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Aichi AE1A Atsuta Aircraft Engine |
Aichi AE1A Atsuta Aircraft Engine |
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The [[Aichi Kokuki KK]] AE1A '''Atsuta''' アツタ or 熱田 was a [[Japanese]] licensed version of the [[German]] [[Daimler-Benz DB 601]]A 12-cylinder liquid-cooled inverted-vee<ref>[[V engine]]</ref> aircraft engine. The Atsuta powered only two models of [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] (IJNAS) aircraft aircraft in World War II. The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] (IJAAS) used the same engine (manufactured by [[Kawasaki]] as the Ha-40) to power its [[Kawasaki Ki-61]] “''Hein''” (Allied reporting name<ref>[[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft]]</ref> “Tony”) fighter. The IJNAS's Atsuta and its IJAAS cousin, the Ha-40 were based on the engine that powered Germany's [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighter.<ref>Monogram Close-Up 13</ref> |
The [[Aichi Kokuki KK]] AE1A '''Atsuta''' アツタ or 熱田 was a [[Japanese]] licensed version of the [[German]] [[Daimler-Benz DB 601]]A 12-cylinder liquid-cooled inverted-vee<ref>[[V engine]]</ref> aircraft engine. The Atsuta powered only two models of [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] (IJNAS) aircraft aircraft in World War II. The [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service]] (IJAAS) used the same engine (manufactured by [[Kawasaki]] as the Ha-40) to power its [[Kawasaki Ki-61]] “''Hein''” (Allied reporting name<ref>[[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft]]</ref> “Tony”) fighter. The IJNAS's Atsuta and its IJAAS cousin, the Ha-40 were based on the engine that powered Germany's [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] fighter.<ref name=Monogram>Monogram Close-Up 13</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 600 license=== |
===Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 600 license=== |
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Daimler-Benz granted Aichi Kokuki KK, a part of the Aichi Clock and Electric Co. (Aichi Tokei Denki KK), a license to manufacture the DB 600A through D models in November, 1936. At that time the Aichi Aircraft Company was building only the ''Kotobuki'' 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine at its Atsuta Engine Plant, located in south central [[Nagoya]]. It was necessary to re-tool the factory for the production of the new Daimler-Benz engine. Two DB-600 series engines were imported that year and three the next, all to be used as production patterns. |
Daimler-Benz granted Aichi Kokuki KK, a part of the Aichi Clock and Electric Co. (Aichi Tokei Denki KK), a license to manufacture the DB 600A through D models in November, 1936. At that time the Aichi Aircraft Company was building only the ''Kotobuki'' 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine at its Atsuta Engine Plant, located in south central [[Nagoya]]. It was necessary to re-tool the factory for the production of the new Daimler-Benz engine. Two DB-600 series engines were imported that year and three the next, all to be used as production patterns.<ref name="Monogram"/> |
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===Experimental status=== |
===Experimental status=== |
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It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's common practice to use a coded designation while an engine was in experimental or pre-production status. This engine was coded "AE1A", which decodes as follows:<ref>R. J. Francillon |
It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's common practice to use a coded designation while an engine was in experimental or pre-production status. This engine was coded "AE1A", which decodes as follows:<ref>R. J. Francillon p. 515</ref> |
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*A=Aichi Tokei Denki KK. |
*A=Aichi Tokei Denki KK. |
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===Engine accepted by IJN=== |
===Engine accepted by IJN=== |
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When the AE1A engine was accepted by the IJNAS, its coded designation was dropped and a name was chosen. It is from the Atsuta factory that the engine name was derived. |
When the AE1A engine was accepted by the IJNAS, its coded designation was dropped and a name was chosen. It is from the Atsuta factory that the engine name was derived.<ref name="Monogram"/> |
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==Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 601A license== |
==Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 601A license== |
