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'''Jon Graham Burge''' (born December 20, 1947) is a decorated [[United States Army]] [[veteran]] and a former [[Chicago Police Department]] [[Police detective|detective]] and commander who gained notoriety for allegedly [[torture|torturing]] more than 200 criminal suspects between 1972 and 1991, in order to force confessions. He served tours in South Korea and [[Vietnam]] after extensive training that began in [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] (JROTC) and continued as an [[enlisted]] [[United States Army Reserve]] soldier where he was trained for and served in the [[military police]]. He then returned to the [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side of Chicago]] and began his career as a police officer. He rose through the ranks in units that seemed to solve every case they handled. Various allegations arose about the methods of Burge and those under his command. Eventually, the weight of hundreds of similar stories caused [[Illinois Governor]] [[George Ryan]] to declare a moratorium on [[death penalty]] executions in [[Illinois]] in 2000 and clear the state's [[death row]] in 2003.
'''Jon Graham Burge''' (born December 20, 1947) is a decorated [[United States Army]] [[veteran]] and a former [[Chicago Police Department]] [[Police detective|detective]] and commander who gained notoriety for allegedly [[torture|torturing]] more than 200 criminal suspects between 1972 and 1991, in order to force confessions. He served tours in South Korea and [[Vietnam]] and continued as an [[enlisted]] [[United States Army Reserve]] soldier where he served in the [[military police]]. He then returned to the [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side of Chicago]] and began his career as a police officer. Allegations were made about the methods of Burge and those under his command. Eventually, hundreds of similar reports resulted in a decision by caused [[Illinois Governor]] [[George Ryan]] to declare a moratorium on [[death penalty]] executions in [[Illinois]] in 2000 and to clear the state's [[death row]] in 2003.


The most controversial arrests began in February 1982 at a time when a series of shootings of Chicago law enforcement officials caused a turbulent time in Police Area 2, whose detective squad Burge commanded. Some of the people who confessed to murder were later granted new trials, and a few were even acquitted or pardoned. Burge was acquitted of police brutality charges in 1989 after a first trial resulted in a [[hung jury]]. He was suspended from the Chicago Police Department in 1991 and fired in 1993 after the Police Department Review Board ruled that he had used torture.
The most controversial arrests began in February 1982 in the midst of a series of shootings of Chicago law enforcement officials in Police Area 2, whose detective squad Burge commanded. Some of the people who confessed to murder were later granted new trials, and a few were acquitted or pardoned. Burge was acquitted of police brutality charges in 1989 after a first trial resulted in a [[hung jury]]. He was suspended from the Chicago Police Department in 1991 and fired in 1993 after the Police Department Review Board ruled that he had used torture.


In 2002, a [[special prosecutor]] began investigating the accusations. The review, which cost [[U.S. Dollar|$]]17 million, revealed improprieties that resulted in no action due to the [[statute of limitation]]s. After Burge was fired, there was a groundswell of support to investigate his convictions. Several were reversed, remanded or overturned. All Illinois death row inmates received reductions in their sentences. Four of Burge's victims were pardoned by then-Governor George Ryan, and subsequently filed a consolidated suit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] against the City of Chicago, various police officers, [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]] and various [[State's Attorney]]s. A $19.8 million settlement was reached in December 2007 with the "city defendants". Cases against Cook County and the other current/former county prosecutors continue as of July 2008. In October 2008, [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] had Burge arrested on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury in relation to a civil suit regarding the torture allegations against him. The trial is scheduled to occur in October 29, 2009.
In 2002, a [[special prosecutor]] began investigated the accusations. The review, which cost [[U.S. Dollar|$]]17 million, revealed improprieties that resulted in no action due to the [[statute of limitation]]s. After Burge was fired, there was a groundswell of support to investigate his convictions. Several were reversed, remanded or overturned. All Illinois death row inmates received reductions in their sentences. Four of Burge's victims were pardoned by then-Governor George Ryan, and subsequently filed a consolidated suit in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois]] against the City of Chicago, various police officers, [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]] and various [[State's Attorney]]s. A $19.8 million settlement was reached in December 2007 with the "city defendants". Cases against Cook County and the other current/former county prosecutors continue as of July 2008. In October 2008, [[Patrick Fitzgerald]] had Burge arrested on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury in relation to a civil suit regarding the torture allegations against him. The trial is scheduled to occur in October 29, 2009.


==Early life==
==Early life==
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Raised in the [[South Deering, Chicago|South Deering]] [[Community areas of Chicago|community area]] on the [[Southeast Side, Chicago|Southeast side]] of Chicago,<ref name = TOT>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/policetorture/050402|accessdate=2007-10-02|publisher=Chicago Reader|date=2005-02-04 |title=Tools of Torture}}</ref> Burge was the second eldest son of Floyd and Ethel Burge. Floyd was a [[blue collar]] worker of [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] descent and Ethel was an aspiring [[fashionista]] of mixed [[Western Europe]]an descent.<ref name=Conroy61>Conroy, p. 61.</ref> Burge attended [[Bowen High School]] where he showed a keen interest in the school's JROTC. There he was exposed to [[military drill]], [[weapon]]s, leadership and [[military history]].<ref name = TOT/> When he graduated in 1965 the high school was 93 percent white.<ref name = TOT/> He attended the [[University of Missouri]] but dropped out after one semester,<ref name=Conroy61/> which ended his [[Conscription in the United States|draft deferment]].<ref name = TOT/> He returned to Chicago to work at as a stock clerk in the supermarker chain [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel]] in 1966.<ref name=Conroy61/>
Raised in the [[South Deering, Chicago|South Deering]] [[Community areas of Chicago|community area]] on the [[Southeast Side, Chicago|Southeast side]] of Chicago,<ref name = TOT>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/policetorture/050402|accessdate=2007-10-02|publisher=Chicago Reader|date=2005-02-04 |title=Tools of Torture}}</ref> Burge was the second eldest son of Floyd and Ethel Burge. Floyd was a [[blue collar]] worker of [[Norwegian people|Norwegian]] descent and Ethel was an aspiring [[fashionista]] of mixed [[Western Europe]]an descent.<ref name=Conroy61>Conroy, p. 61.</ref> Burge attended [[Bowen High School]] where he showed a keen interest in the school's JROTC. There he was exposed to [[military drill]], [[weapon]]s, leadership and [[military history]].<ref name = TOT/> When he graduated in 1965 the high school was 93 percent white.<ref name = TOT/> He attended the [[University of Missouri]] but dropped out after one semester,<ref name=Conroy61/> which ended his [[Conscription in the United States|draft deferment]].<ref name = TOT/> He returned to Chicago to work at as a stock clerk in the supermarker chain [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel]] in 1966.<ref name=Conroy61/>


