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2019 Vietnamese census

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2019 Vietnam Population and Housing census
← 2009 1 April 2019
File:Logo of 2019 Vietnamese Census.svg
General information
CountryVietnam
AuthorityGeneral Statistics Office of Vietnam
Websitetongdieutradanso.vn
Results
Total population96,208,984 (Increase 1.14%/year)
Most populous localityHo Chi Minh City (8,993,082)
Least populous localityBắc Kạn Province (313,905)

The 2019 Vietnamese census (officially Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019, '2019 Vietnam Population and Housing census') was the fifth national census of Vietnam since the country's reunification,[1] and the eighth census conducted by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam.[2] Census work began on 1 April 2019,[3][4] and the census response period ended on 25 April 2019.[5] Involving 147,000 enumerators[6] and almost 2 years of preparation,[7] the 2019 census was the largest census up to that time in Vietnam,[8] and was the first Vietnamese census to extensively use technology in all stages.[8][9]

The census was conducted in all 63 of Vietnam's provinces and municipalities, along with three ministries: the Ministry of National Defence, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with a total budget of about 1.1 trillion đồng.[10][11] The goals of the census included collecting statistical information on population and housing for research and analysis purposes, helping to build appropriate socio-economic development policies of the country, and monitoring sustainable development goals.[1][11][12]

The preliminary results were released on 11 July 2019,[13] while full results were published on 19 December of the same year.[1][14] The census recorded a resident population of 96,208,984, an increase of 10.4 million people after 10 years; the growth rate was lower than the preceding decade and the sex ratio at birth was highly skewed.[15][16]

Background

In 1960, the population growth rate in Vietnam was very high, at nearly 4%, and the average number of children per woman was more than 6 children, greatly affecting socio-economic development.[17] Faced with this situation, on 26 December 1961, the government issued Decision No. 216/CP on controlled childbearing, making Vietnam one of the first countries in the region to implement family planning.[18] By 1975, the population growth rate had dropped to 2.4% and the average number of children per woman had fallen to 5.25. The state continued to encourage couples to avoid pregnancies and have only 1 to 2 children, except for some special cases. In 1984, the Council of Ministers issued Decision No. 58-HDBT on the establishment of the National Committee for Population and Birth Planning.[19] On 19 June 1991, the Government issued Decree 193-HDBT to establish the Committee for Population and Family Planning.[20] This period also applies reward and punishment policies, such as land and house allocation.[21] By 2002, the completed fertility rate had decreased to 2.8 children per woman, and the population growth rate was 1.3% per year.[20] In 2003, the Population Ordinance was issued, stipulating that all couples were free to decide how many children to have and when, leading many to misinterpret that the state was encouraging childbearing, causing the fertility rate to rise sharply again.[22][23] In 2007, Vietnam entered the period known as the 'golden population structure'.[24] In 2009, due to the increased fertility rate, the government changed its policy to recommend that each couple have 1–2 children.[23] Between 2010 and 2019, the average annual population growth rate decreased to roughly 1%.[25] In 2011, the country officially entered the "aging phase", requiring timely policies and programs to address potential problems.[26]

During the Vietnam War, the General Statistics Office conducted censuses in 1960 and 1974 in the North.[2] Following the reunification in 1976, a population census was conducted in the southern provinces. The first national census was conducted in 1979. After that, Vietnam conducted a census every 10 years, in 1989, 1999, and 2009.[27]

Purpose

The purpose of the census was to collect demographic information. The results were to be used for research, analysis and forecasting, in particular to help assess the implementation of the socio-economic development strategy, and monitor sustainable development goals.[28][29][30] The results also provided an important basis for formulating and planning socio-economic development policies in the future.[9][29][31] In addition, because the population data from the Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Public Security, and Ministry of Health were not detailed and accurate enough, the 2019 census also helped to update national population database and provided a basis for proposals to not conduct a census in 2029.[11][32][33] The government also used the population data to adjust administrative boundaries.[8][34]

Design and questions

The census was conducted in 63 provinces and municipalities along with three ministries: the Ministry of National Defence, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with a total budget of about 1.1 trillion Vietnamese đồng.[10][11] Technology was applied for the first time in all stages. The census offered two response options: direct (face-to-face interview) and indirect (online). In addition to the conventional pre-printed paper form, for the first time ever, this census was also conducted using electronic devices with computer-assisted personal interviewing and the Internet, thereby improving the quality, transparency, and consistency of the data, reducing workload, streamlining data processing, and saving money.[32][35]

