List of Isma'ili imams
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This is a list of the Imams as recognized by the different sub-sects of the Ismai'li sect of Shia Islam. Imams are considered members of the Bayt (Household) of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.
Early Imams
All Isma'ili sects roughly share the first four Imams with the Zaydi Shia, and the first six Imams with the Twelver Shia. The Nizari and Musta'li are collectively also known as Fatimid Isma'ili, in contrast to the Sevener Isma'ili.
After Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin, the Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali to be their next Imam rather than his older brother Muhammad al-Baqir who is considered the next Imam by the Isma'ili and Twelvers. After Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Twelvers consider Musa ibn Ja'far to be their next Imam, whereas Fatimid Isma'ilis consider his older brother Isma'il ibn Ja'far to be their next Imam, followed next by his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il. The Sevener Isma'ilis consider either Isma'il ibn Jafar or his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il to be their final Imam and occulted Mahdi.
| Sevener | Fatimid | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Waqifi | Qarmatian | Musta'li | Nizari | Personage | Period |
| 1 | 1 | Asās | 1 | Ali | (632–661) |
| 2 | 2 | 1 | Mustawda | Hasan ibn Ali | (661–669) Mustaali |
| 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | Husayn ibn Ali | (669–680) (Mustaali) (661–680) (Nizari) |
| 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin | (680–713) |
| 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | Muhammad al-Baqir | (713–733) |
| 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | Ja'far al-Sadiq | (733–765) |
| 7 (Mahdi) | — | 6 | 6 | Isma'il ibn Ja'far | (765–775) |
| — | 7 (Mahdi) | 7 | 7 | Muhammad ibn Isma'il | (775–813) |
The Seveners propagated their faith from their bases in Syria through Da'iyyun. In 899, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah announced that he was the "Imam of the Time" being also the fourth direct descendant of Muhammad ibn Isma'il in the very same dynasty, and proclaimed his previous three descendant Da'is to have been "hidden Imams". This caused a split between his Sevener followers accepting his claim and the Qarmatian who continued to dispute his claim and considered Muhammad ibn Isma'il as the Imam in occultation. Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah eventually became the first Fatimid Caliph with his empire spanning Egypt and the eastern Maghreb. Sevener communities continued to exist in Eastern Arabia and Syria, and for a while in northern Iran but where it was gradually replaced by Fatimid Isma'ilis and other Shiʿi communities.
Fatimid
In the Fatimid and its successor Isma'ili traditions, the Imamate was held by the following. Each Imam listed is considered the son of the preceding Imam by mainstream accounts.
- Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi), died 829, "hidden Imam", son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il according to Fatimid Isma'ili tradition
- Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi), died 840, "hidden Imam"
- Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah), died 881, "hidden Imam"
- Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, died 934, openly declares himself Imam, 1st Fatimid Caliph
- Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, died 946, 2nd Fatimid Caliph
- Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, died 953, 3rd Fatimid Caliph
- Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, died 975, 4th Fatimid Caliph
- Abu Mansur Nizar al-Aziz Billah, died 996, 5th Fatimid Caliph
- Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, 6th Fatimid Caliph, disappeared 1021. The Druze believe in the divinity of all Imams and split off after al-Hakim's disappearance, believed by them to be the occultation of the Mahdi.
- Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, died 1036, 7th Fatimid Caliph
- Al-Mustansir Billah, died 1094, 8th Fatimid Caliph.
After his death, the succession was disputed. The regent Malik al-Afdal placed Mustansir's younger son Al-Musta'li Billah on the throne. This was contested by the elder son Nizar al-Mustafa li-Din Allah, who was defeated and died in prison. This dispute resulted in the split into two branches, lasting to this day, the Nizari and the Musta'li.
Musta'li
The Musta'li recognized Imams:
- Ahmad al-Musta'li Billah, died 1101, 9th Fatimid Caliph, son of al-Mustansir Billah
- Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, died 1130, 10th Fatimid Caliph, son of al-Musta'li Billah
Hafizi Ismaili Muslims claimed that al-Amir died without an heir and was succeeded as Caliph and Imam by his cousin al-Hafiz. The Musta'li split into the Hafizi, who accepted him and his successors as an Imam, and the Tayyibi, who believed that al-Amir's purported son At-Tayyib was the rightful Imam and had gone into occultation.
Tayyibi
The Tayyibi recognized Imam:
- At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim, born 1130, disappeared in 1132, son of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
The Tayyibi branch continues to this day, headed by a Da'i al-Mutlaq as vice-regent in the imam's occultation. The Tayibbi have broken into several branches over disputes as to which Da'i is the true vice-regent. The largest branch are the Dawoodi Bohra, and there are also the Sulaymani Bohra and Alavi Bohra.
Hafizi
The Hafizi recognized Imams:
- Al-Hafiz li-Din Allah, died 1149, 11th Fatimid Caliph, cousin of al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
- Al-Zafir bi-Amr Allāh, died 1154, 12th Fatimid Caliph, son of al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
- Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah, died 1160, 13th Fatimid Caliph, son of al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
- Al-Adid li-Din Allah, died 1171, son of Yusuf ibn al-Hafiz li-Din Allah, 14th Fatimid Caliph. The Fatimid Caliphate ended with Al-'Adid's death.
- Daud al-Hamid li-Allah, died 1207/8, son of al-Adid li-Din Allah. Died in prison under the Ayyubid dynasty, Al-Kamil.
