Hewittia malabarica
| Hewittia malabarica | |
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| Hewittia malabarica, from Mitomoni area, Tanzania. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Convolvulaceae |
| Genus: | Hewittia Wight & Arn. |
| Species: | H. malabarica
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| Binomial name | |
| Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Synonyms
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Hewittia malabarica is a flowering plant, in the monotypic genus of Hewittia Wight & Arn., belonging to the family of Convolvulaceae. It is widespread throughout tropical Africa, Asia y nesia. It is a climbing or prostrate perennial herb with slender stem. It has flowers that are pale yellow, cream or white with purple centre and large leaves that can be used as a cooked vegetable, or used in folk medicine with the roots. The stems can be used to make ropes.
Description
Hewittia malabarica is close in form to various Convolvulus plants.[2]
It is a twining,[3][4] climbing or prostrate,[2][5] herbaceous perennial plant.[6][7][8]
It has a stem that is velvet-hairy,[8] or pubescent.[5][7] (covered in downy hairs) and slender,[2][5][6] that is up to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) long.[5][6][7] These long stems can twin or climb into the surrounding vegetation, or they scramble over the ground where they occasional form new roots at the nodes.[6][7][5]
The leaves are arranged alternate,[5] they have a petiole (leaf stalk) that is between 1–9 cm (0–4 in) long.[5][7][8] They are oblong to obovate (teardrop) shaped,[8][3][7] and 2–14 cm (1–6 in) long,[3] and 3–10 cm (1–4 in) wide.[5][8][7] With a entire (smooth) or dentate (toothed) edge and pointed tip or accuminate (long point) apex.[8][3][7] They are pilose (has soft separate hairs) to velvety hairy (on the surface), with a cordate (heart shaped) or hastate (shaped like an halberd) base.[5][3][7]
In Pondoland, Cape Province, South Africa, it blooms in May,[9] whereas in China, it flowers and fruits nearly all year.[7]
The 1-3 flowers,[5][3][7] are axillary (borne in or arising from the axil),[2][5] near the leaf joint,[3] a flowered cyme.[2][5][3] It is bracteate (possessing bracts),[2][5] with a peduncle (flower stalk) between 1.5–10 cm (1–4 in) long.[5][7] The bracts are oblong-lanceolate shaped,[3] 0.7–1.5 cm (0–1 in) long, pubescent (covered with short, soft hairs) and acuminate (tapering to a point).[7] The inflorescences are bisexual (bearing both male and female reproductive organs),[5] with a pedicel (flower stalk) up to 3 cm long.[5][7] It has 5 sepals,[5][3] which are lanceolate to ovate shaped and up to 17 mm long.[5][7] The outer 3 are much larger than the inner 2 sepals,[5][3] and it can be identified from other similar coloured morning glory flowers by its overlapping sepals.[8] The corolla (the collective term for the petals) are campanulate (bell-shaped,[3]) to funnel-shaped,[2][5] 2–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long.[5][3][7] They are pale yellow, cream or white with a purple centre,[2][3][7] The petals are pilose (covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs) on the outside in 5 bands,[5][7]
The stamens are about 9 mm long,[7] located within the corolla tube and also enclosed.[5][3] It has a superior ovary (located above the flower),[5] which is 1 or 2 celled,[3] and hairy,[5] or villous (covered with long, soft, straight hairs).[7] The style is filiform (thread-like) and the 2 stigmas are ovate-oblong shaped.[5][3][10] The anthers are ovoid-deltoid shaped.[7]
After flowering it produces a seed capsule (or fruit), which is depressed globose (almost spherical), to quadrangular (almost square).[5][8][3] It is pilose (has soft separate hairs),[5][7][2] has 4 valves and measures about 8–10 mm (0–0 in) in diameter.[5][8][7] Inside are 2-4 black, sub-globose seeds, which are 3–6 mm (0–0 in) in diameter.[5][8][7] It has a persistent style.[3][7]
Biochemistry
It has a chromosome no. = 2n=30 [5][7]
Taxonomy
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In China, it is known as 'zhu cai teng' and in India as 'paymoostey'.[2] In India, it has the common name of Malabar Bindweed.[8][11] It is also known as 'Hewitt's Dwarf Morning Glory' in South Africa.[12]
The genus name of Hewittia is in honour of Hewett Watson (1804–1881), an English phrenologist, botanist and evolutionary theorist.[13] The Latin specific epithet of malabarica refers to 'malabaricus' meaning coming from Malabar in India.[14]
Hewittia malabarica was originally described and published by D.H.Nicolson, C.R.Suresh & K.S.Manilal in 'An Interpretation of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus' on page 88 in 1988.[1][7]
The genus Hewittia has several synonyms including; Eremosperma Chiov., Kethosia Raf., Palmia Endl., Sanilum Raf. and Shutereia Choisy. It was first published in Madras J. Lit. Sci. Vol.5 on page 22 in 1837.[15] The genus is recognised by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service, but they do not list any known species.[16] The synonyms of the species are listed in the taxobox (top righthand corner).