Main topics of the 2019 census included information on basic population characteristics; migration status; educational and technical qualifications; disability status; marital status; fertility rate, death rate and population growth; birth registration status of children; employment situation; housing situation; and basic living conditions of households.[5][36] There were two types of questionnaires. The standard set of questions for the whole population included 22 basic questions about population and housing. The second set of questions, which sampled 9% of the population, consisted of 65 questions to gather in-depth information on population, demographics and housing.[37][38] The census covered all Vietnamese people residing in the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam up to the time of the census and all Vietnamese people allowed to go abroad by the authorities, as well as recording all deaths from 16 February 2018 (the first day of the Lunar New Year) to 31 March 2019, and gathering housing information.[33][39]

Along with the widespread use of information technology, some changes of the 2019 census were the use of two-stage stratified sampling (which ensured the representativeness of the indicators to the district level), the inclusion of sustainable development goals in the questionnaires, and an improved process of drawing commune and ward base maps and dividing enumeration areas.[32]

Preparation

The census was prepared by authorities at all levels for nearly 2 years.[7] Beginning in early 2017, the General Statistics Office researched and developed software for the use of electronic questionnaires.[40] The General Statistics Office also developed methodology, guidance documents and communication plans, as well as finalising the questions and conducting staff training.[29] On 7 September 2017, the General Statistics Office collaborated with UNFPA to organize a workshop to solicit opinions on the 2019 census.[41] On 6 December 2017, the Prime Minister issued Directive No. 44/CT-TTg on the preparation of the census.[42][43]

In the first quarter of 2018, the General Statistics Office conducted surveys in a number of provinces using computer-assisted personal interviewing and then expanded the use of electronic questionnaires installed on mobile devices for the 2018 national population change survey.[40] On 26 June 2018, the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 772/QD-TTg on the organisation of the 2019 Population and Housing census, including the establishment of Steering Committees at all levels.[9][28] On 15 August 2018, the Minister of Planning and Investment signed Decision No. 01/QD-BCDTW on promulgating the plan for the 2019 Population and Housing census.[37] On 4 August 2018, the Central Population and Housing census Steering Committee issued Plan No. 05/KH-BCDTW on communication plans for the 2019 census.[44][45] By September 2018, the General Department had carried out census rehearsals as well as assessing and perfecting the census procedure. The General Department also launched a free support hotline and an automated messaging system and reviewed the system's IT infrastructure.[40]

By November, the Ministries of Public Security, Defense, Foreign Affairs and authorities at all levels had established a steering committee.[46][31] On 19 November 2018, the Central Population and Housing census steering committee convened a plenum to summarize the work already implemented and prepare for the census.[46][47] In the last two months of 2018, surveyors were sent to record the number of people in households and introduced Internet response option. Residents preferring the Internet option provided phone numbers and received account name and password for authentication on 31 March 2019.[29] On 17 December 2018, the General Statistics Office organized the 2019 Population and Housing census Training Conference.[48]

On 13 March 2019, the Central Population and Housing census Steering Committee held a teleconference on the 2019 Population and Housing census with 36,000 participants.[49][50]

Timeline

The 2019 census was the largest census up to that time in Vietnam, involving 147,000 enumerators.[8][6] Census work began on 1 April 2019,[3][4] and the census response period ended on 25 April 2019.[5] It was also conducted faster than any previous census in Vietnam thanks to the use of technology.[51]

In Ho Chi Minh City, all census work was done by mobile devices or via the Internet, by 12,000 enumerators in nearly 19,500 enumeration areas.[52][53] Da Nang, with more than 1,300 enumerators, was one of the localities with the highest rate of online response.[54][55] Hanoi had about 17,800 enumeration areas and mobilized more than 12,000 enumerators,[56] while Haiphong mobilized more than 2,300 enumerators.[57] The Ministry of Public Security led more than 4,000 enumerators, over 170 supervisors and conducted census in over 3,000 enumeration areas, with two different set of questions for officers and prisoners.[58] By 13 April, 60.0% of all households had submitted their census questionnaire.[59] By 25 April, the response rate was 99.95%. After this day, households who had not responded were able to contact the steering committee on 26, 27 and 28 April.[60] The steering committees at all levels before 26 April had to send a quick report to the Central Steering Committee, who then submitted summary reports to the government.[61]

On 11 July 2019, the Central Population and Housing census Steering Committee released the preliminary results of the census,[62][63] On 19 December 2019, the Steering Committee held a conference to announce the complete results of the census.[14][64] On 18 December 2020, the General Statistics Office held a conference to announce the results of in-depth research on the 2019 Population and Housing census.[65][66]

Results

General population indicators (2019)[67]
Description Number Percentage
Total population 96,208,984 100.0%
By sex
Male 47,881,061 49.8%
Female 48,327,923 50.2%
By geographic distribution
Urban 33,059,735 34.4%
Rural 63,149,249 65.6%
By marital status
Total aged 15+ 72,837,102 100%
Single 16,364,940 22.4%
Currently married 50,392,598 69.2%
Divorced 1,286,526 1.76%
Separated 217,272 0.29%
Widowed 4,575,766 6.2%