- Sulayman Badr al-Din, died 1248, son of Daud al-Hamid li-Allah. Died in prison under the Ayyubid dynasty. The last Hafizi Imam.
The Hafizi sect lived on until the 14th century in Egypt and Syria but had died out by the end of the 14th century.
Nizari
| Nizari | Imams | Period | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mu'mini | Qasimi | Qasimi | Mu'mini | Qasimi | Mu'mini |
| 19 | 19 | Nizar al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ibn al-Mustansir Billah | 1095–1097 | ||
| 20 | 20 | Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar al-Mustafa li-Din Allah ("hidden") | 1097–1136 | ||
| 21 | 21 | Muhammad al-Muhtadi ibn Ali al-Hadi ("hidden") | Muhammad al-Muhtadi (Rashid ad-Din Sinan) | 1136–1158 | 1136–1193 |
| 22 | Hassan al-Qahir ibn Muhammad al-Muhtadi ("hidden") | 1158–1162 | |||
| 23 | Hassan Ala Zikrihis Salam ibn Hassan al-Qahir | 1162–1166 | |||
| 24 | Nur al-Din Muhammad ibn Hassan Ala Zikrihis Salam | 1166–1210 | |||
| 22 | 25 | Jalal al-Din Hassan ibn Nur al-Din Muhammad | Jalal al-Din Hassan | 1210–1221 | 1193–1221 |
| 23 | 26 | Ala al-Din Muhammad ibn Jalal al-Din Hassan | 1221–1255 | ||
| 24 | 27 | Rukn al-Din Hassan Khurshah ibn Ala al-Din Muhammad | 1255–1256 | ||
| 25 | 28 | Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Rukn al-Din Hassan Khurshah | 1257–1310 | ||
Following the death of Shams al-Din Muhammad, the Nizari Isma'ili split into two groups: the Mu'mini Nizari (or, Muhammad-Shahi Nizari) who considered his elder son Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah to be the next Imam followed by his son Muhammad Shah, and the Qasimi Nizari (or, Qasim-Shahi Nizari) who consider his younger son Qasim Shah to be the next Imam
Mu'mini
- Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah ibn Shams al-Din Muhammad, died 1310; the elder son of Shams al-Din Muhammad.
- Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah, died 1404.
- Radi al-Din ibn Muhammad Shah, died 15th century.
- Tahir ibn Radi al-Din, died 15th century.
- Radi al-Din II ibn Tahir, died 1509.
- Shah Tahir ibn Radi al-Din II al-Husayni ad-Dakkani, died 1549. The most famous Imam from this line.
- Haydar ibn Shah Tahir, died 1586.
- Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Haydar, died 1622.
- Mu'in al-Din ibn Sadr al-Din, died 1644.
- Atiyyat Allah ibn Muin al-Din (Khudaybaksh), died 1663.
- Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah, died 1691.
- Mu'in al-Din II ibn Aziz Shah, died 1715.
- Amir Muhammad al-Musharraf ibn Mu'in al-Din II, died 1764.
- Haydar al-Mutahhar ibn Muhammad al-Musharraf, died 1786
- Amir Muhammad al-Baqir ibn Haydar al-Mutahhar, the final imam of this line, disappeared in 1796.
Qasimi
- Qasim Shah (hidden), younger son of Shams al-Din Muhammad. 1310–1368
- Islam Shah (hidden) established himself in Anjudan. 1368–1424
- Muhammad ibn Islam Shah (hidden) 1424–1464
- Al-Mustansir billah II Ali Shah (Shah Qalandar), established public Imamate -under the practice of Sufi taqiyya- in Anjudan, 1464–1480
- Abd-us-Salam Shah, in Anjudan, 1480–1494.
- Abbas Shah Gharib Mirza (Mustansir bi'llah III), in Anjudan, 1494–1498.
- Abu Dharr Ali, in Anjudan, 1498–1509.
- Murad Mirza, 1509–1574, executed in 1574 by Shah Tahmasp I of Iran.
- Dhu-l-Fiqar Ali (Khalilullah I), in Anjudan, 1574–1634.
- Nur al-Dahr or Nuru-d-Din Ali, in Anjudan, 1634–1671.
- Khalilullah II Ali, last imam of Anjudan, 1671–1680.
- Nizar II, established imamate in Kahak, 1680–1722.
- As-Sayyid Ali, in Kahak, 1722–1736.
- Sayyid Hasan 'Ali Beg, established imamate in Shahr-e Babak, Kerman, first Imam who abandoned the practice of taqiyya, 1736–1747.
- Qasim Ali (Sayyid Ja'far), in Kerman, 1747–1756.
- Sayyid Abu'l-Hasan 'Ali (Baqir Shah), 1756–1792.
- Shah Khalilullah III, in Kahak, then since 1815 in Yazd, 1792–1817, murdered in 1817.
- Hassan Ali Shah Aga Khan I or Shah Hassan Ali (lived 1804–1881; reigned 1817–1881)
- Aqa Ali Shah Aga Khan II or Shah Ali Shah (lived 1830–1885; reigned 1881–1885)
- Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III (lived 1877–1957; reigned 1885–1957)
- Shah Karim-ul-Hussayni Aga Khan IV (born 1936; reigned since 1957)
Genealogy
See also
References
- Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61636-2.
- Halm, Heinz (1988). Die Schia. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 193–243. ISBN 3-534-03136-9.