In June 1966, Burge enlisted in the [[army reserve]] for six years of service, including two years of [[active duty]]. He was promised law enforcement duties and reported for [[basic training]] at [[Fort Campbell]] in [[Kentucky]] that fall. After basic training, he placed second out of 99 at a four-week drill corporal school at [[Fort McClellan]] in [[Alabama]]. Following this, he spent eight weeks at a [[military police]] (MP) school in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name = TOT/> He also received some training at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, where he learned [[interrogation]] techniques.<ref name=Conroy61/> He volunteered twice for tours of duty in the [[Vietnam]].<ref name=Conroy61/> Instead, he first became an MP trainer and then served as an MP in South Korea, gathering five letters of appreciation from superiors. On June 18, 1968, Burge volunteered for duty in [[Vietnam]] a second time,<ref name=Conroy61/> and was assigned to the Ninth Military Police Company of the Ninth Infantry Division. He reported to division headquarters, where he was assigned to provide security as a sergeant at his division base camp, which was named Dong Tam by [[William Westmoreland]].<ref name = TOT/> Burge described his military police service as time spent escorting convoys, providing security for forward support bases, supervising security for the divisional central base camp in Dong Tam, and then serving a tour as a provost marshal investigator.<ref name = TOT/>
In June 1966, Burge enlisted in the [[army reserve]] for six years, including two years of [[active duty]]. He spent eight weeks at a [[military police]] (MP) school in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name = TOT/> He also received some training at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, where he learned [[interrogation]] techniques.<ref name=Conroy61/> He volunteered twice for tours of duty in the [[Vietnam]].<ref name=Conroy61/> Instead, he first became an MP trainer and then served as an MP in South Korea, gathering five letters of appreciation from superiors. On June 18, 1968, Burge volunteered for duty in [[Vietnam]] a second time,<ref name=Conroy61/> and was assigned to the Ninth Military Police Company of the Ninth Infantry Division. He reported to division headquarters, where he was assigned to provide security as a sergeant at his division base camp, which was named Dong Tam by [[William Westmoreland]].<ref name = TOT/> Burge described his military police service as time spent escorting convoys, providing security for forward support bases, supervising security for the divisional central base camp in Dong Tam, and then serving a tour as a provost marshal investigator.<ref name = TOT/>


During his military service, Burge earned a [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]], a [[Purple Heart]], the [[Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry]] and two [[Army Commendation Medal]]s for [[WIKT:valor|valor]], for pulling wounded men to safety while under fire.<ref name=Conroy61/><ref name=Tadeo/> Burge claimed no knowledge of or involvement in prisoner interrogation, brutality or torture.<ref name = TOT/> In June 1969, [[U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]] announced large-scale troop withdrawals from [[Vietnam]], and Ninth Infantry troops were among the first to leave. Burge was honorably discharged from the Army on August 25, 1969.<ref name = TOT/> He returned to his parents' home, took a job as a mechanic and gas station attendant, and watched a population shift in the neighborhood. By 1972, his high school was only 14 percent white. Burge's parents sold their home in 1973.<ref name = TOT/>
During his military service, Burge earned a [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]], a [[Purple Heart]], the [[Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry]] and two [[Army Commendation Medal]]s for [[WIKT:valor|valor]], for pulling wounded men to safety while under fire.<ref name=Conroy61/><ref name=Tadeo/> Burge claimed no knowledge of or involvement in prisoner interrogation, brutality or torture.<ref name = TOT/> Burge was honorably discharged from the Army on August 25, 1969.<ref name = TOT/>


==Police career==
==Police career==
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Burge became a police officer in March 1970 at age 22 on the [[South side of Chicago]]. In twenty years of service in which he developed a reputation for defusing volatile situations, he earned 13 police commendations and a letter of praise from the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]].<ref name=Tadeo/> In May 1972, he was promoted to detective and assigned to Area 2 (Pullman Area) [[robbery]].<ref name=TOT/> He was next promoted to field lieutenant in the Monroe Street District. From 1981&ndash;1986 he served as the [[Commander#United_States_police_rank|commander]] of the Area 2 [[Violent crime|Violent Crimes]] Unit until he was promoted to the Commander of the Bomb and Arson Unit in 1986.<ref name=Bthbaau>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB36D1AC13FD28C&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=Burge to head bomb and arson unit |accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1986-08-14]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> In 1988, Burge became Area 3 (Brighton Park) detective commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB36DB094C9F2FB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=51 cops get new jobs in shakeup of Martin staff|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1988-01-27]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|author=Casey, Jim and Phillip J. O'Connor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0FF7DB5DE2067BA0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=City Police Chief Reshuffles Staff - Assault On Street Crime In The Cards|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1988-01-27]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|author=Wattley, Philip}}</ref><ref name=PBSHTT/>
Burge became a police officer in March 1970 at age 22 on the [[South side of Chicago]]. In 20 years of service, he earned 13 commendations and a letter of praise from the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]].<ref name=Tadeo/> In May 1972, he was promoted to detective and assigned to Area 2 (Pullman Area) [[robbery]].<ref name=TOT/> He was next promoted to field lieutenant in the Monroe Street District. From 1981&ndash;1986 he served as the [[Commander#United_States_police_rank|commander]] of the Area 2 [[Violent crime|Violent Crimes]] Unit until he was promoted to the Commander of the Bomb and Arson Unit in 1986.<ref name=Bthbaau>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB36D1AC13FD28C&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=Burge to head bomb and arson unit |accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1986-08-14]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> In 1988, Burge became Area 3 (Brighton Park) detective commander.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB36DB094C9F2FB&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=51 cops get new jobs in shakeup of Martin staff|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1988-01-27]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|author=Casey, Jim and Phillip J. O'Connor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CTRB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0FF7DB5DE2067BA0&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=City Police Chief Reshuffles Staff - Assault On Street Crime In The Cards|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1988-01-27]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|author=Wattley, Philip}}</ref><ref name=PBSHTT/>


