Jump to content

Transportation in Metro Manila

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Citation bot (talk | contribs) at 21:31, 10 July 2021 (Add: date, title. Changed bare reference to CS1/2. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by BrownHairedGirl | Linked from User:BrownHairedGirl/Articles_with_bare_links | #UCB_webform_linked 994/1425). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

An American trolley in a Manila street, 1905

The transportation system in Metro Manila is currently inadequate to accommodate the mobility and other basic needs of a densely populated metropolis, the result of many factors and problems that the government has failed to provide or address. Metro Manila exists in a state of near-permanent gridlock, with people and goods trapped by the very system that is supposed to move them quickly and efficiently.[1] Because of the insufficient public transportation network, car ownership has risen dramatically, contributing further to the congestion that occurs at all times of day on the road. Filipinos view cars as not just tools to get them to where they need to go; they also believe that their car is an important symbol of the success they have achieved in life.[2] In recent years, however, the Philippine government has been pushing to improve the mass transit system through various infrastructure projects,[3] hoping to solve the interlinked problems of transportation, land use and environment.[4]

Since the government shifted the infrastructure needs of Metro Manila into sharper focus with the "Build Build Build" program of the Duterte administration, traffic relief will gradually become a reality. The program aims to usher in "a golden age of infrastructure" in the country, with most of the 75 projects lined up and in various stages of completion directly impacting the Greater Capital Region, composed of Metro Manila, Region 3 (Central Luzon) and Region 4A (Calabarzon).[5]

Manila, being a major city, offers various transportation options: light metro, rapid transit, commuter rail, bus, jeepney, UV Express and taxicab. The most famous of these modes is the public jeepney, which has been in use since the years immediately after World War II. Auto rickshaws (referred to as "tricycles" in the Philippines) and pedicabs are used for short distances. Because Metro Manila is one of the most heavily populated cities in the world, it is now served by rapid mass rail transit. More train lines are planned and under construction.

Infrastructure

Roads

EDSA
Commonwealth Avenue
Ayala Avenue
Main article: List of roads in Metro Manila

The existing main roads of Metro Manila are organized around a set of Radial and Circumferential roads established during the American period in the country's history. All R roads originate from various points in the city of Manila and radiate south, east or north to the other cities in Metro Manila and end farther out into the Greater Capital Region and beyond. In a similar way, all C roads run in a half circle that begins and ends at Manila Bay, with Manila at the innermost circle.

The only major thoroughfare in Metro Manila not included in the arterial road system is Dr. Arcadio Santos Avenue (formerly Sucat Road) in Paranaque, designated as Highway N63.

Radial roads

Circumferential roads

Expressways

Main article: Philippine expressway network
North Luzon Expressway
Skyway Stage 3, under construction as of September 2019

Expressways are controlled-access highways, with crossing traffic limited to overpasses, underpasses, and interchanges. Metro Manila is served by the following expressways:

There are expressways under construction or proposed. These include:

Bridges

Pasig River
Jones Bridge
Guadalupe Bridge and Line 3 Bridge
Marikina River
Marcos Bridge
Line 2 Bridge

There are a total of 33 bridge spans in Metro Manila that cross the Pasig and Marikina rivers, including one tollway bridge, four rail-only bridges, the Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and the PNR tracks.

Pasig River Bridges

The bridges are listed below in west to east order, with the first bridge nearest to the mouth of the Pasig River into Manila Bay.

Two new bridges are under construction:

Marikina River Bridges

The bridges listed below are those located in Metro Manila crossing the Marikina River (listed towards the confluence with the Pasig River in a north to south order):

Public transportation

See also: Transportation in the Philippines
Buses and jeepneys share Manila's roads.

Manila, being a major city, offers various transportation options. The most famous of these modes is the public jeepney, which has been in use since the years immediately after World War II. Buses, air-conditioned metered taxis, and passenger vans (UV Express) are also popular forms of transportation. Tricycles (auto rickshaws) and pedicabs are used for short distances. In some areas, especially in Divisoria and large public markets, two-stroke motors are fitted in the pedicabs and are used for goods transport. Regardless of modernity, horse-drawn ‘’calesas’’ are still used in the streets of Binondo and Intramuros. Buses, taxis and trains are also other important means of public transportation in the metropolis. The metropolis is served by four train lines, the LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, MRT Line 3 and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) Metro Commuter Line. More train lines are planned or under construction.