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By early 1938 the Japanese Navy had also acquired a German [[Heinkel He-118]]V4 two-seat dive bomber aircraft, along with its production rights. This aircraft was powered by the DB 601A. The Heinkel's spectacular performance impressed the IJN Naval Staff so much that the design of the [[Yokosuka D4Y]] '''''Suisei''''' (Allied reporting name “Judy”) carrier based dive bomber evolved from it. The success of both airplanes was attributed to the slender lines of the high powered liquid-cooled engine. |
By early 1938 the Japanese Navy had also acquired a German [[Heinkel He-118]]V4 two-seat dive bomber aircraft, along with its production rights. This aircraft was powered by the DB 601A. The Heinkel's spectacular performance impressed the IJN Naval Staff so much that the design of the [[Yokosuka D4Y]] '''''Suisei''''' (Allied reporting name “Judy”) carrier based dive bomber evolved from it. The success of both airplanes was attributed to the slender lines of the high powered liquid-cooled engine.<ref name="Monogram"/> |
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===The DB 601A becomes the Atsuta model 32=== |
===The DB 601A becomes the Atsuta model 32=== |
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By 1939, eleven of the more advanced model DB 601A engines were imported. Manufacturing rights were updated for Aichi to produce this improved model as the Atsuta 32 for all IJNAS aircraft and to Kawasaki for their Ha-40 engine used in IJAAS's [[Kawasaki Ki-61]] “''Hein''” (Allied reporting name “Tony”) fighter. |
By 1939, eleven of the more advanced model DB 601A engines were imported. Manufacturing rights were updated for Aichi to produce this improved model as the Atsuta 32 for all IJNAS aircraft and to Kawasaki for their Ha-40 engine used in IJAAS's [[Kawasaki Ki-61]] “''Hein''” (Allied reporting name “Tony”) fighter. |
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==Engine production== |
==Engine production== |
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In the spring of 1942, four preproduction M6A aircraft were being completed, a firsthand account states that one had a 1,400 hp Atsuta 21 engine, the others with Atsuta 32's. The first aircraft's engine was later changed to an Atsuta 32. Eighteen M6A1 Special Attack Bomber versions followed, and these had the Atsuta 32 engine as well. Lastly, two of the original M6A1 prototypes were converted into M6A1-K “''Nanzan''” (Shisei-Seiran Kai) land-based training aircraft. |
In the spring of 1942, four preproduction M6A aircraft were being completed, a firsthand account states that one had a 1,400 hp Atsuta 21 engine, the others with Atsuta 32's. The first aircraft's engine was later changed to an Atsuta 32. Eighteen M6A1 Special Attack Bomber versions followed, and these had the Atsuta 32 engine as well. Lastly, two of the original M6A1 prototypes were converted into M6A1-K “''Nanzan''” (Shisei-Seiran Kai) land-based training aircraft.<ref name="Monogram"/> |
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Peak production of the Atsuta 32 engine was in May, 1944, when 107 engines were produced. These were shared between M6A and D4Y aircraft, with the D4Y produced in far greater quantity than the M6A. |
Peak production of the Atsuta 32 engine was in May, 1944, when 107 engines were produced. These were shared between M6A and D4Y aircraft, with the D4Y produced in far greater quantity than the M6A. |
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A serious problem with the Aichi and Kawasaki version of the Dailmer-Benz engine was that of holding a close tolerance fit between the crankshaft and its bearings on this fairly long engine, the result was that the engine proved to be prone to crankshaft failure.<ref>[[Kawasaki Ki-61]]</ref> Additionally, there was often great difficulties obtaining engine components which, along with repeated air attacks on the Atsuta engine plant, eventually brought engine production to a standstill. |
A serious problem with the Aichi and Kawasaki version of the Dailmer-Benz engine was that of holding a close tolerance fit between the crankshaft and its bearings on this fairly long engine, the result was that the engine proved to be prone to crankshaft failure.<ref>[[Kawasaki Ki-61]]</ref> Additionally, there was often great difficulties obtaining engine components which, along with repeated air attacks on the Atsuta engine plant, eventually brought engine production to a standstill. |
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===Atsuta production ends=== |
===Atsuta production ends=== |
