Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Revision as of 03:21, 27 June 2008

This page documents an English Wikipedia style guideline.

Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on this guideline's talk page.

Shortcuts

The Wikipedia Guide to Layout is an annotated, working guide to the basics of laying out an article, and a summary of what some articles look like. Complicated articles may be best modeled on the markup of an existing article of appropriate structure. This guide does not concern how to use wiki markup (see Help:Editing for that); nor is it about writing style (Manual of Style).

Lead section

Unless an article is very short, it should start with a lead section consisting of one or more introductory paragraphs. The lead is shown above the table of contents (for pages with more than three headings). The appropriate lead length depends on the length of the article, but should be no longer than four paragraphs. There is no heading above the lead section.

The subject of the article should be mentioned in bold text ('''subject''') at a natural place, preferably in the first sentence. If the article is about a topic that is normally italicized (such as a work of art, literature, album, ship, or a foreign phrase), the first mention of the subject should be both bold and italic ('''''subject''''').

Normally, the first paragraph summarizes the most important points of the article. It should clearly explain the subject so that the reader is prepared for the greater level of detail and the qualifications and nuances that follow. If further introductory material is needed before the first section, this can be covered in subsequent paragraphs. Introductions to biographical articles commonly double as summaries, listing the best-known achievements of the subject. Keep in mind that sometimes this is all that is read, so the most important information should be included.

First paragraph

The title or subject should almost always be part of the first sentence or elsewhere in the first paragraph.

The Pythagorean theorem is named after and attributed to the 6th century BC Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras

The '''Pythagorean theorem''' is named after and attributed to the [[6th century BC]] Greek philosopher and mathematician [[Pythagoras]]

If the subject of the article has more than one name, each new form of the name should be in bold on its first appearance.

Sodium hydroxide (Na O H), also known as caustic soda or lye...

'''Sodium hydroxide''' ([[sodium|Na]] [[oxygen|O]] [[hydrogen|H]]), also known as '''caustic soda''' or '''lye'''...

If an article's title has a parenthetical disambiguator, it should not be included in the bold text.

Egg (food) should start with "An egg is an ovum produced by...", not "An egg (food) is an ovum produced by...".

Make the context clear in the first few words.

In quantum physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle...

In [[quantum physics]], the '''Heisenberg uncertainty principle'''...

Avoid links in the bold title words, and avoid circular definitions. However, most words describing titles should be linked to more detail.

Buddhist meditation, meditation used in the practice of Buddhism, "includes any method of meditation that has Enlightenment as its ultimate aim." (Kamalashila 1996)

'''Buddhist meditation''', [[meditation]] used in the practice of [[Buddhism]], "includes any method of meditation that has Enlightenment as its ultimate aim." (Kamalashila 1996)

Disambiguation templates

A "for topics of the same name..." line is sometimes put at the beginning, to link to an article about another meaning of the word, or in the case of a link that many readers are likely to follow instead of reading the article. Do not make this initial link a section. In such cases, the line should be italicized and indented using templates. A horizontal line should not be placed under this line. See also Wikipedia:Hatnote

Links

Adding square brackets ([[...]]) around a word or phrase is an important part of Wikifying articles. This links significant words to a corresponding article that contains information that will help the reader to understand the original article. For example, an article might mention 'pancakes' without explaining what they are, although a brief phrase explaining the term might be more appropriate in many instances. An article about laser beams might provide helpful background material when mentioned in passing. It is important to follow the links that you have added and check that they lead to the right page. For advice about what to link and what not to link, see Wikipedia:Make only links relevant to the context, Wikipedia:Manual of Style (links)#Internal links and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)#Date formatting. Useful links that are not mentioned in the prose paragraphs can be added to the "see also" section.

Body sections

Headings and paragraphs

The number of single-sentence paragraphs should be minimized, since these can inhibit the flow of the text. By the same token, paragraphs become hard to read once they exceed a certain length.

Headings help to make an article clearer and populate the table of contents, which users can choose under 'Preferences' to view (the default) or not to view; see Wikipedia:Section and Wikipedia:Manual of Style. Headings are hierarchical, so you should start with ==Heading== and follow it with ===Subheading===, ====Subsubheading====, and so forth.