Grab operates in Metro Manila.[10]

Jeepneys

A Jeepney in Manila.

Jeepneys are the most popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines, they have also become a ubiquitous symbol of the Philippine culture.[11] According to the Metro Manila Dream Plan report by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), a survey made in 2007 came out with 48,366 public utility jeepneys plying some 600 routes nationwide, with 61% serving the Greater Capital Region, which includes Metro Manila. In 2000, jeepneys and tricycles topped all modes of travel in Metro Manila at 46%, before light rail became popular, followed by buses at 24% and private vehicles at 21%.[12] At present, there are around 270,000 franchised jeepney units on the road across the country, with some 75,000 units in Metro Manila alone.[13]

In 2016, the Department of Transportation and Communications imposed an age limit on jeepneys of 15 years, with older jeepneys starting to be phased out.[14] Many jeepney operators oppose the phase-out,[15] and politicians urged the government to drop the jeepney modernization program.[16] As part of the PUV modernization program all new and existing vehicles must be fitted with a tap card system which allows commuters to pay for their trip.[17] The system would enable journey details to be recorded and the appropriate fare deducted from the stored value on the card.[18]

Buses

See also: List of bus routes in Metro Manila

Aside from dilapidated jeepneys, public utility buses (PUBs) are the bane of Metro Manila's congested roads, due to their numbers, their sheer physical size, and the methods of bus drivers and conductors of loading and unloading passengers. On any given day, some 3 million vehicles pass Metro Manila's main circumferential artery, EDSA or C-4. Of the total, about 140,000 are buses, according to an article by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ).[19] "The boorish behavior of many public buses -- as well as the fact that far too many of them are on the road -- has gotten worse through the years." Figures from the LTFRB indicate that there are about 13,000 buses operating in Metro Manila run by 1,200 operators, about half of them using EDSA. In response to this, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) ordered the removal of all provincial bus terminals along EDSA by 2019.[20] On June 1, 2020, MMDA instituted the EDSA Busway.

Manila has many metrobus companies such as Erjohn & Almark, Baclaran Metro Link and AC Trans. These use old Japanese buses (especially Isuzu or Nissan Diesel) converted to left-hand drive while the prevalence of surplus South Korean buses (like Daewoo and Kia) which are originally left hand is also popular nowadays. New buses on the other hand are also now popular with the influx of Chinese-made buses.

Franchised city buses are:

Intermodal terminals

Name City Rail line Modes Notes
Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX) Parañaque LRT Line 1

(Asia World station)

Bus, jeepney, taxi and UV Express Opened on November 5, 2018. Connection to LRT-1 under construction.
Taguig Integrated Terminal Exchange (Southern Integrated Transport Exchange, Southern ITX) Taguig Metro Manila Subway

(FTI station)

North–South Commuter Railway

(FTI station)

Bus, jeepney, taxi, and UV Express

Under construction
Valenzuela Gateway Complex (VGC) Valenzuela N/A Tricycles, buses, jeepneys and UV Express
Unified Grand Central Station (North Avenue Grand Central Station) Quezon City LRT Line 1

MRT Line 3

MRT Line 7

Metro Manila Subway

To be announced Area A under construction, Areas B and C approved

Rail/Bus transfers

Source: LTFRB; Google Maps. Listed in the order of interchange with LRT Lines 1 and 2, MRT Line 3 and PNR Metro Commuter. Note: Rail lines and facilities in italics are proposed and/or under construction.