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Maintenance difficulties with the Atsuta engine eventually led to the installation of the more reliable Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 radial engine for the D4Y3 model 33<ref>[[Yokosuka D4Y]]</ref>, and the Mitsubishi Ha-112 radial air-cooled engine for the Army's Kawasaki Ki-61, which then became known as the Ki-100<ref>[[Kawasaki Ki-100]]</ref> Type 5 Fighter. Such a modification was not possible for the M6A as it could only use the liquid-cooled inverted-vee type engine as it had to fit the submarine's confined hanger. Seiran then became the only Japanese airplane that retained the inverted-vee engine installation throughout the war. |
Maintenance difficulties with the Atsuta engine eventually led to the installation of the more reliable Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 radial engine for the D4Y3 model 33<ref>[[Yokosuka D4Y]]</ref>, and the Mitsubishi Ha-112 radial air-cooled engine for the Army's Kawasaki Ki-61, which then became known as the Ki-100<ref>[[Kawasaki Ki-100]]</ref> Type 5 Fighter. Such a modification was not possible for the M6A as it could only use the liquid-cooled inverted-vee type engine as it had to fit the submarine's confined hanger. Seiran then became the only Japanese airplane that retained the inverted-vee engine installation throughout the war.<ref name="Monogram"/> |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Postwar evaluation by the [[Air Technical Service Command]]'s Foreign Aircraft Evaluation Center for the Air Force (located at [[Wright Field]] and [[Freeman Army Airfield]]) found the Atsuta engine's standard of workmanship was not as good as that of the Army's Kawasaki Ha-40, and far worse than Mitsubishi and Nakajima. |
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| ⚫ | |||
==Specifications== |
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| ⚫ | Postwar evaluation by the [[Air Technical Service Command]]'s Foreign Aircraft Evaluation Center for the Air Force (located at [[Wright Field]] and [[Freeman Army Airfield]]) found the Atsuta engine's standard of workmanship was not as good as that of the Army's Kawasaki Ha-40, and far worse than |
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{{pistonspecs| <!-- If you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] --> <!-- Please include units where appropriate (main comes first, alt in parentheses). If data are missing, leave the parameter blank (do not delete it). For additional lines, end your alt units with )</li> and start a new, fully-formatted line with <li> --> |ref=The First Naval Technical Arsenal, August 22, 1945<ref>The First Naval Technical Arsenal, August 22, 1945</ref> |type=Twelve-cylinder liquid-cooled supercharged 60° [[V12 engine|inverted Vee]] aircraft piston engine |bore=150 mm (5.91 in) |
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==Specifications (AE1A/P Atsuta)<ref>The First Naval Technical Arsenal, August 22, 1945</ref>== |
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|stroke=160 mm (6.30 in) |
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*Type: 12-cylinder inverted-vee liquid-cooled. |
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|displacement=33.93 L (2,070.5 in³) |
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*Bore: 150mm (5.904in) |
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|length=1,722 mm (68 in) |diameter= |width= |height= |weight=590 kg (1,320 lb) |
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*Stroke: 160mm (6.299in) |
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|valvetrain=Two intake and two [[sodium]]-cooled exhaust valves per cylinder actuated via a single [[overhead camshaft]] per cylinder block. |
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*Displacement: 33.93L (2070cu in) |
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|supercharger=hydraulic-driven variable-speed [[centrifugal type supercharger]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|title=With the Noise of a Stone Crusher|journal=Popular Science|year=2003|month=Jan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WAAAAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA29&dq=supercharger%20Daimler&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> |
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*Compression ratio: 7.2:1 (AE1A) 7.5:1 (AE1P) |
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|turbocharger= |
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*Reduction ratio: 0.532:1 (AE1A) 0.4:1 (AE1P) |
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|fuelsystem=[[Fuel injection]] |
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*Power: |
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|fueltype= |
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*Takeoff: |
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|oilsystem=[[Dry sump]] with one pressure and two scavenge pumps |
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| ⚫ | |||
