:
  Seniorate Province.
  Pomeranian vassals under the rule of the Seniorate Province.
  Silesian Province of Władysław II.
  Masovian Province of Bolesław IV.
  Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III.
  Sandomierz Province of Henry.
  Łęczyca Province of Salomea of Berg.

Examples

This phenomenon has occurred in the history of several countries and regions:

According to Samir Amin, feudal fragmentation has been mostly a European phenomenon and did not occur in the history of China or Islamic Middle Eastern states.[4][21] At the same time, the term feudal fragmentation has been used in the context of history of China (the Warring States period)[22] and history of Japan (the Sengoku period).[23][24][25]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Piotr Górecki (2007). A local society in transition: the Henryków book and related documents. PIMS. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-88844-155-3.
  2. ^ a b (in Polish) Rozbicie dzielnicowe Archived 29 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. WIEM Encyklopedia.
  3. ^ a b c d e (in Polish) rozbicie dzielnicowe. PWN Encyklopedia.
  4. ^ a b Samir Amin, The Ancient World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System, in André Gunder Frank; Barry K. Gills (1996). The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?. Psychology Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-415-15089-7.
  5. ^ Grzymala-Busse, Anna (2024). "Tilly Goes to Church: The Religious and Medieval Roots of European State Fragmentation". American Political Science Review. 118 (1): 88–107. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000278.
  6. ^ Norman Davies (30 March 2005). God's Playground: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  7. ^ Norman Davies (20 January 1998). Europe: a history. HarperCollins. p. 429. ISBN 978-0-06-097468-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  8. ^ Maureen Perrie (2001). The cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-333-65684-6. Bakhrushin, in turn, defended the post-Pokrovskii depiction of Ivan IV as 'a great statesman who smashes the remains of feudal fragmentation and lays the basis for the further development of the absolutist state'
  9. ^ George Ginsburgs; Roger Stenson Clark; Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge; Stanisław Pomorski (2001). International and national law in Russia and Eastern Europe: essays in honor of George Ginsburgs. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 163. ISBN 978-90-411-1654-3. 2. The period of feudal fragmentation (feodal'naia nazdroblenost') or of the appanage principalities... with its nadir the fall of Kiev in 1240... 3. The formation of a centralized Russian state
  10. ^ Auty, Robert; Obolensky, Dimitri (1976). Companion to Russian Studies: Volume 1: An Introduction to Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-521-28038-9.
  11. ^ Evgeni Tanchev; Martin Belov; Cristian Ionescu; C. A. J. M. Kortmann; J. W. A. Fleuren; Wim Voermans (2008). Constitutional law of 2 EU member states: Bulgaria and Romania : the 2007 enlargement. Kluwer. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-13-05635-8. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  12. ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel (2003). Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-8108-4332-5.
  13. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1980). Kings or people: power and the mandate to rule. University of California Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-520-04090-8.
  14. ^ Mikuláš Teich; Roy Porter (1993). The National question in Europe in historical context. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-521-36713-4.
  15. ^ Keith Jenkins; Sue Morgan; Alun Munslow (2007). Manifestos for history. Taylor & Francis. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-37776-8.
  16. ^ R. C. van Caenegem (1991). Legal history: a European perspective. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-85285-049-4.
  17. ^ Peter J. Hugill (1995). World trade since 1431: geography, technology, and capitalism. JHU Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8018-5126-1. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  18. ^ Stefan Rossbach (1999). Gnostic wars: the Cold War in the context of a history of Western spirituality. Edinburgh University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7486-1024-2. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  19. ^ Nicholas Lampert; Gábor Tamás Rittersporn (1992). Stalinism: its nature and aftermath : essays in honour of Moshe Lewin. M.E. Sharpe. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-87332-876-0. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  20. ^ Donald Kagan; Steven Ozment; Frank M. Turner; A. Daniel Frankforter (13 June 2001). The Western Heritage: To 1715 : Brief Edition. Prentice Hall. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-13-041576-9. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  21. ^ Samir Amin (January 2011). Global History: A View from the South. Fahamu/Pambazuka. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-906387-96-9.
  22. ^ Thomas M. Magstadt (2010). Nations and Government: Comparative Politics in Regional Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-495-91528-7.
  23. ^ Jeffrey Kopstein (2000). Comparative politics: interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order. Cambridge University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-521-63356-7.
  24. ^ Paul N. Siegel (2005). The Meek and the Militant: Religion and Power Across the World. Haymarket Books. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-931859-24-0.
  25. ^ Jansen, Marius B. Jansen. (1995). The Emergence of Meiji Japan,p. 124, p. 124, at Google Books; retrieved 6 July 2011

References

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