Articles generally comprise prose paragraphs, not bullet points; however, sometimes a bulleted list can break up what would otherwise be an overly large, grey mass of text, particularly if the topic requires significant effort on the part of readers. Bulleted lists should not be overused in the main text, but are typical in the reference and reading sections at the bottom. Just as for paragraphs, any sections and subsections that are very short or disproportionally long will make the article look cluttered and inhibit the flow. Short paragraphs and single sentences generally do not warrant their own subheading, and in these circumstances, it may be preferable to use bullet points. See also Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Paragraphs.

Between paragraphs and between sections, there should be only a single blank line. Multiple blank lines unnecessarily lengthen the article and can make it more difficult to read.

The degree to which subtopics should appear in a single article or be given their own pages is a matter of judgement and of controlling the total length of the article.

If the order in which sections should appear is not clear, use an alphabetical or chronological order. An alphabetical order is especially useful when sections are divided for countries, states, or other divisions.

If a section is a summary of another article

When a section is a summary of another article, it should have a link before the text (but after the section heading):

{{main|Circumcision and law}}

which produces:

"See also" for one section

If the "See also" refers to articles relevant specifically to a particular section, references to articles that are not wikilinked from the text may be placed immediately after the section heading for that section:

{{See also|troll|ogre}}

which produces:

Such additional references should be grouped together at the beginning of the section for easy selection by the reader, rather than being scattered throughout the text of a section:

{{Main}}
{{See also}}
{{Details}}
~~{{See}}~~ deprecated
{{Further}}

Images

Commons

Wikimedia Commons is the free media repository of Wikimedia and Wikipedia

You should always be watchful not to overwhelm an article with images by adding more just because you can. Unless clearly better or more appropriate images are available, the existing images in the article should be left in place.

Images should ideally be spread evenly within the article, and relevant to the sections they are located in. All images should also have an explicative caption. An image should not overwhelm the screen; 300px may be considered a limit, as this is approximately half Wikipedia's text space's width on a 800x600 screen. It is a good idea to try to maintain visual coherence by aligning the width of images and templates on a given page.

Some users prefer images to be all located on the right side of the screen (aligned with boxes), while others prefer them to be evenly alternated between left and right. Both options are valid, although in both cases care must be taken for the images not to clash with nearby contents.

In general, it is considered poor layout practice to place images at the same height on both the left and right side of the screen. Not only does this unnecessarily squeeze text, but this might also cause images to overlap text due to interferences. It is usually not a good idea to place an image intended to illustrate a given section above the heading for that section. Placing an image to the left of a heading, a list, or the Table of Contents is also frowned upon.

When placing images, be careful not to stack too many of them within the lead, or within a single section to avoid bunching up several section edit links in some browsers. Generally, if there are so many images in a section that they strip down into the next section at 1024x768 screen resolution, that probably means either that the section is too short, or that there are too many images.

If an article has many images, so many, in fact, that they lengthen the page beyond the length of the text itself (this also applies if a template like {{taxobox}} or {{Judaism}} is already stretching the page), you can try to use a gallery, but the ideal solution might be to create a page or category combining all of them at Wikimedia Commons and use a relevant template ({{commons}}, {{commonscat}}, {{commons-inline}} or {{commonscat-inline}}) and link to it instead, so that further images are readily found and available when the article is expanded.

Horizontal dividing line

The use of horizontal dividing lines (----) in articles is deprecated. They were once used to separate multiple meanings of a single article name. These days, a disambiguation page should be used instead.

They are occasionally used to provide separation inside some templates (e.g. {{politbox}} derivatives).

Standard appendices and descriptions

Certain optional standard sections should be added at the bottom of an article. There is consensus that the plural form of the section name should be used. Changing section names breaks links, so it is best not to change already-established article section names. Common appendix sections:

Quotations (deprecated)
See also
Notes (or Footnotes)
References (or combined with Notes into Notes and references)
Bibliography (or Books or Further reading)
External links

Note:

If there is an External links section, it should be last.^[1]
Any section which concerns material outside Wikipedia (including References, Bibliography, and External links) should come after any section that concerns Wikipedia material (including See also) to help keep the distinction clear.^[2]
"Notes" is for footnotes containing source citations or commentary on the main text. "References" is a list of referenced materials (books, websites, etc. cited in the main text). Notes and references are often listed under one heading.
Succession boxes and navigational footers go at the end of the article, following the last appendix section, but preceding the "categories and interwiki links".

