Masaoka Shiki: Difference between revisions

Masaoka Shiki
Masaoka Shiki
	Masaoka Shiki
Born	14 October 1867; Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
Died	19 September 1902 (aged 35); Tokyo, Japan
Occupation	Writer, Journalist
Genre	poetry, literary criticism

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Masaoka Shiki (正岡子規, October 14, 1867 – September 19, 1902), pen-name of Masaoka Noboru (正岡升),^[4] was a Japanese poet, author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry.^[5] He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry.^[6]

Some consider Shiki to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being: Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson and Kobayashi Issa.^[7]

Early life

Shiki, or rather Tsunenori (常規) as he was originally named,^[8] was born in Matsuyama city in Iyo province (present day Ehime prefecture) to a samurai class family of modest means.^[1] As a child, he was called Tokoronosuke (処之助); in adolescence, his name was changed to Noboru (升).^{[citation needed]} His father, Tsunenao,^{[citation needed]} was an alcoholic who died when Shiki was five years of age,^[1] but his mother, Yae,^[9] was a daughter of Ōhara Kanzan, a Confucian scholar.^[1] Kanzan was the first of Shiki's extra-school tutors, and at the age of 7 the young boy began reading Mencius under his tutelage.^[10] Shiki later confessed to being a less-than-diligent student.^[10]

At age 15 Shiki became something of a political radical, attaching himself to the then-waning Freedom and People's Rights Movement and getting himself banned from public speaking by the principal of Matsuyama Middle School, which he was attending.^[11] Around this time he developed an interest in moving to Tokyo and did so in 1883.^[12]

Education

The young Shiki first attended his home-town Matsuyama Middle School, where Kisama Jifuku, a leader of the discredited Freedom and People's Rights Movement, had recently served as principal.^[11]

In 1883, a maternal uncle arranged for Shiki to come to Tokyo,^[12] and he was first enrolled Kyōritsu Middle School and later matriculated into a university preparatory school (Kōtō Chūgakkō^[13]), Daigaku Yobimon.^[14] While studying here, the teenage Shiki enjoyed playing baseball^[15] and befriended fellow student Natsume Sōseki, who would go on to become a famous novelist.^[16]

He entered Imperial University in 1890.^[17] But by 1892 Shiki, by his own account too engrossed in haiku writing, failed his final examinations, left the Hongō dormitory that had been provided to him by a scholarship, and dropped out of college.^[17] Others say tuberculosis, an illness that dogged his later life, was the reason he left school.^[18]

Literary career

While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet,^[19] he also wrote other genres of poetry,^[20] prose criticism of poetry,^[21] autobiographical prose,^[21] and short prose essays.^[9] His earliest surviving work is a school essay, Yōken Setsu ("On Western Dogs"), where he praises the varied utility of western dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which "only help in hunting and scare away burglars".^[22]

Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as tanka but also the relatively more recent haiku, were waning due to their incongruity in the modern Meiji Period.^[13] Shiki himself, at times, expressed similar sentiments.^[23] There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.^[24]

Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku.^[17] In 1892, the same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a serialized work advocating haiku reform, Dassai Shooku Haiwa or "Talks on Haiku from the Otter's Den".^[25] A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, "Nippon", and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life.^[25] In 1895 another serial was published in the same paper, "A Text on Haikai for Beginners", Haikai Taiyō.^[19] These were followed by other serials: Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai or "The Haiku World of 1896" where he praised works by disciples^[3] Takahama Kyoshi and Kawahigashi Hekigotō,^[26] Haijin Buson or "The Haiku Poet Buson" (1896-1897^[26]) expressing Shiki's idea of this 18th century poet whom Shiki identifies with his school of haiku,^[6] and Utayomi ni Atauru Sho or "Letters to a Tanka Poet" (1898) where he urged reform of the tanka poetry form.^[6]

The above work, on the tanka, is an example of Shiki's expanded focus during the last few years of life. He would die four years after taking up tanka as a topic.^[27] And, bedsore and morphine-addled, little more than a year before his death Shiki began writing sickbed diaries.^[28] These three are: Bokujū Itteki or "A Drop of Ink" (1901), Gyōga Manroku or "Stray Notes While Lying On My Back" (1901-1902), and Byōshō Rokushaku or "A Sixfoot Sickbed" (1902).^[6]

Later life

Shiki suffered from tuberculosis (TB) much of his life. In 1888^[29] or 1889^[30] he began coughing up blood^[13] and soon adopted the pen-name Shiki from the Japanese hototogisu, which is a word usually translated as cuckoo.^[30] It is a Japanese conceit that this bird coughs blood as it sings,^[30] which explains why the name "Shiki" was adopted.