On census reference day, 1 April 2019, Vietnam had a population of 96,208,984 people, mostly concentrated in the Red River Delta and the Southeast region. After 10 years, the population had increased by 10.4 million people, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.14% per year, lower than the preceding decade. Those with disabilities accounted for 3.7% of the population aged 5 years and over. The most prevalent cause of deaths for one year before the census reference day (90.9%) was disease, followed by traffic accidents and work-related accidents. 88% of households used motorized personal vehicles.[38] The population density was 290 people/km2.

The male population was 47,881,061 people (49.8%) and the female population was 48,327,923 people (50.2%). The nationwide sex ratio for all ages was 0.991, though it varied by age group and region. The sex ratio at birth was significantly skewed, at 111.5 boys for every 100 girls, while the natural sex ratio at birth is around 104–106 boys per 100 girls.[1][68] Average life expectancy was 73.6 years; the figure for males was 71.0 years while the figure for females was 76.3 years.[38]

The urban population was 33,122,548 people, and the average annual urban growth rate was 2.64% per year. The Red River Delta and the Southeast were the two regions with the largest populations of immigrants. The total number of households was 26,870,079, an increase of 4.4 million households from 2009, or an average annual growth rate of 1.8% per year, which was lower than in the 1999–2009 period and the lowest in 40 years.

77.5% of the population aged 15 years and over had been married at least once. More than 9% of women aged 20 to 24 had their first marriage before the age of 18. The singulate mean age at marriage was 25.2 years old.[38][69]

The total fertility rate was 2.09 children per woman, and the rate in rural areas was higher than in urban areas. The total fertility rate was highest in the Northern midlands and mountainous and Central Highlands regions, while the Southeast and Mekong River Delta area had the lowest. The higher the education level of women, the fewer number of children she was likely to bear. Early adolescent childbearing still existed, most prevalently in the Northern midlands and mountainous and Central Highlands region.[1]

The percentage of out-of-school children dropped to 8.3%. Nearly 81% of the population aged 15 and over did not have technical qualifications, while 2.05% of the population aged 15 and over were unemployed. Because of economic restructuring, for the first time, the number of workers in the service sector was higher than those in agriculture, forestry and fishing industry.[38][6]

The average household consisted of 3.6 people. 99.4% of households had access to electricity, 97.4% used hygienic water, and 88.9% used hygienic latrines.[38]

Age demographics

There were significant changes in the population's age structure: the proportion of people of working age increased while the proportion of dependents decreased. 24% of the population was under 15 years old, 7.6% of the population aged 65 or over, while the proportion of the working-age population was 68.4%.[70] The results indicated that while Vietnam is still in a period of golden population structure, the rate of population ageing has increased rapidly over the last few years.[71][72]

Population distribution by age (2019)[67]
Age group Number Percentage
0-4 7,819,326 8.12%
5-9 8,332,719 8.66%
10-14 7,219,837 7.50%
15-19 6,506,217 6.76%
20-24 6,675,703 6.93%
25-29 8,447,977 8.78%
30-34 8,393,810 8.72%
35-39 7,692,386 7.99%
40-44 6,684,119 6.94%
45-49 6,257,471 6.50%
50-54 5,662,010 5.88%
55-59 5,108,724 5.31%
60-64 3,992,034 4.14%
65-69 2,685,271 2.79%
70-74 1,640,850 1.70%
75-79 1,171,811 1.21%
80-84 907,732 0.94%
85+ 1,010,987 1.05%

Ethnic demographics

The population of Kinh people was 82,085,826 people, accounting for 85.3% of the population. Of the remaining ethnic groups, 6 had over 1 million people, while 11 had a population of less than 5,000 people.