Location City Rail lines Bus transfers Notes
Unified Grand Central Station Quezon City
EDSA / Balintawak Quezon City LRT Balintawak station
  • EDSA Busway
  • Bus 3, 20, 21, 22
Monumento Caloocan LRT Monumento
  • EDSA Busway
  • Bus 1, 2, 3, 17, 20, 21, 22
Rizal Avenue–5th Avenue (C-3) Caloocan LRT 5th Avenue station
  • Bus 2, 17
Rizal Avenue–Blumentritt Manila
  • Blumentritt bus stop – Bus 17
  • Jeepney transfers
Rizal Avenue–Recto Manila
  • Bus 10, 17
 Provincial bus terminals in nearby locations
Plaza Lawton Manila
Taft–Gil Puyat Pasay LRT Gil Puyat station
  • Gil Puyat interchange – Bus 6, 13, 17
  • RRCG P2P terminal
  • JAM P2P terminal
Pasay Rotonda (EDSA–Taft) Pasay
  • EDSA/Pasay bus interchange – EDSA Busway, Bus 6, 17, 18
  • Grand Prix Hotel P2P – Grand Prix route
  • Kabayan Hotel P2P – Grand Prix route
Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX) Paranaque LRT Asia World station
  • EDSA Busway
  • Bus 2, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
  • Southbound provincial buses
  • P2P
Recto / Legarda Manila LRT Legarda station
  • Legarda bus stop – Bus 10
Magsaysay Boulevard / Pureza Manila
  • Pureza bus stop – Bus 10
Magsaysay Boulevard / V. Mapa Manila LRT V. Mapa station
  • SM City Santa Mesa bus stop – Bus 10
Aurora Boulevard / J. Ruiz San Juan LRT J. Ruiz station
  • J. Ruiz bus stop – Bus 10
Aurora Boulevard / Gilmore San Juan LRT Gilmore station
  • Gilmore bus stop – Bus 10, 11
Cubao / Araneta Center Quezon City
Aurora Boulevard / Anonas Quezon City
  • LRT Anonas station
  • Metro Manila Subway Anonas station (Subway)
  • Anonas bus stop – Bus 8, 9
Marcos Highway Antipolo, Rizal LRT Emerald station
  • Santa Lucia bus stop – Bus 9
 Emerald station under construction
Marcos Highway Antipolo, Rizal LRT Masinag station
  • Masinag bus stop – Bus 9
 Masinag station under construction
EDSA / Quezon Avenue Quezon City
  • LRT Quezon Avenue station
  • Metro Manila Subway Quezon Avenue station
EDSA / Kamuning Quezon City MRT Kamuning station
  • Kamuning bus stop – EDSA Busway
 Timog Avenue
EDSA / Santolan Quezon Avenue MRT Santolan station
  • Santolan bus stop – EDSA Busway
EDSA / Ortigas Pasig MRT Ortigas station
  • Ortigas bus stop – EDSA Busway, Bus 11
  • Robinsons Galleria P2P terminal
  • Megamall P2P terminal
EDSA / Shaw Boulevard Mandaluyong MRT Shaw Boulevard station
  • Shaw interchange – EDSA Busway, Bus 13
  • Starmall EDSA P2P terminal
EDSA / Guadalupe Makati
  • Guadalupe bus stop – EDSA Busway
  • Jeepney terminals around Guadalupe Commercial Center
EDSA / Buendia Makati MRT Buendia station
  • Buendia bus stop – EDSA Busway
EDSA / Ayala. Makati MRT Ayala station
EDSA/Magallanes Makati
  • EDSA Busway, Bus 14, 15, 16
Tutuban/Divisoria Manila PNR Tutuban station Jeepneys from Divisoria/Ilaya
España Manila PNR España station
  • Lacson bus stop – Bus 6
Osmeña Highway / Buendia Pasay/Makati PNR Metro Commuter Dela Rosa station
  • Bus 13, 14, 15, 16
SLEX / Sales Road-Lawton Avenue. Pasay PNR Nichols station
SLEX / C-5 Taguig
  • PNR FTI station
  • Metro Manila Subway FTI Station
  • South Integrated Terminal at Arca South
  • FTI Integrated Bus Terminal – Bus 16, jeepneys, BGC Bus Arca Express
SLEX / Sucat Road Paranaque PNR Sucat station
  • Sucat Interchange – Bus 14, 23, 25
SLEX / Alabang Muntinlupa PNR Metro Commuter Alabang station
  • MMDA Integrated City Bus Terminal – Bus 14, 15, 24, 25
  • P2P bus stations nearby

Mass transit

Rail transport

Main articles: Rail transportation in the Philippines, Manila Light Rail Transit System, Manila Metro Rail Transit System, LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila), LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila), MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila), and PNR Metro Commuter Line
LRT Line 2 (LRT-2) (left) and MRT Line 3 (MRT-3) (right)

The development of mass transit had its inception in the 1970 when the Philippine National Railways offered among its services the first Metro Commuter line. LRT Line 1, which is the first rail line operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority, a government corporation, opened in 1984, making it the first rapid rail transport in Southeast Asia. It was followed in 1999 by MRT Line 3 along EDSA operated by the private company, Metro Rail Transit Corporation, before LRT Line 2 was completed in 2003. Together, these four lines run by three different entities bear the brunt of providing the metropolis with rail as a faster alternative mode of transport other than buses and jeepneys. More rapid transit rail lines are in the planning stages or under construction as of 2019.