===Turning point===
===Turning point===
Allegations exist that torture began in 1972.<ref name=Dunropbc>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB3731E5C31EC46&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=Davis urges new review of police brutality cases|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1990-12-25]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|author=Spielman, Fran}}</ref> However, the most prominent example occurred in 1982. On February 9, 1982, there was an incident on the streets in which a suspect took a police officer's weapon, then shot and killed both the officer and his partner.<ref>Conroy, pp. 21&ndash;2.</ref> This incident occurred within Burge's jurisdiction, who was then a lieutenant and commanding officer of Area 2. The two fatalities brought the total to five officers (including two [[Cook County Sheriff's Office]]rs and a rookie [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]] cop on February 5) who had been shot in the {{convert|60|mi2|km2|adj=on|lk=on}} area on the South Side within about a month.<ref>Conroy, p. 23.</ref>
Allegations exist that torture began in 1972.<ref name=Dunropbc>{{cite web|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:CSTB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB3731E5C31EC46&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=AA98CDC331574F0ABEAFF732B33DC0B2|title=Davis urges new review of police brutality cases|accessdate=2008-07-14|date=[[1990-12-25]]|publisher=[[Newsbank]]|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|author=Spielman, Fran}}</ref> However, the most prominent example occurred in 1982. On February 9, 1982, there was an incident on the streets in which a suspect took a police officer's weapon, then shot and killed both the officer and his partner.<ref>Conroy, pp. 21&ndash;2.</ref> This incident occurred within Burge's jurisdiction, who was then a lieutenant and commanding officer of Area 2. The two fatalities brought the total to five officers (including two [[Cook County Sheriff's Office]]rs and a rookie [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]] cop on February 5) who had been shot in the {{convert|60|mi2|km2|adj=on|lk=on}} area on the South Side within about a month.<ref>Conroy, p. 23.</ref>


The frenzied police effort to seek the most recent assailants may have gone beyond normal police procedures. Some of the initial interrogation procedures allegedly included shooting pets, handcuffing questioning subjects to stationary objects for day-long time periods, and holding guns to the heads of minors. [[Operation PUSH]] spokesmen, Black Police Officers, the ''[[Chicago Defender]]'' and [[Jesse Jackson]] were outraged with techniques that were used. [[Renault Robinson]], president of Chicago's [[Afro American Police League]] characterized the dragnet operation as "sloppy police work, a matter of racism." comparing the police action to that of a southern sheriff leading a posse that turned into a lynch mob.<ref name = ReaderScoop/> Jackson complained that the black community was being held under [[martial law]].<ref>Conroy, pp. 23&ndash;4.</ref> After all of the police excesses, mere coincidence enabled the capture of the suspects for the most recent two killings. Tyrone Sims identified Donald "Kojak" White as the shooter, and Kojak was linked to Andrew and Jackie Wilson by having committed a [[burglary]] with them earlier on the day of the killings.<ref>Conroy, p. 24.</ref>
Initial interrogation procedures allegedly included shooting pets, handcuffing questioning subjects to stationary objects for day-long time periods, and holding guns to the heads of minors. [[Operation PUSH]] spokesmen, Black Police Officers, the ''[[Chicago Defender]]'' and [[Jesse Jackson]] were outraged with techniques that were used. [[Renault Robinson]], president of Chicago's [[Afro American Police League]] characterized the dragnet operation as "sloppy police work, a matter of racism." comparing the police action to that of a southern sheriff leading a posse that turned into a lynch mob.<ref name = ReaderScoop/> Jackson complained that the black community was being held under [[martial law]].<ref>Conroy, pp. 23&ndash;4.</ref> After all of the police excesses, mere coincidence enabled the capture of the suspects for the most recent two killings. Tyrone Sims identified Donald "Kojak" White as the shooter, and Kojak was linked to Andrew and Jackie Wilson by having committed a [[burglary]] with them earlier on the day of the killings.<ref>Conroy, p. 24.</ref>


===Torture methods===
===Torture methods===

Revision as of 02:19, 3 October 2009

Jon Graham Burge
Born (1947-12-20) December 20, 1947 (age 76)
Template:City-state
NationalityAmerican
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationBowen High School
University of Missouri (one semester)
OccupationPolice Commander (retired)
EmployerChicago Police Department
Known forpolice brutality
TitleDetective Commander

Jon Graham Burge (born December 20, 1947) is a decorated United States Army veteran and a former Chicago Police Department detective and commander who gained notoriety for allegedly torturing more than 200 criminal suspects between 1972 and 1991, in order to force confessions. He served tours in South Korea and Vietnam and continued as an enlisted United States Army Reserve soldier where he served in the military police. He then returned to the South Side of Chicago and began his career as a police officer. Allegations were made about the methods of Burge and those under his command. Eventually, hundreds of similar reports resulted in a decision by caused Illinois Governor George Ryan to declare a moratorium on death penalty executions in Illinois in 2000 and to clear the state's death row in 2003.

The most controversial arrests began in February 1982 in the midst of a series of shootings of Chicago law enforcement officials in Police Area 2, whose detective squad Burge commanded. Some of the people who confessed to murder were later granted new trials, and a few were acquitted or pardoned. Burge was acquitted of police brutality charges in 1989 after a first trial resulted in a hung jury. He was suspended from the Chicago Police Department in 1991 and fired in 1993 after the Police Department Review Board ruled that he had used torture.