Already suffering from the early symptoms of TB, Shiki sought work as a war correspondent in the First Sino-Japanese war^[30] and, while eventually obtaining his goal, he arrived in China after the April 17, 1895, signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki.^[31] Instead of reporting on the war, he spent an unpleasant time harassed by Japanese soldiers^[32] in Dalian, Luangtao, and the Lüshunkou District, meeting on 10 May 1895^[33] the famous novelist Mori Ōgai, who was at the time an army doctor.^[31]

Living in filthy conditions in China apparently worsened his TB.^[31] Shiki continued to cough blood throughout his return voyage to Japan and was hospitalized in Kobe.^[31] After being discharged, he returned to his home town of Matsuyama city and convalesced in the home of the famed novelist Natsume Sōseki.^[31] During this time he took on disciples and promulgated a style of haiku that emphasized gaining inspiration from personal experiences of nature.^[31] Still in Matsuyama in 1897, a member of this group, Yanigihara Kyokudō, established a haiku magazine, Hototogisu,^[6] an allusion to Shiki's pen name.^[30] Operation of this magazine was quickly moved to Tokyo. Takahama Kyoshi, another disciple,^[3] assumed control and the magazine's scope was extended to include prose work.^[9]

Shiki also came to Tokyo,^[34] and his group of disciples there were known as the "Nippon school" after the paper of which he had been haiku editor and that now published the group's work.^[26]

Although already bedridden by 1897,^[6] Shiki's disease worsened further around 1901.^[9] He developed Pott's disease, and began using morphine as a painkiller.^[9] By 1902 he may have been relying heavily on the drug.^[35] During this time Shiki wrote three autobiographical works.^[6] He died of TB in 1902 at age 35.^[30]

Legacy

Shiki may be credited with salvaging traditional short form Japanese poetry and carving a out niche for it in the modern Meiji Period.^[36] While he advocated reform of haiku, this reform was based on the idea that haiku was a legitimate literary genre.^[37] He argued that haiku should be judged by the same yardstick that is used when measuring the value of other forms of literature–something that was contrary to views held by prior poets.^[38] Shiki firmly placed haiku in the category of literature, and this was unique.^{[citation needed]}

Some modern haiku are typified by deviating from the traditional use of 5-7-5 sound pattern and dispensing with the kigo ("season word"); Shiki's haiku reform advocated neither break with tradition.^[7]

His particular style rejected "the puns or fantasies often relied on by the old school" in favor of "realistic observation of nature".^[39] Shiki, like other Meiji Period writers,^{[citation needed]} borrowed a dedication to realism from Western literature, and this is evident in his approach both to haiku^[37] and tanka.^[40]