System map of the Metro Manila railway system (current as of July 2021)

As of 2018, there were two different rapid transit systems in Metro Manila: the Manila Light Rail Transit System, or the LRT, and the Manila Metro Rail Transit System, or the MRT. The LRT Line 1 and the LRT Line 2 form the LRTA network, while the MRT Line 3 forms the MRTC network, with 31 stations on the LRTA and 13 stations on the MRTC. Four more lines are proposed and would connect Metro Manila to the provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal upon their completion.

Line name Line color
LRT Line 1 style="background:#Template:Manila Rail Transit color;"|green
LRT Line 2 style="background:#Template:Manila Rail Transit color;"|blue
MRT Line 3 style="background:#Template:Manila Rail Transit color;"|yellow
PNR Metro Commuter Line style="background:#Template:PNR color;"|orange

The LRT

Main article: Manila Light Rail Transit System
LRT Line 1 train heading to EDSA station
LRT Line 2 train approaching Katipunan station.

The Manila Light Rail Transit system, owned by the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA), is one of the main railway networks of Metro Manila.[21] It has a total of 33 stations (20 in Line 1 and 13 for Line 2), over a total of 31 kilometers of grade separated track. Line 1 runs along parts of Taft Avenue, Rizal Avenue, and Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), traveling a north–south route through the cities of Quezon City, Caloocan, Manila, Pasay and Paranaque. On the other hand, Line 2 covers parts of Recto Avenue, Legarda Street, Magsaysay Boulevard, Aurora Boulevard, and Marikina-Infanta Highway (Marcos Highway), in an east–west route which passes through the cities of Manila, Marikina, San Juan, Quezon City, and Antipolo in Rizal. Although LRT Line 2 has been part of the system, it is actually a heavy rail line using electric multiple units. Combined, the two lines have a daily ridership of 750,000.

The MRT

Main article: Manila Metro Rail Transit System
Line 3 Train approaching Ayala station.

The Manila Metro Rail Transit system is another railway network in Metro Manila, composed of the other rail lines not under the control or supervision of the LRTA or PNR. Currently it is only composed of one line, MRT Line 3, which was completed in 2000.[22] This single line runs solely along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares. MRT Line 3 has 13 stations along its 16.95 kilometers of grade separated track, on a north–south route which passes through the cities of Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Makati and Pasay. The busiest among the rail lines, it has a daily ridership of almost 600,000. The system is set to gain a new line in 2021 with the opening of MRT Line 7,[23] currently under construction, which will run from the Unified Grand Central Station through Commonwealth Avenue to San Jose del Monte, Bulacan.

PNR Metro Commuter Line

Main article: PNR Metro Commuter Line

Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter line that serves a region from Metro Manila south toward Laguna. PNR, a state-owned railway system of the Philippines, was established during the Spanish Colonial period. It used to provide services on Luzon, connecting northern and southern Luzon with Manila. In 1988, the railway line to northern Luzon (Northrail) became disused although plans to revive the northern line (Northrail) have been proposed. Services on the southern line (Southrail) continued throughout the 1990s, but were halted as a consequence of damages caused by typhoons Xangsane (Milenyo) and Durian (Reming) in 2006. After a short revival, services to Bicol from Manila were halted again in 2012. The national government plans to reopen the line to Bicol in the future.

The Philippine National Railways commuter service line, Metro Commuter Line has two parts. Metro South Commuter run daily between Tutuban and Alabang.[24] There are plans to extend this service further south to Calamba with the rehabilitation of the rail line. Metro North Commuter run between Tutuban and Governor Pascual.

The North and South Commuters combined, when fully rehabilitated, will have a length of 122 kilometers from Clark in Pampanga in the north to Calamba, Laguna in the south, and stop at all 48 train stations in between. The Metro Commuter has a present ridership of 100,000 daily.