Notes

A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document that comments on, and may cite a reference for, a part of the main text. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is often indicated with a number or symbol which is used both after the text fragment and before the footnote. The note following this sentence is one example.^[4] Syntax:

According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big.<ref>Miller, E: "The Sun.", page 23. Academic Press, 2005</ref> The Moon, however, is not so big.<ref>Smith, R: "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 46(78):46</ref> ==Notes==  <references/>

When a separate "Reference" section is included, Short footnotes may be used, giving the author(s), year, and the page number, and perhaps the title, but without the full citation.

If there are only a few cited sources in an article and all of the references are cited, then the sections "Notes" and "References" can be combined. If this is done then name the section "References" unless some of the footnotes are notes and not citations, in which case name the section "Notes and references".

References

Put under this heading, again in a bulleted list that should usually be alphabetized, any books, articles, web pages, et cetera that you used in constructing the article and have referenced (cited) in the article.^[4] You may use a generic citation template; this practice is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Additionally, notes should be added to the end of any reference that may not be self-evident. If you are dealing with controversial issues, it is useful to point out which sources take which stance, and maybe separate the links by proponents and critics. Example:

"Wikipedia Reaches 1,000,000 Articles". Slashdot. March 1 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Popular tech community mentions Wikipedia milestone.

The use of abbreviated titles for items included in an anteceding bibliography section is permitted; for instance, you may list "Smith 1957, p. 35", and give a full reference in the bibliography.

External links

Place here, in list form, any relevant websites that you recommend for readers of the article that have not been used as sources.^[4] Unlike wikilinks, which are often used within the article's text, external links are normally limited to the "External links" section. This section follows the same formatting rules as the "References" section. External links used as sources should be listed in the "References" or "Notes" section.

External links may be listed under "Further reading," as suggested in Citing sources, instead of having a separate section specifically for external links,

Links to Sister projects should be under the last appendix section. If there is no external links section into which to integrate the templates (e.g. {{commons}}, {{wikibooks}}, {{wikinews}}), inline versions of templates (e.g. {{commons-inline}}, {{wikibooks-inline}}, {{wikiquote-inline}}) are usually available. See Category:Interwiki link templates to check whether an inline template exists.

Navigational footers, categories, interlanguage links etc.

Various navigational aids go at the end of the article, following the last appendix section. The conventional order is:

Succession boxes and navigational footers
Categories
Stub templates. It is usually desirable to leave two blank lines between the first stub template and whatever precedes it.
Interlanguage links

Notes

^ So many articles have the External links section at the end that many people expect that. Some External links and References sections are very long, and when the name of the section is not visible on the screen, it could cause problems if someone meant to delete an external link, and deleted a reference instead. Keeping the External links last is also helpful for editors who patrol external links.
^ The Notes or Footnotes section often concerns both kinds of material.
^ This of course refers only to links related to the topic, not links that are incidental, e.g. linking to a jargon word in a sentence
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d This is an example footnote. The "Notes" section generally only requires a <references/> tag or {{reflist}} template. This is automatically populated with <ref> notes made throughout the article. See Wikipedia:Footnotes for details about this developing practice. The system of presenting notes (as well as "References," "Further reading," and "External links") in a Wikipedia article may change over time; it is more important to have clarity and consistency in an article than to adhere to any particular system.

[1] So many articles have the External links section at the end that many people expect that. Some External links and References sections are very long, and when the name of the section is not visible on the screen, it could cause problems if someone meant to delete an external link, and deleted a reference instead. Keeping the External links last is also helpful for editors who patrol external links.

[2] The Notes or Footnotes section often concerns both kinds of material.

[3] This of course refers only to links related to the topic, not links that are incidental, e.g. linking to a jargon word in a sentence