Baseball

Shiki also played baseball as a teenager and was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 2002.^[15] A group of 1898 tanka by him mention the sport.^[41]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 2, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Preface", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. ii, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b ^c Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 27–28, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Natsume Sōseki. Ten nights of dream, Hearing things, The heredity of taste. Tuttle, 1974. p11
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Preface", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. i, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 26, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 5. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Frédéric, Louis. Japan encyclopedia. Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. p613
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 27, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 4, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 7–8
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 8–9, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b ^c Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 14, ISBN 0-88727-364-5, 97808872736 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 9, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b "Masaoka Shiki". Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
^ Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1971. p. 384. ISBN 0-691-03072-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 15–16, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Kato, Shuichi (1983). A History of Japanese Literature: The Modern Years. Vol. 3. Translated by Don Sanderson. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 133. ISBN 0-87011-569-3.
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 11. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 22, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 5, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 200. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. pp. 195–198. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b ^c Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 25, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 202. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 26–29, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 198. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 20, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 21, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Rabson, Steve (1998). Righteous cause or tragic folly: changing views of war in modern Japanese poetry. Ann Arbor, MI: the Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan. pp. 23–26. ISBN 0-939512-77-7.
^ Bowring, Richard John (1979). Mori Ōgai and the modernization of Japanese culture. University of Cambridge oriental publications. Vol. 28. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-521-21319-3.
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 23, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 28, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 203. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
^ ^a ^b Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 32, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Kato, Shuichi (1983). A History of Japanese Literature: The Modern Years. Vol. 3. Translated by Don Sanderson. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 134. ISBN 0-87011-569-3.
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 45, ISBN 0-88727-364-5
^ Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 9. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 89, 91, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

External links

Template:Ja icon e-texts of Shiki's works (Japanese only) at Aozora bunko
Selected Poems (haiku and tanka) of Masaoka Shiki, Translated by Janine Beichman at University of Virginia Library Japanese Text Initiative poem translations from 'Masaoka Shiki' by Janine Beichman
Ehime University site on Masaoka Shiki with photos, poetry
fan site with bio and poems
National Diet Library bio and photos

Template:Persondata

[birth-1] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 2, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[disc-2] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Preface", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. ii, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[ito-3] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 27–28, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[4] Natsume Sōseki. Ten nights of dream, Hearing things, The heredity of taste. Tuttle, 1974. p11

[5] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Preface", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. i, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[tankaref-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 26, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[5greats-7] Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 5. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[8] Frédéric, Louis. Japan encyclopedia. Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. p613

[page27-9] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 27, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[mencius-10] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 4, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[matsuyamamiddle-11] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 7–8

[scholarship1-12] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 8–9, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[bloodc-13] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 14, ISBN 0-88727-364-5, 97808872736 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[14] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 9, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[bball-15] "Masaoka Shiki". Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2008-07-20.

[16] Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1971. p. 384. ISBN 0-691-03072-3. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[dropout-17] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 15–16, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[18] Kato, Shuichi (1983). A History of Japanese Literature: The Modern Years. Vol. 3. Translated by Don Sanderson. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 133. ISBN 0-87011-569-3.

[claimtofame-19] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[20] Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 11. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[critic-21] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 22, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[22] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 5, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[23] Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 200. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[24] Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. pp. 195–198. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[nippon-25] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 18–19, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[buson-26] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 25, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[27] Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 202. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[28] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 26–29, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[29] Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 198. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[penname-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 20, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[sinojpn-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 21, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[32] Rabson, Steve (1998). Righteous cause or tragic folly: changing views of war in modern Japanese poetry. Ann Arbor, MI: the Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan. pp. 23–26. ISBN 0-939512-77-7.

[33] Bowring, Richard John (1979). Mori Ōgai and the modernization of Japanese culture. University of Cambridge oriental publications. Vol. 28. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-521-21319-3.

[34] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 23, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[35] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 28, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[36] Keene, Donald (1978). Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 203. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/}0870112988|}0870112988]]. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

[page32-37] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 32, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[38] Kato, Shuichi (1983). A History of Japanese Literature: The Modern Years. Vol. 3. Translated by Don Sanderson. Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco: Kodansha International. p. 134. ISBN 0-87011-569-3.

[39] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, p. 45, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

[40] Masaoka Shiki: selected poems. Columbia University Press. 1997. p. 9. ISBN 0-231-11090-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[41] Beichman, Janine (2002), "Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet", Masaoka Shiki: his life and works (revised ed.), Cheng & Tsui, pp. 89, 91, ISBN 0-88727-364-5