In 2002, a special prosecutor began investigated the accusations. The review, which cost $17 million, revealed improprieties that resulted in no action due to the statute of limitations. After Burge was fired, there was a groundswell of support to investigate his convictions. Several were reversed, remanded or overturned. All Illinois death row inmates received reductions in their sentences. Four of Burge's victims were pardoned by then-Governor George Ryan, and subsequently filed a consolidated suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the City of Chicago, various police officers, Cook County and various State's Attorneys. A $19.8 million settlement was reached in December 2007 with the "city defendants". Cases against Cook County and the other current/former county prosecutors continue as of July 2008. In October 2008, Patrick Fitzgerald had Burge arrested on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury in relation to a civil suit regarding the torture allegations against him. The trial is scheduled to occur in October 29, 2009.

Early life

Jon Burge
AllegianceUnited States of America
Service/branchUnited States Army/United States Army Reserve
Years of service1966 – 1972
RankSergeant
UnitNinth Military Police Company of the Ninth Infantry Division
Battles/warsVietnam War (South Korea & Vietnam)
AwardsBronze Star
Purple Heart
Army Commendation Medal (2)
Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry

Raised in the South Deering community area on the Southeast side of Chicago,[1] Burge was the second eldest son of Floyd and Ethel Burge. Floyd was a blue collar worker of Norwegian descent and Ethel was an aspiring fashionista of mixed Western European descent.[2] Burge attended Bowen High School where he showed a keen interest in the school's JROTC. There he was exposed to military drill, weapons, leadership and military history.[1] When he graduated in 1965 the high school was 93 percent white.[1] He attended the University of Missouri but dropped out after one semester,[2] which ended his draft deferment.[1] He returned to Chicago to work at as a stock clerk in the supermarker chain Jewel in 1966.[2]

In June 1966, Burge enlisted in the army reserve for six years, including two years of active duty. He spent eight weeks at a military police (MP) school in Georgia.[1] He also received some training at Fort Benning, Georgia, where he learned interrogation techniques.[2] He volunteered twice for tours of duty in the Vietnam.[2] Instead, he first became an MP trainer and then served as an MP in South Korea, gathering five letters of appreciation from superiors. On June 18, 1968, Burge volunteered for duty in Vietnam a second time,[2] and was assigned to the Ninth Military Police Company of the Ninth Infantry Division. He reported to division headquarters, where he was assigned to provide security as a sergeant at his division base camp, which was named Dong Tam by William Westmoreland.[1] Burge described his military police service as time spent escorting convoys, providing security for forward support bases, supervising security for the divisional central base camp in Dong Tam, and then serving a tour as a provost marshal investigator.[1]

During his military service, Burge earned a Bronze Star, a Purple Heart, the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry and two Army Commendation Medals for valor, for pulling wounded men to safety while under fire.[2][3] Burge claimed no knowledge of or involvement in prisoner interrogation, brutality or torture.[1] Burge was honorably discharged from the Army on August 25, 1969.[1]

Police career

Jon G. Burge
Police career
CountryUnited States
DepartmentChicago Police Department
Service years1970-1992
RankSworn in as an officer - 1970
Detective - 1972
Sergeant- 1977
Lieutenant - 1981
Commander (Violent crimes) - 1981
Commander (Bomb & arson) - 1986
Detective Commander - 1988[4]

Burge became a police officer in March 1970 at age 22 on the South side of Chicago. In 20 years of service, he earned 13 commendations and a letter of praise from the Department of Justice.[3] In May 1972, he was promoted to detective and assigned to Area 2 (Pullman Area) robbery.[1] He was next promoted to field lieutenant in the Monroe Street District. From 1981–1986 he served as the commander of the Area 2 Violent Crimes Unit until he was promoted to the Commander of the Bomb and Arson Unit in 1986.[5] In 1988, Burge became Area 3 (Brighton Park) detective commander.[6][7][8]

Turning point

Allegations exist that torture began in 1972.[9] However, the most prominent example occurred in 1982. On February 9, 1982, there was an incident on the streets in which a suspect took a police officer's weapon, then shot and killed both the officer and his partner.[10] This incident occurred within Burge's jurisdiction, who was then a lieutenant and commanding officer of Area 2. The two fatalities brought the total to five officers (including two Cook County Sheriff's Officers and a rookie CTA cop on February 5) who had been shot in the 60-square-mile (160 km2) area on the South Side within about a month.[11]

Initial interrogation procedures allegedly included shooting pets, handcuffing questioning subjects to stationary objects for day-long time periods, and holding guns to the heads of minors. Operation PUSH spokesmen, Black Police Officers, the Chicago Defender and Jesse Jackson were outraged with techniques that were used. Renault Robinson, president of Chicago's Afro American Police League characterized the dragnet operation as "sloppy police work, a matter of racism." comparing the police action to that of a southern sheriff leading a posse that turned into a lynch mob.[12] Jackson complained that the black community was being held under martial law.[13] After all of the police excesses, mere coincidence enabled the capture of the suspects for the most recent two killings. Tyrone Sims identified Donald "Kojak" White as the shooter, and Kojak was linked to Andrew and Jackie Wilson by having committed a burglary with them earlier on the day of the killings.[14]

Torture methods

Andrew Wilson was arrested on the morning of February 14, 1982 for the murder of the two police officers, and by the end of the day, he was in Mercy Hospital and Medical Center with multiple lacerations to his face and scalp, numerous bruises on his chest and what a doctor diagnosed as second-degree burns to his right thigh.[8] It was clear that Wilson had received sufficient injuries to be sent to the hospital, with more than a dozen of them caused while in police custody.[3] During a two-week trial in 1983, Andrew Wilson was convicted of the killings and given a death penalty sentence, while his brother Jackie was convicted as an accomplice and given a life sentence.[15] In 1985, Jackie's conviction was overturned by the Illinois Appellate Court because his right to remain silent had not been properly explained.[15] Because Andrew was given a death sentence, his case was not reviewable on the same grounds by the Appellate Court and went directly to the Illinois Supreme Court.[15] In April 1987, the Supreme Court overturned Andrew's conviction with a ruling that he had confessed involuntarily after being beaten by the police.[16]