Distribution and habitat
Range
It's widespread native range is the Tropical & subtropical Old World,[1] which includes throughout tropical Africa, Asia and Polynesia.[5][8]
It is found in the countries of Angola,[17] Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Burundi, Cambodia,[7] Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China (south-central and south-east, in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan and Yunnan,[7]), Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Hainan (a province of China),[7] India (including Assam),[7] Ivory Coast, Jawa, Kenya, Laos,[7] Lesser Sunda Islands, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi,[18] Malaya,[7] Mali, Maluku, Mozambique,[19] Myanmar,[7] New Guinea,[7] Nigeria, Philippines,[7] Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa,[4] (including the regions of the Cape Provinces, the Northern Provinces, and KwaZulu-Natal), Sri Lanka, Sudan,[20] Sumatera, Swaziland, Taiwan,[21] Tanzania,[22] Thailand,[23] Togo, Uganda,[20] Vietnam,[7] Zambia,[24] Zaire and Zimbabwe.[1]
It has been introduced and naturalized in Jamaica.[5][7]
Habitat
It grows in grassland, in woodlands and forests (mixed open types[5]), along the edges of forests,[3][5][25] in bushveld,[25][20] forest clearings,[7] along roadsides,[3][7][5] along dry watercourses,[5] and along stream banks.[7][25]
In Africa. it grows at altitudes of 0–1,800 metres (0–5,906 ft) above sea level,[6][5][3] in China it only reaches about 600 m.[7] It is considered as a ruderal or agrestal (wild in cultivated fields) weed,[22][25] in cultivated areas,[3][5] and waste ground.[20]
Conservation
It is listed as least concern on the Red List of South African Plants.[25]
Cultivation
It can be grown on a wide range of soil types, but will grow best in deep sandy loams with permanent moisture.[6]
In Tanzania, the plant grows in areas where the mean annual rainfall is in the range 1,100 - 2,100 mm. It also grows in areas with a pronounced dry season and also those with almost no dry season.[6]
It can be grown from seed.[26]
Uses
It has various uses; as well as being an edible plant, it has medicinal uses, rope making and is also an ornamental garden plant (beauty flowers).[26][6]
It is used in folk medicine, the leaves are rubbed into sores.[27]
In the China, the leaf is used in an oral decoction and in baths.[28] A root decoction is drunk to rid the body of Oxyuris or 'threadworms'.[27]
The leaves are used as a cooked vegetable,[2] they are collected from the wild and then cooked.[5] It is often available when other vegetables are scarce.[6]
They are chopped up, boiled, the water is then drained and then the vegetable is mixed with pounded groundnuts or coconut milk and eaten with ugali or rice. Alternatively, the leaf is cooked with other vegetables such as Amaranthus or bidens, coconut milk or groundnut paste is then added and the whole mixture is served with a staple such as rice.[6][26]
In Uganda, they are popular within the Langi people, within a traditional dish called 'onyebe'.[5]
It is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant and also as a ground cover in plantations.[6] In Madagascar, it is used as a cover-plant in plantations of 'ylang-ylang' (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook f. & Thomson and it is also grazed by cattle.[5] It is cattle fodder in Benin with a wide range of other plants.[29]
The fibre from the inner bark is also used to make ropes.[5][6]
References
- ^ a b c d "Hewittia malabarica". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms and Etymology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-5064-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Flora of Zimbabwe: Species information: Hewittia malabarica". www.zimbabweflora.co.zw. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ a b O. A. Leistner Seed Plants of Southern Africa: Families and Genera, National Botanical Institute, 2000, p. 233, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq G. J. H. Grubben and O.A. Denton Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2;Vegetables (2004), p. 311, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ruffo, C.K.; Birnie, A.; Tengnas, B. (2002). Edible Wild Plants of Tanzania. Regional Land Management Unit; Nairobi. ISBN 9966-896-60-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Hewittia malabarica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Common name: Malabar Bindweed". Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ G, Graham (4 May 2018). "Pondoland CREW Blog: Flowering now (May 2018)". Pondoland CREW Blog. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ Frank White and Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire Evergreen Forest Flora of Malawi (2001), p. 212, at Google Books