Future rail projects

The projected 2024 railway Map of Metro Manila, excluding the Makati Subway[25]

Future commuter rail and rapid transit systems are being planned and constructed in Metro Manila. Projects include:

As of January 2021, the government's mass transit infrastructure build-up is active:

  • NSCR Phase 1, extending from Tutuban central terminal to Malolos, Bulacan, under construction.
  • NSCR Phase 2, further extending from Malolos to New Clark City with a spur to the Clark International Airport, in pre-construction.
  • LRT Line 1 southern extension to Bacoor, Cavite, under construction.
  • LRT Line 2 east extension to Antipolo, under construction.
  • LRT Line 4, an approved monorail line, in pre-construction.
  • Makati Intra-city Subway, an approved underground rapid transit line in Makati, under construction.
  • MRT Line 7 a new line, under construction.
  • MRT Line 8, a proposed rapid transit line, for approval. Also known as the PNR East-West Railway.[27]
  • Metro Manila Subway, a new underground rapid transit line, under construction.
  • Makati-BGC Skytrain, an approved monorail line connecting MRT Guadalupe Station to Bonifacio Global City, in pre-construction.[28]
  • MRT Line 10, an unsolicited proposal for a rapid transit line along the C-5 corridor, for endorsement by the Department of Transportation to the NEDA Board.[29]
  • MRT Line 11, an unsolicited proposal for a rapid transit line along Quirino Highway and Zabarte Road corridor, for endorsement by the Department of Transportation to NEDA .[30]

Bus rapid transit (BRT)

The EDSA Busway, the first and only bus rapid transit (BRT) system existing in Metro Manila, starts from Monumento in Caloocan until Parañaque Integrated Terminal Exchange (PITX).

A planned introduction to the metropolis is the rapid bus transit (BRT), a system that makes use of a dedicated lane, buses with large traffic volume, suitable stations and employs intelligent transportation system. Several BRT lines have been discussed and proposed, all are pending approval.

  • Bonifacio Global City Bus[31]
  • C-5
  • Quezon Avenue to Manila City Hall

Point-to-point buses (express buses)

Main articles: Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service and List of express bus routes in Metro Manila

Express point-to-point buses provide non-stop or limited stop travel along Metro Manila. As of 2019, there are 52 points in the GCR served by P2P buses.[32] Majority of the routes are served by single decker buses with just two served by double deckers.

Air transportation

Main articles: Air transportation in the Philippines and Airports in the Greater Manila Area

Airports

File:Centennialphoto.jpg
File:ManilaTerminal3.jpg
Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 2 (left) and 3 (right)

The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (IATA airport code MNL) is the main international gateway to the Philippines, located between Pasay and Parañaque, about seven kilometers south of Manila city proper and southwest of Makati. Terminal 1 only serves international flights. All foreign carriers operating in Manila use Terminal 1 except for All Nippon Airways, Cathay Pacific, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, KLM, Qantas, Qatar Airways, Singapore Airlines and United Airlines. Terminal 2 (or the Centennial Terminal), opened in October 1999, is used exclusively by Philippine Airlines for both its domestic and international service. Terminal 3, opened in August 2008, is the home terminal of Cebu Pacific, the country's second largest airline. Its international wing houses the 9 foreign carriers not using Terminal 1. It also houses some domestic flights of PAL through its subsidiary Air Philippines. Terminal 4 is used by smaller aircraft of all domestic carriers, and by Air Asia as well.

With a record-breaking 42-million people using the airport in 2017, NAIA has long breached the 30-million combined passenger capacity of its four terminals.[33] A proposal to expand NAIA, submitted by a consortium of the country's largest conglomerates, involves the expansion of the current terminals and the construction of an integrated hub as well as a second parallel runway.[33] There are also exploratory talks to transfer terminal assignments among airlines.[34]

Both NAIA and Clark International Airport, located in the Clark Freeport Zone in Angeles, Pampanga serve the Manila area, with CIA catering mostly to low-cost carriers that avail themselves of the lower landing fees than those charged at NAIA. In 2018, Clark handled 2.6 million passengers, all the while undergoing expansion to bring capacity to 12 million with the addition of a second terminal to be finished by 2020.

Proposed airports

See also: New Manila International Airport

In June 2014, JICA formally recommended the construction of a new airport in the vicinity of Sangley Point, Cavite City to replace the space-constricted NAIA. The recommendation involved the reclamation of Manila Bay to locate the new airport. This is contained in JICA's Metro Manila Dream Plan roadmap.