In October 1987, the Appellate court further ruled the Jackie Wilson should have been tried separately from his brother and that evidence against Andrew Wilson regarding other matters for which the police wanted him was incorrectly admitted.[17] In June 1988, Andrew was re-convicted.[18] However, with 10 women in favor and two men opposed, the jury was unable to agree on his eligibility for the death penalty after five days of deliberation,[19] and the following month he was granted a life sentence.[20]

Seven years after the original arrest, Andrew filed a civil suit stating that he had been beaten, suffocated with a plastic bag, burned (by cigarette and radiator), treated with electric shock, and been the victim of the pattern of a cover-up. Although the suit was against four detectives, a former police superintendent and the City of Chicago, it hinged on the testimonies of plaintiff Wilson and commander Burge, who oversaw all of the alleged activity.[21]

Jury selection commenced on February 15, 1989.[8] The original two-woman, four-man jury included three blacks and a Hispanic.[22] When Burge took the stand on March 13, 1989, he denied claims he injured Andrew Wilson during questioning and denied any knowledge of any such activity by other officers.[23][24] Gradually, charges against other officers were dismissed. On March 15, 1989, Sergeant Thomas McKenna was cleared of wrongdoing;[25] and on March 30, 1989, Detectives John Yucaitis and Patrick O'Hara were unanimously cleared by the jury.[26] However, the jury was at an impasse on the Burge verdict.[26] U.S. District Judge Brian B. Duff ordered a retrial for Burge, former Police Supt. Richard Brzeczek and the City of Chicago on two other outstanding charges (conspiracy and whether the City of Chicago's policy toward police brutality contributed to Wilson's injuries).[22][27] Burge was cleared in a second nine-week trial that began on June 9, 1989.[28][29]

Burge was accused of using a cattle prod.

Burge and other Chicago Police officers allegedly used methods of torture that left few marks. They were accused of slamming telephone books on top of suspect’s heads. They would use an old-style hand cranked telephone which generated electricity, and attach wires to the suspect’s genitals or face. After a few cranks, on officer would tell the suspect he was going to make a "long-distance call."[1] This usually resulted in a confession. Burge and his henchmen would also engage in mock executions, in putting plastic bags over heads, cigarette burnings and severe beatings. At one point he is even alleged to have supervised the electrical shocking of a 13 year old boy, Marcus Wiggins.[30][31][32] There were three separate electrical devices that Burge and his detectives were accused of using: a cattle prod, a hand cranked device, and a violet wand. The last device was said to be regularly placed either on or up their rectum or against their exposed genitals.[33] They also used stun guns and adapted hair dryers.[9]

Discovery

The verdict that cleared Burge and his colleagues also found the City of Chicago employed a policy of using excessive force on suspected killers of police officers.[34] Initial reports of torture appeared in the pages of the alternative weekly the Chicago Reader in 1990.[12] By 1990 there was growing momentum to an effort to seek disciplinary action against Burge.[35][36] An investigation conducted by Chicago Police Department's Office of Professional Standards concluded that Jon Burge and his detectives engaged in "methodical" and "systematic" torture, and "The type of abuse described was not limited to the usual beating, but went into such esoteric areas as psychological techniques and planned torture."[37]

Danny K. Davis turned police brutality and excessive force into a Chicago Mayoral race campaign issue for the February 26, 1991 Democratic Primary. He sought an independent citizens review.[9] In January 28, 1991, Amnesty International called for an investigation into police torture in Chicago.[30][38] After Mayor of Chicago Richard M. Daley showed reluctance to follow the Amnesty International directive, Davis raised an issue about a police coverup.[34] Eventually, after pressure by citizens' organizations and anti-brutality organizations an internal investigation resumed.[39]

In 1991, Gregory Banks filed suit against Burge, three colleagues and the City of Chicago for condoning brutality and torture. The allegation was related to a false 1983 confession to murder obtained by placing a plastic bag over Banks' head, putting a gun in his mouth and other acts. There were eleven other suspects that the officers allegedly abused with brutality such as electro-shock. The suit was brought by the same attorneys who represented Andrew Wilson in the previous 1989 brutality case.[40] The suit described 23 incidents against black and Hispanic suspects between 1972–1985.[41] A third suit was brought against Burge in 1993.[42][43] The Banks suit named Sergeant Peter Dignan as one of the officers involved in the abusive handling. Dignan was promoted later for meritorious service despite the fact that the City of Chicago settled out of court with Banks.[44]

In November 1991, the Chicago Police Department Office of Professional Standards, an internal review division for police misconduct, acknowledged an October 25, 1991 request for action against Burge. This type of request was a common precursor to a police dismissal and gave the City of Chicago's Corporation counsel 30 days to consider the report.[45][46] Burge was suspended pending separation for 30 days starting on November 8, 1991.[47] The Chicago Police Board set a November 25 hearing to formalize the firing of Burge and two detectives based on 30 counts of abuse and brutality against Wilson.[48] The hearing related to the internal police investigation finding that Burge and Detective John Yucaitis physically abused Wilson in 1982, while Detective Patrick O`Hara did nothing to stop them.[49] The suspension became controversial after the 30 day period ended and the officers remained suspended without pay. They sued for reinstatement,[50] but their reinstatements were denied.[51] During the hearing an internal report that had been suppressed for years revealed police review findings that criminal suspects were subjected to systematic brutality at the Area 2 detective headquarters for 12 years and that supervisory commanders had knowledge of the abuses.[52][53] During the trial, several alleged victims testified against Burge.[54][55][56]

The internal hearing concluded in March 1992,[57] and the Chicago Police Board found Burge guilty of "physically abusing" an accused murderer 11 years earlier and ordered his firing from the police force on February 10, 1993.[58] Detectives John Yucaitis and Patrick O'Hara, were given 15-month suspensions without pay and reinstated, which amounted to a penalty equal to time served.[3][58][59] Upon reinstatement the two detectives were initially demoted,[60] but almost a year later they were reinstated at full-rank with backpay for time served while demoted.[61] Burge attempted to have the ruling overturned,[62][63] but the suspension and subsequent firing was upheld.[64][65]