[notewarn-4] This is an example footnote. The "Notes" section generally only requires a <references/> tag or {{reflist}} template. This is automatically populated with <ref> notes made throughout the article. See Wikipedia:Footnotes for details about this developing practice. The system of presenting notes (as well as "References," "Further reading," and "External links") in a Wikipedia article may change over time; it is more important to have clarity and consistency in an article than to adhere to any particular system.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 ==Standard appendices and descriptions==<!--Please do not change. There are discussions on talk pages that link to this title.-->
-A ''References'' (or ''Notes and References'') section should be added at the bottom of an article.  Other sections may be added there too. Use the plural headings ''References'' and ''External links'' (instead of ''Reference'' and ''External link'') even if there is only one.
+Certain optional standard sections should be added at the bottom of an article. There is [[Wikipedia:External links#External links section|consensus]] that the plural form of the section name should be used. Changing section names breaks links, so it is best not to change already-established article section names. Common appendix sections:
+*''Quotations (deprecated)''
-Any section which concerns material outside Wikipedia (including ''References'', ''Bibliography'', and ''External links'') should come after sections that concern material inside Wikipedia (including ''See also''), to help keep the distinction clear. The ''Notes'' (or ''Footnotes'') section often contains both outside and inside material.
+*'''See also'''
+*'''Notes''' (or '''Footnotes''')
+*'''References''' (or combined with '''Notes''' into '''Notes and references''')
+*'''Bibliography''' (or '''Books''' or '''Further reading''')
+*'''External links'''
+'''Note''':
-The names of the most common end sections are, in sequence:
+# If there is an ''External links'' section, it should be last.<ref>So many articles have the ''External links'' section at the end that many people expect that. Some ''External links'' and ''References'' sections are very long, and when the name of the section is not visible on the screen, it could cause problems if someone meant to delete an external link, and deleted a reference instead. Keeping the ''External links'' last is also helpful for editors who patrol external links.</ref>
+# Any section which concerns material outside Wikipedia (including ''References'', ''Bibliography'', and ''External links'') should come after any section that concerns Wikipedia material (including ''See also'') to help keep the distinction clear.<ref>The ''Notes'' or ''Footnotes'' section often concerns both kinds of material.</ref>
+# "Notes" is for footnotes containing source citations or commentary on the main text. "References" is a list of referenced materials (books, websites, etc. cited in the main text). Notes and references are often listed under one heading.
+# [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization|Succession boxes]] and [[Wikipedia:Navigational templates#Footers|navigational footers]] go at the end of the article, following the last appendix section, but preceding the "categories and interwiki links".
+===See also===
-* '''[[WP:Layout#See also|See also]]''' "See also" is a list of links to other Wikipedia articles.
+{{shortcut|WP:ALSO|WP:SEEALSO}}
-* '''[[WP:Layout#Notes|Notes]]''' (or '''Footnotes''') This may be combined with ''References'' into '''Notes and references'''.  "Notes" contains footnotes of source citations or commentary for matter within the main text that are created with the <nowiki><ref></nowiki> tag.
+The "See also" section provides a bulleted list of internal links to related Wikipedia articles. A reasonable number of relevant links that would be in a hypothetical "perfect article" are suitable to add to the "See also" section of a less developed one.<ref>This of course refers only to links related to the topic, not links that are incidental, e.g. linking to a jargon word in a sentence</ref> Links already included in the body of the text are generally not repeated in "See also"; however, whether a link belongs in the "See also" section is ultimately a matter of editorial judgment and common sense. A "perfect" article then may not have a "See also" section at all, though some links may not naturally fit into the body of text and others may not be included due to size constraints. Links that would be included if the article were not kept relatively short for other reasons may thus be appropriate, though should be used in moderation, as always. These may be useful for readers looking to read as much about a topic as possible, including subjects only peripherally related to the one in question. The section should not link to [[Wikipedia:Red link|pages that do not exist]].
-* '''[[WP:Layout#References|References]]''' (or combined with ''Notes'' into '''Notes and references''')  "References" is a list of materials (books, websites, etc.) cited directly in the main text that are created by typing a bulleted list.
-* '''[[WP:Layout#Further reading|Further reading]]''' (or '''Books''')
-* '''[[WP:Layout#External links|External links]]'''  If there is an ''External links'' section, it should be last.<ref>So many articles have the ''External links'' section at the end that many people expect that. Some ''External links'' and ''References'' sections are very long, and when the name of the section is not visible on the screen, it could cause problems if someone meant to delete an external link, and deleted a reference instead. Keeping the ''External links'' last is also helpful for editors who patrol external links.</ref>
+A less common practice is to name the section "Related topics". "See also" is the most appropriate place to link a [[Wikipedia:Portal|Portal]] with {{tl|portal}}.
-The end section headings are generated with "==" characters. For example:
+It should be a heading of level 2 so that it appears in the [[table of contents]]. For example:
-::<nowiki>==See also==</nowiki><br />
-::<nowiki>* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]</nowiki><br />
-::<nowiki>* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]</nowiki>
-:which produces:
-<div style="background-color: white">
-:: <span style="font-size: 150%;">See also</span>
-:: <hr />
-::* [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]
-::* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]
-</div>
-===See also===
+<nowiki>==See also==</nowiki>
+<nowiki>*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]</nowiki><br>
-{{shortcut|WP:ALSO|WP:SEEALSO}}
+<nowiki>*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]</nowiki>
-The optional ''See also'' section provides a bulleted list of [[Blue link|blue internal links]]  to related Wikipedia articles. Like links in other [[WP:embedded list|embedded lists]], the links in the ''See also'' section should be worked into the text where possible, and usually removed from the ''See also'' list unless that would make them hard to find.
+which produces:
-"See also" is the most appropriate place to link a [[Wikipedia:Portal|Portal]] with {{tl|portal}}.
+<div style="background-color: white">
-It is helpful to alphabetize the links if there are more than a few of them. Also provide a brief explanatory sentence when the relevance of the added links is not immediately apparent:
+: <span style="font-size: 150%;">See also</span>
-* [[Everyman|Related person]] made a similar achievement on [[April 4]], [[2005]].
+:*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page]]
+:*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]]
+</div>
+It is helpful to alphabetize the links if there are more than a few of them.  Also provide a brief explanatory sentence when the relevance of the added links is not immediately apparent:
+*[[Everyman|Related person]] made a similar achievement on [[April 4]], [[2005]].
 ===Notes===
@@ Line 168: / Line 172: @@
 </blockquote>
 When a separate "Reference" section is included, [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Shortened notes|Short footnotes]] may be used, giving the author(s), year, and the page number, and perhaps the title, but without the full citation.
 If there are only a few cited sources in an article and all of the references are cited, then the sections "Notes" and "References" can be combined. If this is done then name the section "''References''" unless some of the footnotes are notes and not citations, in which case name the section "''Notes and references''".
@@ Line 175: / Line 179: @@
 {{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources|Wikipedia:ISBN}}
 Put under this heading, again in a bulleted list that should usually be alphabetized, any books, articles, web pages, et cetera that you used in constructing the article and have referenced (cited) in the article.<ref name="notewarn" /> You may use a [[Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations|generic citation template]]; this practice is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Additionally, notes should be added to the end of any reference that may not be self-evident. If you are dealing with controversial issues, it is useful to point out which sources take which stance, and maybe separate the links by proponents and critics. Example:
 * {{cite web
 |url=http://it.slashdot.org/it/06/03/02/006208.shtml
@@ Line 183: / Line 188: @@
 }} Popular tech community mentions Wikipedia milestone.
-The use of abbreviated titles for items included in an anteceding bibliography section is permitted; for instance, you may list "Smith 1957" in references, and give a full reference in the bibliography.<!--This sentence is confusing, to say the least, if not directly contradictory to what else is said here.  I suspect it could be omitted.-->
+The use of abbreviated titles for items included in an anteceding bibliography section is permitted; for instance, you may list "Smith 1957, p. 35", and give a full reference in the bibliography.
 ===Further reading===
-This section may also be called "Books" if it only contains books. The word "Bibliography" seems to mean different things to different Wikipedians, so it is probably best to avoid it.
+This section may also be titled "Bibliography", but that title is best reserved for material authored by the article subject, as it is ambiguous and may also refer to the references.
 This is a bulleted list, usually alphabetized, of any books, articles, web pages, etc that you recommend as further reading, useful background, or sources of further information to readers.<ref name="notewarn" /> This section follows the same formatting rules as the "References" section, but is generally for resources on the topic that are not specifically cited in the article.
 ===External links===
@@ Line 194: / Line 199: @@
 Place here, in list form, any relevant websites that you recommend for readers of the article that have not been used as sources.<ref name="notewarn" /> Unlike wikilinks, which are often used within the article's text, external links are normally limited to the "External links" section. This section follows the same formatting rules as the "References" section. External links used as sources should be listed in the "References" or "Notes" section.
 External links may be listed under "Further reading," as suggested in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Further reading/External links|Citing sources]], instead of having a separate section specifically for external links,
 Links to [[Wikipedia:sister projects|Sister projects]] should be under the last appendix section. If there is no external links section into which to integrate the templates (e.g. {{tl|commons}}, {{tl|wikibooks}}, {{tl|wikinews}}), inline versions of templates (e.g. {{tl|commons-inline}}, {{tl|wikibooks-inline}}, {{tl|wikiquote-inline}}) are usually available. See [[:Category:Interwiki link templates]] to check whether an inline template exists.
 ===Navigational footers, categories, interlanguage links etc.===