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 While Shiki is best known as a haiku poet,<ref name=claimtofame/> he also wrote other genres of poetry,<ref>{{Cite book  | coauthors = Burton Watson (translator)  | title = Masaoka Shiki: selected poems  | publisher = Columbia University Press  | year = 1997  | pages = 11  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zfk5EkyOaRMC&lpg=PP1&dq=burton%20watson%20shiki&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 0-231-11090-1}}</ref> prose criticism of poetry,<ref name=critic/> autobiographical prose,<ref name=critic>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 22  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> and short prose essays.<ref name=page27/> His earliest surviving work is a school essay, ''Yōken Setsu'' ("On Western Dogs"), where he praises the varied utility of [[Western world|western]] dogs as opposed to Japanese ones, which "only help in hunting and scare away burglars".<ref>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref>
-Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as the [[haiku]] and ''[[Tanka (poetry)|tanka]]'', were waning due to their incongruity in the modern [[Meiji Period]].<ref name=bloodc>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 14 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5, 97808872736}}</ref> Shiki himself, at times, expressed similar sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = Keene | first = Donald  | authorlink = Donald Keene  | title = Some Japanese Portraits  | publisher = Kodansha International   | date = 1978  | location = Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco  | pages = 200  | isbn =}0870112988}}</ref> There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = Keene | first = Donald  | authorlink = Donald Keene  | title = Some Japanese Portraits  | publisher = Kodansha International   | date = 1978  | location = Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco  | pages = 195-198  | isbn =}0870112988}}</ref>
+Contemporary to Shiki was the idea that traditional Japanese poetic short forms, such as ''[[Tanka (poetry)|tanka]]'' but also the relatively more recent haiku, were waning due to their incongruity in the modern [[Meiji Period]].<ref name=bloodc>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 14 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5, 97808872736}}</ref> Shiki himself, at times, expressed similar sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = Keene | first = Donald  | authorlink = Donald Keene  | title = Some Japanese Portraits  | publisher = Kodansha International   | date = 1978  | location = Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco  | pages = 200  | isbn =}0870112988}}</ref> There were no great living practitioners although these forms of poetry retained some popularity.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = Keene | first = Donald  | authorlink = Donald Keene  | title = Some Japanese Portraits  | publisher = Kodansha International   | date = 1978  | location = Tokyo, New York, and San Francisco  | pages = 195-198  | isbn =}0870112988}}</ref>
 Despite an atmosphere of decline, only a year or so after his 1883 arrival in Tokyo, Shiki began writing haiku.<ref name=dropout>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 15–16 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> In 1892, the same year he dropped out of university, Shiki published a [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] work advocating haiku reform, ''Dassai Shooku Haiwa'' or "Talks on Haiku from the Otter's Den".<ref name=nippon>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 18–19 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> A month after completion of this work, in November 1892, he was offered a position as haiku editor in the paper that had published it, "Nippon", and maintained a close relationship with this journal throughout his life.<ref name=nippon/> In 1895 another serial was published in the same paper, "A Text on Haikai for Beginners", ''Haikai Taiyō''.<ref name=claimtofame>{{Citation | last = Beichman | first = Janine | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002  | edition = revised | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet | pages = 18–19 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> These were followed by other serials: ''Meiji Nijūkunen no Haikukai'' or "The Haiku World of 1896" where he praised works by disciples<ref name=ito>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002 | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 27–28 | url = | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> [[Kyoshi Takahama|Takahama Kyoshi]] and Kawahigashi Hekigotō,<ref name=buson>{{Citation  | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui | year = 2002  | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet  | pages = 25 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false  | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> ''Haijin Buson'' or "The Haiku Poet [[Yosa Buson|Buson]]" (1896-1897<ref name=buson/>) expressing Shiki's idea of this 18th century poet whom Shiki identifies with his school of haiku,<ref name=tankaref>{{Citation | last = Beichman  | first = Janine  | title = Masaoka Shiki: his life and works  | publisher = Cheng & Tsui  | year = 2002 | edition = revised  | chapter = Chapter One: Life; From Samurai to Poet | pages = 26 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yKqMhXgImEoC&lpg=PP1&dq=masaoka%20shiki&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false | isbn = 0-88727-364-5}}</ref> and ''Utayomi ni Atauru Sho'' or "Letters to a Tanka Poet" (1898) where he urged reform of the ''[[Tanka (poetry)|tanka]]'' poetry form.<ref name=tankaref/>