The internal hearing resulted in a situation in which the City of Chicago was employing lawyers to defend Burge during an appeal by Wilson and a new case by Banks while employing lawyers to prosecute him on departmental charges.[66] The City of Chicago had to hire outside counsel to prosecute the detectives at the internal hearing.[49] After having spent $750,000 to defend Burge in the Wilson hearing, the City of Chicago was in a dilemma about whether to follow normal practices and pay for the defense of its police officers.[67]

In 1993, Wilson was granted a new hearing by the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.[68] The ruling was based on the fact that the exoneration of the officers resulted from a trial strategy to "immerse the jury in the sordid details of Wilson's crimes" rather than focus on a suspect's "right to be free from torture and the correlative right to present his claim of torture to a jury that has not been whipped into a frenzy of hatred".[69]

In 1998, Bianca Jagger, Anthony Amsterdam, George N. Leighton, Abner Mikva, R. Eugene Pincham and representatives from the MacArthur Justice Center at the University of Chicago Law School, and by the London-based International Center for Criminal Law and Human Rights called for a stay of execution for Aaron Patterson who was allegedly tortured into a confession.[70][71]

In 1999, lawyers for several death row inmates began to call for a special review of the convitions exacted by Burge and his colleagues. These inmates (Aaron Patterson; Madison Hobley; Stanley Howard; Leonard Kidd; Derrick King; Ronald Kitchen; Reginald Mahaffey; Jerry Mahaffey; Andrew Maxwell, and Leroy Orange) became known as the "Death Row 10".[72] In a report called the Goldston Report, the City of Chicago enumerated 50 alleged victims of police brutality and abuse by Burge and other officers.[73] The City of Chicago struggled with the issue of coerced confessions for decades and in the 1990s it quietly reopened several controversial brutality cases. Despite an extensive investigation into the actions by a number of police employees, little punishment was given to anyone but Burge.[74]

Several politicians, including state representative Bobby Rush, requested that State's Attorney Richard A. Devine seek new trials for the Death Row 10 who were allegedly tortured by Burge.[75] Devine met with representatives and supporters of the inmates[76] and was convinced to request that the Illinois Supreme Court stay proceedings against three of the inmates.[77] However, the Supreme Court denied Devine's request.[78][79] Rush also sought out Janet Reno to pursue federal intervention.[80]

Former Illinois Governor George Ryan

In February 1999, David Protess, a Northwestern University journalism professor and his students uncovered exonerating evidence on behalf of Death Row inmate Anthony Porter.[81][82] The students produced four affidavits and a videotaped statement that placed the guilt on another suspect. Recantations of testimony at trial were among the affidavits obtained. One witness even claimed that he named Anthony Porter after police officers threatened, harassed and intimidated him into doing so.[83][84]

In 2000,[85] Governor Ryan halted executions in Illinois after courts found 13 death row inmates had been wrongfully convicted.[3][86] Ryan also promised to review the cases of all Illinois death row inmates.[87] With the number of cases of alleged brutality, offers were made to allegedly coerced inmates to drop charges in exchange for reduced sentences. A plea agreement was reached with one convicted victim.[88] Devine made a broader offer to several inmates.[89] Aaron Patterson rejected the plea.[90]

In 2003, having lost confidence in the state's penal system,[91] outgoing Republican Governor George Ryan commuted the death sentences of 167 prisoners on Illinois’ death row.[86][92] Ryan pardoned four death row inmates: Madison Hobley, Aaron Patterson, Leroy Orange and Stanley Howard.[93][94] The following day, Ryan decided to grant clemency to all death row inmates by converting death sentences to sentences of life without parole in most cases and reducing some sentences.[95][96] Among those pardoned were four of the ten who claimed wrongful imprisonment. In the unusual proceeding, the governor took the extraordinary step of a direct pardon release rather than a court proceeding.[97]

Daley, at the time the Cook County State's Attorney, has been accused by the Illinois General Assembly of failing to act on information he possessed on the conduct of Burge and others.[30] Daley has acknowledged his responsibility to be proactive in stopping the torture, but denies any knowledge which could have made him responsible.[98] On July 19, 2006, US Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. issued a press release calling Mayor Daley culpable, possibly even criminally culpable, for his failure to prosecute until the statute of limitations had run out.[99] Jackson called for an investigation to determine if there was any planned delay to allow the cases to expire.[99] Eventually, death penalty opponents requested that U.S. President Bill Clinton follow Ryan's lead in halting executions.[85] In August 2000, The Illinois Supreme Court reversed or remanded two Burge-related death row cases based on allegations of torture by police.[100][101]

After being pardoned by Governor Ryan, Burge's victims began to file lawsuits. Madison Hobley was the first of the four pardoned inmates to file suit in May 2003.[102][103] Aaron Patterson followed in June with his own suit,[104][105] and Stanley Howard filed suit in November.[106][107] Eventually, the City of Chicago agreed to a $20 million settlement with the four pardoned inmates.[108][109] Another result of the pardons was a series of legislative death penalty reforms that Ryan's successor Rod Blagojevich vetoed.[110][111] By 2005, the state mandated video recording of interrogations in homicide cases.[112] Barack Obama had pushed the mandated video recording bill through the Illinois State Senate in 2003.[113]

Review

Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was a city prosecutor during the Burge trials.