San Miguel Corporation, builders and concessionaires of the Manila Skyway and other infrastructure projects, submitted another unsolicited proposal in April 2018 to build an airport in northeast Manila Bay. In July 2019, the Swiss challenge period ended with no rival bids, and in September 2019 was given the Notice to Proceed from the Department of Transportation to build, operate and maintain the New Manila International Airport.[35] Pre-construction activities, including dredging of the rivers and canals leading to the site, began in October 2020. The first phase, consisting of two runways and the terminal buildings, is scheduled for completion by 2026.[36] The proposed aerotropolis will be located at a reclaimed area of Manila Bay in Bulacan, Bulacan. (This is a current event; developments are ongoing along this issue.)

Water transportation

The Manila North Harbor.

Seaports and piers

Main article: Port of Manila

The Port of Manila, located in the vicinity of Manila Bay, is the chief seaport of the Philippines. It primarily serves the city's commercial needs. North Harbor and South Harbor experience busy periods during long holidays such as Holy Week, All Saints Day and the Christmas holidays.

Pasig River Ferry

Main article: Pasig River Ferry

The Pasig River Ferry Service operates 17 stations along the Pasig River from Plaza Mexico in Intramuros to Pasig. The ferry service is the only water-based transportation that cruised the Pasig River.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Dear President-elect Duterte: On solving the traffic crisis".
  2. ^ https://gdfi.com.ph/2018/10/25/car-ownership-philippines/
  3. ^ "Government keen on improving public transport system". Philstar. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
  4. ^ https://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2014/ku57pq00001nkatn-att/20140917_01_0rev20150206.pdf
  5. ^ http://www.build.gov.ph/
  6. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uytbWBgEgU
  7. ^ "DOTr break ground on South East Metro Manila Expressway project". CNN Philippines. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  8. ^ "'Skybridge' promises 15-minute Makati-QC travel". January 3, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  9. ^ a b Placido, Dharel (13 July 2017). "Construction of two China-sponsored bridges to begin this year". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  10. ^ "Why GrabTaxi?". Grab.
  11. ^ Lema, Karen (2007-11-20). "Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
  12. ^ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:22252/FULLTEXT01.pdf
  13. ^ Agaton, Casper Boongaling; Guno, Charmaine Samala; Villanueva, Resy Ordona; Villanueva, Riza Ordona (2019). "Diesel or Electric Jeepney? A Case Study of Transport Investment in the Philippines Using the Real Options Approach". World Electric Vehicle Journal. 10 (3): 51. doi:10.3390/wevj10030051.
  14. ^ Periabras, Rosalie C. (5 August 2015). "DOTC, PUJ operators tackle jeepney modernization". The Manila Times. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  15. ^ Badilla, Nielson S. (31 January 2016). "Groups to protest jeepney phaseout". The Manila Times. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  16. ^ De Vera, Ellalyn (17 April 2016). "LTFRB urged to shelve planned phaseout of traditional jeepneys". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  17. ^ "Can a 'tap card' payment system convince you to take jeepneys again?". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  18. ^ PH, Carmudi. "DOTr launches PUV Modernization Expo". Yahoo News.
  19. ^ http://pcij.org/stories/too-many-buses-too-many-agencies-clog-edsa/
  20. ^ "MMDA eyes total ban on provincial bus terminals along EDSA by January".
  21. ^ http://www.lrta.gov.ph/
  22. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140508151958/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=4
  23. ^ https://ppp.gov.ph/in_the_news/mrt-7-to-be-completed-by-q4-2019-tugade/
  24. ^ http://www.pnr.gov.ph/northbound-southbound-timetable
  25. ^ https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10157763150181977&id=116724526976
  26. ^ https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/modified-lrt-6-project/
  27. ^ a b https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/east-west-rail-project/
  28. ^ a b https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/fort-bonifacio-makati-skytrain-project/
  29. ^ a b https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/c5-mrt-10-project/
  30. ^ https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/mrt-11-project/
  31. ^ https://ppp.gov.ph/ppp_projects/bonifacio-global-city-brt/
  32. ^ https://p2pbus.ph/
  33. ^ a b https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2018/11/04/1865536/uncertain-future-whats-next-naia
  34. ^ "No changes in NAIA terminal assignments for airlines by Aug. 31". 30 July 2018.
  35. ^ Lopez, Melissa Luz (18 September 2019). "Bulacan airport deal signed, construction to start December". CNN Philippines. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  36. ^ Gonzales, Iris (October 7, 2020). "SMC to start construction of Bulacan airport". The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transportation_in_Metro_Manila&oldid=1032983584"