|coolingsystem=Liquid-cooled |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
**1700m (5,580ft): 1250hp at 2600rpm (AE1A) 1340hp at 2600rpm (AE1P) |
**1700m (5,580ft): 1250hp at 2600rpm (AE1A) 1340hp at 2600rpm (AE1P) |
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**5000m (16,405ft): 1290hp at 2600rpm (AE1A) |specpower= |compression= 7.2:1 (AE1A) 7.5:1 (AE1P) |fuelcon= |specfuelcon= |oilcon= |power/weight= |designer= |reduction_gear=0.532:1 (AE1A) 0.4:1 (AE1P) |general_other= |components_other= |performance_other= }} |
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**5000m (16,405ft): 1290hp at 2600rpm (AE1A) |
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| ⚫ | |||
{{reflist}} |
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==Equivalent Engines== |
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*[[Daimler-Benz DB 601]] |
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*[[Junkers Jumo 211]] |
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*[[Allison V-1710]] |
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*[[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] |
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*[[Packard V-1650]] |
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*[[Mikulin AM-37]] |
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*[[Klimov VK-107]] |
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==Production== |
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*May 1944 107 |
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| ⚫ | |||
<references /> |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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Revision as of 02:17, 20 May 2011
Aichi AE1A Atsuta Aircraft Engine
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The Aichi Kokuki KK AE1A Atsuta アツタ or 熱田 was a Japanese licensed version of the German Daimler-Benz DB 601A 12-cylinder liquid-cooled inverted-vee[1] aircraft engine. The Atsuta powered only two models of Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) aircraft aircraft in World War II. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) used the same engine (manufactured by Kawasaki as the Ha-40) to power its Kawasaki Ki-61 “Hein” (Allied reporting name[2] “Tony”) fighter. The IJNAS's Atsuta and its IJAAS cousin, the Ha-40 were based on the engine that powered Germany's Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter.[3]
History
Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 600 license
Daimler-Benz granted Aichi Kokuki KK, a part of the Aichi Clock and Electric Co. (Aichi Tokei Denki KK), a license to manufacture the DB 600A through D models in November, 1936. At that time the Aichi Aircraft Company was building only the Kotobuki 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine at its Atsuta Engine Plant, located in south central Nagoya. It was necessary to re-tool the factory for the production of the new Daimler-Benz engine. Two DB-600 series engines were imported that year and three the next, all to be used as production patterns.[3]
Experimental status
It was the Imperial Japanese Navy's common practice to use a coded designation while an engine was in experimental or pre-production status. This engine was coded "AE1A", which decodes as follows:[4]
- A=Aichi Tokei Denki KK.
- E=Liquid cooled
- 1=Aichi's first liquid-cooled engine model
- A=first version of that engine model
Engine accepted by IJN
When the AE1A engine was accepted by the IJNAS, its coded designation was dropped and a name was chosen. It is from the Atsuta factory that the engine name was derived.[3]
Aichi receives Daimler-Benz DB 601A license
By early 1938 the Japanese Navy had also acquired a German Heinkel He-118V4 two-seat dive bomber aircraft, along with its production rights. This aircraft was powered by the DB 601A. The Heinkel's spectacular performance impressed the IJN Naval Staff so much that the design of the Yokosuka D4Y Suisei (Allied reporting name “Judy”) carrier based dive bomber evolved from it. The success of both airplanes was attributed to the slender lines of the high powered liquid-cooled engine.[3]
The DB 601A becomes the Atsuta model 32
By 1939, eleven of the more advanced model DB 601A engines were imported. Manufacturing rights were updated for Aichi to produce this improved model as the Atsuta 32 for all IJNAS aircraft and to Kawasaki for their Ha-40 engine used in IJAAS's Kawasaki Ki-61 “Hein” (Allied reporting name “Tony”) fighter.
Aichi M6A gets the Atsuta engine
That same year, a new top-secret aircraft that was to be transported and launched from a large submarine was ordered by the IJN.(Monogram) That aircraft was the Aichi M6A “Serian”(Shisei-Seiran), along with its M6A1-K “Ninzan” land-based trainer version, all to be powered by the new (1,400 hp) Aichi AE1P Atsuta 32.