In 2002, the Cook County Bar Association, the Justice Coalition of Chicago and others petitioned for a review of the allegations against Burge. Edward Egan, a former prosecutor, Illinois Appellate Court jurist, and semiretired lawyer who lived in Florida, was appointed as a Special State's Attorney (a/k/a "special prosecutor") to investigate allegations dating back to 1973. He hired an assistant, several lawyers and retired Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) officers.[3] The only prior official investigation, which resulted in Burge's firing, had been by the Office of Professional Standards, which determined that "the preponderance of evidence is that abuse did occur and that it was systematic."[114] Former prosecutor Robert D. Boyle was also appointed as a special prosecutor.[115][116] In 2003, former Chief of the Special Prosecution Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office Gordon B. Nash Jr. was appointed as an additional special prosecutor.[117]

A total of 60 cases were ordered to be reviewed.[114] A special prosecutor was hired because Cook County State's Attorney, Richard Devine, had a conflict of interest stemming from his tenure at the law firm of Phelan, Pope & John, which defended Burge in two federal suits.[114] Criminal Courts Judge Paul P. Biebel Jr. presided over the determination of the need of a review to determine the propriety of criminal charges and the appointment of the special prosecutor.[114]

During the written phase of the investigation Burge and eight other officers plead the Fifth Amendment.[118] On September 1, 2004, Burge was served with a subpoena to testify before a grand jury in an ongoing criminal investigation of police torture while in town for depositions on civil lawsuits at his attorney's office. Burge plead the Fifth Amendment to virtually every question during a 4 hour civil case deposition. He only answered questions about his name, his boat's name (Vigilante) and his $30,000 annual pension.[119] The City of Chicago continues to be bound by court order to pay for Burge's legal fees.[119] The service of the subpoena was quite storied with Burge eluding servers at Midway Airport and a team placed at his lawyers office before dawn.[119] Eventually, several police officers were granted immunity in order to further the investigation into Burge.[120]

Three years into the investigation no criminal charges had been filed although several civil suits were filed in federal court. By that time, a total of 139 victims were involved in the case as were 19 investigators. Disappointment on the progress caused the victims to request the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights allot them an hourlong hearing at their October 2005 session.[121][122]

On May 19, 2006 an initial ruling was made to release the special report on torture accusations.[123] On June 20, 2006, the Illinois Supreme Court unblocked the release of the special report by Egan that took 4 years and cost $17 million.[124] In the end 148 cases were evaluated.[86] The investigation revealed that in three of the cases prosecutors could have proved beyond a reasonable doubt in court that torture by the police, involving five former officers (including Burge) had occurred.[86][125] Half of the claims were deemed credible, but because of the statute of limitations no indictments were handed out. Mayor Daley and all law enforcement officials who had been deposed were excluded from the report. Also, the 75 credible abuse cases were overlooked with the report focusing on doubts about the actual torture of pardoned death row inmates. Among the final costs were $6.2 million for the investigation and $7 million to hire outside counsel for Burge and his cohorts.[126] Although the statute of limitations argument was a disappointment to many, the argument was very elaborately detailed in an 18 page section of the report. Debates in the op-ed pages continued for days and Egan explained his report to the public with legal theories and federal jurisdiction issues.[127]

In 2002, Special State's Attorney (a/k/a "special prosecutor") Egan was appointed by Judge Paul P. Biebel, Jr., Presiding Judge of the Criminal Division of the Circuit Court of Cook County, who directed Egan to investigate (and, if appropriate, prosecute) the accusations. Egan's review, which cost $17 million, revealed improprieties that resulted in no action due to the statute of limitations.[126]

Four of Burge's death row inmate victims—Aaron Patterson, LeRoy Orange, Stanely Howard, and Madison Hobley—filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the City of Chicago, Burge, several of Burge's former subordinate police detectives, the County of Cook, and a few current and former State's Attorneys and assistant state's attorneys of Cook County (the precise list of police officers and prosecutors varied somewhat from plaintiff to plaintiff). Although each case was randomly assigned to a different district judge, the parties all consented to have the four cases consolidated for discovery management before Magistrate Judge Geraldine Soat Brown. A settlement of 19.8 million dollars was reached in December 2007 between the plaintiffs and the so-called "city defendants" consisting of the City of Chicago, Burge, the other former detectives, and former Cook County State's Attorney (now Mayor of Chicago) Richard M. Daley.[128][129] The cases against Cook County and the other current/former prosecutors continue as of July 2008. Having never been convicted of a felony, Burge continues to receive a police pension to which he is entitled under Illinois state law.[3]

Since being fired Burge has lived in Apollo Beach, Florida, a suburb of Tampa. In 1994, he bought his current wood-frame home for $154,000 and a Template:Ft to m motorboat.[3] While a police officer Burge had owned a 40-foot (12 m) cabin cruiser named The Vigilante that he maintained at Burnham Harbor.[130] Upon retiring at full pension he ran a fishing business in Florida.[72] The precise amount of his pension is not a matter of public record, but he was eligible for 50% of his approximately $60,000 salary.[131]

The torture revelations led to actions to mandate videotaping of confessions.[132][133] The case has been chronicled in various formats in the mass media. The book Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People (2001, ISBN 0520230396) by John Conroy includes four chapters on Burge's story.[3][134] Also, the 1994 Public Broadcasting Service documentary film, co-produced with Peter Kuttner, that was entitled The End of the Nightstick, analyzed the torture charges against Burge.[135]

Arrest

United States Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald has arrested Burge

Although Burge had been presumed to be protected by a statute of limitations, the US Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, Patrick Fitzgerald, in October 2008 charged Burge with two counts of obstruction of justice and count of perjury.[136][137] Burge was arrested on October 21, 2008 at his home in Apollo Beach, Florida by FBI agents.[138]

Under the charges, Burge may be subject to 40 years in prison for the two obstruction counts and five years on the perjury count.[139] The charges are the result of convicted felon Madison Hobley's 2003 civil rights lawsuit alleging police beatings, electric shocks and death threats by Burge and other officers against dozens of criminal suspects.[138]

Burge has pleaded not guilty and been released on $250,000 bond.[140] Fitzgerald noted that although Burge was being charged with lying and not the torture for which the statute of limitations has invalidated, he believed Burge to be guilty of both.[140] In the October 21 press conference, Fitzgerald stated that Burge had "lied and impeded court proceedings" during his 2003 written testimony.[136] In the indictment, the prosecution stated that Burge understood that he was a participant in and was aware of "such events involving the abuse or torture of people in custody".[136] The trial had been set for May 11, 2009.[140] Instead, on April 29, Burge filed a change-of-venue motion and the trial in relation to a lawsuit filed by former Death Row inmate Madison Hobley is now set for October 29, 2009.[141][142]