Population distribution by ethnicity (2019)[67]
Description Number Percentage
Kinh 82,085,826 85.3%
Tày 1,845,492 1.9%
Thái 1,820,950 1.9%
Hoa 749,466 0.78%
Khmer 1,319,652 1.4%
Mường 1,452,095 1.5%
Nùng 1,083,298 1.1%
Mông 1,393,547 1.4%
Dao 891,151 0.93%
Gia Rai 513,930 0.53%
Ngái 1,649 0.0017%
Ê Đê 398,671 0.41%
Ba Na 286,910 0.30%
Xơ Đăng 212,277 0.22%
Sán Chay 201,398 0.21%
Cơ Ho 200,800 0.21%
Chăm 178,948 0.19%
Sán Dìu 183,004 0.19%
Hrê 149,460 0.16%
Mnông 127,334 0.13%
Raglay 146,613 0.15%
Xtiêng 100,752 0.10%
Bru Vân Kiều 94,598 0.098%
Thổ 91,430 0.095%
Giáy 67,858 0.071%
Cơ Tu 74,173 0.077%
Gié Triêng 63,322 0.066%
Mạ 50,322 0.052%
Khơ Mú 90,612 0.094%
Co 40,442 0.042%
Tà Ôi 52,356 0.054%
Chơ Ro 29,520 0.031%
Kháng 16,180 0.017%
Xinh Mun 29,503 0.031%
Hà Nhì 25,539 0.027%
Chu Ru 23,242 0.024%
Lào 17,532 0.018%
La Chí 15,126 0.016%
La Ha 10,157 0.011%
Phù Lá 12,471 0.013%
La Hủ 12,113 0.013%
Lự 6,757 0.0070%
Lô Lô 4,827 0.0050%
Chứt 7,513 0.0078%
Mảng 4,650 0.0048%
Pà Thẻn 8,248 0.0086%
Cơ Lao 4,003 0.0042%
Cống 2,729 0.0028%
Bố Y 3,232 0.0034%
Si La 909 0.00094%
Pu Péo 903 0.00094%
Brâu 525 0.00055%
Ơ Đu 428 0.00044%
Rơ Măm 639 0.00066%
Người nước ngoài (alien) 3,553 0.0037%
Không xác định (unknown) 349 0.00036%

Religious demographics

Religion in Vietnam (2019)[67]

  Non-religious (86.32%)
  Catholicism (6.1%)
  Buddhism (4.79%)
  Hoahaoism (1.02%)
  Protestantism (1%)
  Others (0.77%)

13.2 million people in Vietnam identified as religious. Specifically, the one with the highest number of followers was Catholicism with 5.9 million people, followed by Buddhism with 4.6 million followers.

Population by religious affiliation[67]
Description Number
Any religion 13,162,879
Catholic 5,866,169
Buddhish 4,606,543
Hòa Hảo 983,079
Protestant 960,558
Muslim 70,934
Baháʼí Faith 2,153
Caodaism 556,234
Pure Land Buddhism 2,306
Đạo Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa 30,416
Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 2,975
Giáo hội Phật đường Nam Tông Minh Sư đạo 260
Minh lý đạo - Tam Tông Miếu 193
Brahmin 64,547
Mormonism 4,281
Phật giáo Hiếu Nghĩa Tà Lơn 401
Seventh-day Adventist Church 11,830
No religion 83,046,105

Problems and controversies

Some problems during the census process included weak cell phone signal reception in some highland areas; many residents were absent, did not cooperate or know the information needed, the location was difficult to access. As many residents were shift-worker, census takers also often had to come at night. Errors sometimes occurred during data synchronization, and some enumerators made mistakes while doing their work.[54][73]

According to the 2019 census results, there were 1,244 households or 4,108 people without dwellings in Vietnam.[38] 99.99% of households in Hanoi had dwellings,[74] Da Nang recorded five households without dwellings (0.0016%),[75] and Ho Chi Minh City had 39 households without dwellings.[76] These figures engendered some public controversy. According to the definition of Statistics, "households without dwellings are those living in tents, camps, or sidewalks", meaning living under the stairs was considered having dwelling. In addition, whether one had dwellings or not also did not depend on the ownership of the house. This definition is different from the criteria of the Ministry of Construction.[77][78] For comparison, according to the Department of Construction of Ho Chi Minh City, there were about 476 thousand households not having a house or currently living with either parents or relatives, 12,000 times higher than the figures of the Statistics Office.[78] Meanwhile, some districts also disagreed with the figures by the Statistics Office. For example, the government of Cần Giờ District believed due to not fully understanding the employment characteristics and work environment of some residents, the Statistics Office miscalculated the number of households without dwellings in the district as these households already had dwellings in other localities.[79] In addition, the population of Ho Chi Minh City also raised some doubts. According to the city's Statistics Office, the city had 8.9 million inhabitants while many people believed that it must have been between 14 and 15 million.[77] Some also compared it to the figure released by Ho Chi Minh City Public Security Department, which was nearly 13 million people.[79] According to the criteria of the Statistics Office, those often residing in the city, with or without hộ khẩu, for six months or more; those residing for less than six months but having a tendency to remain; newborn children; temporary absentees are considered permanent residents.[77][78] Those not considered residents may include visitors; those commuting to the city in the morning but coming back home in the evening; police and military officers; those visiting for holiday, seeing relatives, or a short stay; those traveling to obtain medical treatment; students from other provinces coming to Ho Chi Minh to study and living in lodgings.[77][78]

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