- ^ "Malabar Bindweed". bharatlib.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "Plant List - Mariannhill Landfill Conservancy". Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ "Searching Botanary". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ "Hewittia Wight & Arn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ "Genus Hewittia Wight & Arn". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
- ^ Brian J. Huntley, Vladimir Russo, Fernanda Lages and Nuno Ferrand (Editors) Biodiversity of Angola: Science & Conservation: A Modern Synthesis (2019) at Google Books
- ^ Frank White and Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire Evergreen Forest Flora of Malawi (2001), p. 606, at Google Books
- ^ Arthur Wallis Exell and H. Wild Flora Zambesiaca: Mozambique, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, Volume 8, Part 1 (1960), p. 31, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d Ib Friis and Kaj Vollesen Flora of the Sudan-Uganda Border Area East of the Nile: Catalogue of vascular plants (2005), p. 417, at Google Books
- ^ Flora of Taiwan Editorial Committee Flora of Taiwan: volume six, 2003 at Google Books
- ^ a b Makokha, D.W. .; Irakiza, R.; Malombe, I.; Le Bourgeois, T.; Rodenburg, J. (January 2017). "Dualistic roles and management of non-cultivated plants in lowland rice systems of East Africa". South African Journal of Botany. 108: 321–330. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.011.
- ^ Chaiyarat, Rattanawat; Sakchan, Poomate; Panprayun, Gunn; Thongthip, Nikorn; Nakbun, Seree (2020). "Monitoring of forage and nutrition before and after reintroduction of banteng (Bos javanicus d' Alton, 1823) to Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 11135. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1011135C. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67942-2. PMC 7341747. PMID 32636423.
- ^ Patrick S. M. Phiri A Checklist of Zambian Vascular Plants (2005), p. 43, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e von Staden, L. (2019). "Genus: Hewittia". Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ a b c "Hewittia malabarica - edible and ornamental climber, rarity - 5 seeds • EUR 7,06". PicClick IE. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- ^ a b Burkil, H. M. (1985). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens; Kew.
- ^ Woon-Chien Teng, Ho Han Kiat, Rossarin Suwanarusk and Hwee-Ling Koh Medicinal Plants and Malaria: Applications, Trends, and Prospects (2016), p. 2097, at Google Books
- ^ Ouachinou, Jéronime Marie-Ange Sènami; Dassou, Gbèwonmèdéa Hospice; Azihou, Akomian Fortuné; Adomou, Aristide Cossi; Yédomonhan, Hounnankpon (2018). "Breeders' knowledge on cattle fodder species preference in rangelands of Benin". J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 14 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s13002-018-0264-1. PMC 6225710. PMID 30409166.
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Other sources
- Bandeira, S., Bolnick, D. & Barbosa, F. (2007). Wild Flowers of Southern Mozambique Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique Pages 120 - 121. (Includes a picture).
- Chapano, C. & Mamuto, M. (2003). Plants of the Chimanimani District National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Zimbabwe Page 31.
- Da Silva, M.C., Izidine, S. & Amude, A.B. (2004). A preliminary checklist of the vascular plants of Mozambique. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 30 Sabonet, Pretoria Page 47.
- Gonçalves, M.L. (1987). Convolvulaceae Flora Zambesiaca 8(1) Pages 31 - 32. as Hewittia scandens (Includes a picture).
- Grubben, G. J. H. (2004). Légumes, page 350 (in French)
- Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (eds) (2004). A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 Sabonet, Pretoria and Harare Page 36. as Hewittia scandens
- Phiri, P.S.M. (2005). A Checklist of Zambian Vascular Plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 Page 43.
- Pooley, E. (1998). A Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region. Natal Flora Publications Trust. Durban. Pages 302 - 303. (Includes a picture).
- Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, D.A. and Manyama, P.A. (2009). Red List of South African Plants. Strelitzia 25. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- Strugnell, A.M. (2006). A Checklist of the Spermatophytes of Mount Mulanje, Malawi Scripta Botanica Belgica 34 National Botanic Garden of Belgium Page 71. as Hewittia scandens