Also in April, Cortez Brown, who is seeking a new trial for regarding two 1990 murders and who has already subpoenaed two Chicago Police Detectives for his May 18, 2009 hearing, won the right to subpoena Burge for his hearing from a Cook County Judge. Burge was expected to exercise his 5th Amendment right not to testify against himself.[143] However, the Florida judge refused to grant such a subpoena given the likelihood that Burge would exercise this right.[144]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Tools of Torture". Chicago Reader. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Conroy, p. 61.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i LaPeter, Leonora (2004-08-29). "Torture allegations dog ex-police officer". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  4. ^ "Burge Federal Indictment". United States Attorney. 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
  5. ^ "Burge to head bomb and arson unit". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. 1986-08-14. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Casey, Jim and Phillip J. O'Connor (1988-01-27). "51 cops get new jobs in shakeup of Martin staff". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Wattley, Philip (1988-01-27). "City Police Chief Reshuffles Staff - Assault On Street Crime In The Cards". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Grady, William (1989-02-15). "Police Brutality Suit Heads To Trial". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ a b c Spielman, Fran (1990-12-25). "Davis urges new review of police brutality cases". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ Conroy, pp. 21–2.
  11. ^ Conroy, p. 23.
  12. ^ a b John Conroy (1990-01-26). "Police Torture In Chicago: House of Screams". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  13. ^ Conroy, pp. 23–4.
  14. ^ Conroy, p. 24.
  15. ^ a b c Mount, Charles (1985-12-21). "Judge's Error Means New Trial In Killing Of Cops". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
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  17. ^ Cose, Larry (1987-10-01). "2nd brother wins new trial in cop killings". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
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  21. ^ Conroy, pp. 60-1.
  22. ^ a b Drell, Adrienne (1989-04-03). "Jurors think a retrial useless for cop killer". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  25. ^ "Judge Clears Police Officer In Rights Suit". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1989-03-16. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ a b Drell, Adrienne (1989-03-31). "2 cops cleared of brutality - no verdict on 3rd". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ Grady, William (1989-04-11). "Cop Killer's Attorneys, Judge At Odds Over Start of New Trial". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "Cop Killer Gets RightS Trial Delayed". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1989-04-12. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ Drell, Adrienne (1989-08-09). "3 cops win in killer's brutality suit". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ a b c "Amendment to House Bill 765". Illinois General Assembly. 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
  31. ^ Mills, Steve (1999-07-20). "Torture Allegations Lead To Case Review - Man Convicted In '84 Based On Confession". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  32. ^ McMahon, Colin and Christine Hawes (1993-01-14). "Suit Alleges Cop Torture of Youth". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  33. ^ Conroy, John (2005-02-04). "The Mysterious Third Device". Chicago Reader Inc. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  34. ^ a b Long, Ray (1991-01-31). "Davis charges cop cover-up". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Brutality Alleged On Southwest Side". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1990-05-13. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "Chicagoland". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1990-08-01. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Paige Bierma (July 1994). "Torture behind bars: right here in the United States of America". progressive.org.
  38. ^ Long, Ray (1991-01-29). "Group wants police commander fired". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1991-11-26). "Strategy hinted for hearing on police brutality charges". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Rossi, Rosalind (1991-10-11). "$16 million suit alleges torture by city cops". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "Lawsuit Charges Police Brutality". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1991-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Seibel, Tom (1993-01-14). "Cop Accused in Torture Suit - Shock Treatment Used to Get Confession, Youth Says". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ McMahon, Colin and Christine Hawes (1993-01-14). "Suit Alleges Cop Torture Of Youth". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1995-03-19). "Daley Won't Block Controversial Cop's Promotion". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  45. ^ Hausner, Les (1991-11-08). "Probers seek action against cop - Commander accused of excessive force". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ Jackson, David (1991-11-08). "Brutality Charges To Be Reviewed - Brighton Park Commander Allegedly Tortured Suspects". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ Jackson, David (1991-11-10). "Questions About Police Torture Persist". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ O'Connor, Phillip J. (1991-11-14). "Police Board sets November 25 dismissal hearing for 3". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ^ a b "City Hires Attorney In Police Firings". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1991-11-19. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ Rossi, Rosalind (1991-12-21). "3 cops accused of brutality sue to challenge suspensions". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "3 Suspended Officers Lose Bid In Court To Win Reinstatement". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1991-12-27. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1992-02-08). "Report cites 12 years of S. Side cop brutality". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  53. ^ Jackson, David (1992-02-09). "Police Study Turns Up Heat On Brutality". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Stein, Sharman (1992-02-11). "Burge-Case Panel Hears Of Torture". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ Stein, Sharman (1992-02-20). "Second Convict Tells Of Torture By Burge". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ Stein, Sharman (1992-02-21). "3rd Witness Calls Burge A Torturer". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ "Burge Case Ruling Seen Far Away". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. 1992-03-20. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ^ a b Nicodemus, Charles (1993-02-11). "Burge Fired in Torture Case - Guilty of Abusing '82 Murder Suspect". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  59. ^ Stein, Sharman (1993-02-11). "Police Board Fires Burge For Brutality". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1993-02-12). "Cops in Brutality Case Lose Detective Rank". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  64. ^ Fegelman, Andrew (1994-02-11). "Cop Firing Torture Case Upheld". Chicago Tribune. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  65. ^ Lehmann, Daniel J. (1994-02-11). "Court Backs Cop's Firing for Torture". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  66. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1991-11-17). "Special prosecutor urged in police torture hearing". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ Nicodemus, Charles (1991-11-29). "City mum on if it'll pay to defend cop in suit". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ^ Lehmann, Daniel J. (1993-10-05). "Cop-Killer Gets OK To Seek Damages". Chicago Sun-Times. Newsbank. Retrieved 2008-07-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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References


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