Engine production
In the spring of 1942, four preproduction M6A aircraft were being completed, a firsthand account states that one had a 1,400 hp Atsuta 21 engine, the others with Atsuta 32's. The first aircraft's engine was later changed to an Atsuta 32. Eighteen M6A1 Special Attack Bomber versions followed, and these had the Atsuta 32 engine as well. Lastly, two of the original M6A1 prototypes were converted into M6A1-K “Nanzan” (Shisei-Seiran Kai) land-based training aircraft.[3]
Peak production of the Atsuta 32 engine was in May, 1944, when 107 engines were produced. These were shared between M6A and D4Y aircraft, with the D4Y produced in far greater quantity than the M6A.
Production problems
A serious problem with the Aichi and Kawasaki version of the Dailmer-Benz engine was that of holding a close tolerance fit between the crankshaft and its bearings on this fairly long engine, the result was that the engine proved to be prone to crankshaft failure.[5] Additionally, there was often great difficulties obtaining engine components which, along with repeated air attacks on the Atsuta engine plant, eventually brought engine production to a standstill.
Atsuta production ends
Maintenance difficulties with the Atsuta engine eventually led to the installation of the more reliable Mitsubishi Kinsei 62 radial engine for the D4Y3 model 33[6], and the Mitsubishi Ha-112 radial air-cooled engine for the Army's Kawasaki Ki-61, which then became known as the Ki-100[7] Type 5 Fighter. Such a modification was not possible for the M6A as it could only use the liquid-cooled inverted-vee type engine as it had to fit the submarine's confined hanger. Seiran then became the only Japanese airplane that retained the inverted-vee engine installation throughout the war.[3]
Evaluation by ATSC
Postwar evaluation by the Air Technical Service Command's Foreign Aircraft Evaluation Center for the Air Force (located at Wright Field and Freeman Army Airfield) found the Atsuta engine's standard of workmanship was not as good as that of the Army's Kawasaki Ha-40, and far worse than Mitsubishi and Nakajima.
Specifications
Data from The First Naval Technical Arsenal, August 22, 1945[8]
General characteristics
- Type: Twelve-cylinder liquid-cooled supercharged 60° inverted Vee aircraft piston engine
- Bore: 150 mm (5.91 in)
- Stroke: 160 mm (6.30 in)
- Displacement: 33.93 L (2,070.5 in³)
- Length: 1,722 mm (68 in)
- Dry weight: 590 kg (1,320 lb)
Components
- Valvetrain: Two intake and two sodium-cooled exhaust valves per cylinder actuated via a single overhead camshaft per cylinder block.
- Supercharger: hydraulic-driven variable-speed centrifugal type supercharger[9]
- Fuel system: Fuel injection
- Oil system: Dry sump with one pressure and two scavenge pumps
- Cooling system: Liquid-cooled
- Reduction gear: 0.532:1 (AE1A) 0.4:1 (AE1P)
Performance
- Power output: Takeoff: Sea level: 1400hp at 2800rpm
- Cruise:
- 1700m (5,580ft): 1250hp at 2600rpm (AE1A) 1340hp at 2600rpm (AE1P)
- 5000m (16,405ft): 1290hp at 2600rpm (AE1A)
- Compression ratio: 7.2:1 (AE1A) 7.5:1 (AE1P)
Notes
- ^ V engine
- ^ World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft
- ^ a b c d e f Monogram Close-Up 13
- ^ R. J. Francillon p. 515
- ^ Kawasaki Ki-61
- ^ Yokosuka D4Y
- ^ Kawasaki Ki-100
- ^ The First Naval Technical Arsenal, August 22, 1945
- ^ Wilkinson, Stephan (2003). "With the Noise of a Stone Crusher". Popular Science.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)
Bibliography
- Monogram Close-Up 13 ISBN 0-914144-13-8
- R. J. Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War (1970 Putnam & Company) SBN 370 00033 1
- http://books.google.com/books?id=WAAAAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA29&dq=supercharger%20Daimler&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=true