Mongolia under Qing rule: Difference between revisions

Mongolia (Mongolian Proper, including modern Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tannu Urianhai, Höh Nuur - Qinghai, Ili Tarbagatai - Northern Xinjiang and excluding Buryatia) was subject to Qing dynasty between the end of the 17-th and beginning of the 20-th centuries.

Governance

“Outer Mongolian Governance Affairs Yuan” was established for Outer Mongolia, and released “Mongol Justice Book” and “Outer Mongolian Governance Affairs Yuan Law Book”. The yuan or court was controlled directly by the Qing emperors and provinces are controlled by Manchu ministers and generals.

Outer Mongolian executive courts

• Uliastai Manchu amban’s court
• Huree Manchu amban’s court
• Hovd Manchu amban’s court

Administrative Divisions

Both Inner and Outer Mongolia had 6 leagues each. In 1795, Sain Noyon Han Aimag was established and Halh got 4 aimags.

In Outer Mongolia regions were ruled in following steps: Outer Mongolian Governance Affairs Yuan – Manchu ministers court – League of Aimags (Chuulgan) – Aimag – Hoshuu – Sum – Bag

Hoshuus were administered zasag noyons and there were tushmel, zahiragch, meerin, zalan, bicheech and tahar in his court.

Hoshuus were further divided into sums and then to bags. According to law those which can supply 150 soldiers were formed sums but when it can’t supply the amount, hondogo sum were formed. A sum is administered by a zangi.

• Inner Mongolia
• Jirim league
• Horchin 6 hoshuu
• Jalaid 1 hoshuu
• Dörvöd 1 hoshuu
• Gorlos 1 hoshuu
  
• Jostu league
• Harchin 3 hoshuu
• Tümed 2 hoshuu
  
• Juu Ud league
• Aohan 1 hoshuu
  
• Naiman 1 hoshuu
  
• Baarin 2 hoshuu
  
• Jarud 2 hoshuu
  
• Ar Horchin 2 hoshuu
  
• Onginuud 1 hoshuu
  
• Shilingol league
• Üzemchin 2 hoshuu
  
• Huuchid 2 hoshuu
• Sünid 2 hoshuu
• Avga 2 hoshuu
• Avganar 2 hoshuu
• Ulaan Chab league
• Dörvön Hüühed 1 hoshuu
• Muu Myangan 1 hoshuu
• Urad 3 hoshuu
• Baruun Halh 1 hoshuu
• Ih Juu league
• Ordos 7 hoshuu
  
• Outer Mongolia
• Halh
• Zasagt Han 23 hoshuu
• Sain Noyon Han 33 hoshuu
• Tüsheet Han 22 hoshuu
  
• Secen Han 25 hoshuu
  
• Hovd 30 hoshuu
• Urianhai
  
• Hövsgöl 4 hoshuu
  
• Ili 13 hoshuu (modern day Xinjiang)
• Höh Nuur 29 hoshuu (modern day Qinghai)
• Ejine hoshuu (modern day Ejine in Inner Mongolia)
• Alasha hoshuu (modern day Alasha in Inner Mongolia)

Religion and Lama Affairs

In 1723, Religion Affairs Shanzudbi Yuan was established. Political divisions for Bogd Jabzandamba and hutagts’ scholars was designed to be categorized into otog and then to bag and to arvan.