Martinho da Costa Lopes

Martinho da Costa Lopes (Portuguese Timor, 11 November 1918 – Lisbon, 27 February 1991) was an East Timorese religious and political leader. Msgr. da Costa Lopes, who was a Timorese priest of many years experience, was also a member of the National Assembly in Lisbon.

By 1975, when Indonesian troops landed in Timor, he had become the assistant to the Portuguese Bishop of Dili, Dom José Joaquim Ribeiro. When the latter, distraught by the killings, requested retirement in May 1977, his position was taken by Msgr. da Costa Lopes, who at the age of 58 became the Apostolic Administrator of the Dili diocese, answerable directly to the Pope and responsible for the whole of East Timor.

Life

Martinho da Costa Lopes grew up in an era when the Portuguese church, in what was then Portuguese Timor, cooperated closely with the Portuguese colonial government, but was less strongly linked with the people, of whom only 28% were Catholic in 1975. In spite of this grounding, and him being in his 60s, he oriented the church towards support for the Timorese people fighting in the mountains and for those priests (both Portuguese and Timorese) who had gone to live in the mountains with them. In 1981, the country's lingua franca, the Tetum language, was made an official language of the Catholic liturgy in East Timor in place of Indonesian.

The decision by the Vatican to force Msgr. da Costa Lopes to leave was made without consulting the Timorese clergy, many of whom wrote to the Pope opposing it, as a result of his outspoken criticism. However, his name remains associated with a historic re-orientation of the Timorese church towards local culture. This new, indigenous church achieved, during these six years, a numerical growth which centuries of work by Portuguese missionaries had never managed in East Timor.

Political activity

For some years, he privately took up issues of allegations of atrocities and starvation with the Indonesian military. So in 1981, he changed tactics. He now made his complaints public by writing letters overseas and then giving his permission for them to be published in newspapers and through the media, so that the world community, unaware of what was happening in the closed territory, would come to learn of killings by the Indonesians. In particular, he criticised the forced conscription of 50,000 men and boys to form a human chain to help crush the Fretilin resistance, and later denounced the Indonesian army for war crimes, in particular the massacre of 500 women and children at the Shrine of St Anthony at Lacluta in September 1981.

He was reprimanded by the military and infuriated President Suharto. Never before had an East Timorese so publicly exposed and humiliated the Indonesian Armed Forces. His response was: "I feel the irrepressible need to tell the whole world about the genocide being practised in Timor so that, when we die, at least the world will know we died standing."

Meanwhile, he continued to highlight the evidence of massive starvation in the resettlement camps and gave his support to his priests who sought to stand alongside the people. Desperately he wrote to the Pope requesting a special audience, to which the Vatican responded that it was neither timely nor necessary. For Msgr. da Costa Lopes, this was one of his hardest blows. He went on, in a letter to Australia, to accuse the Indonesian military of mass murder, and anticipated widespread famine unless large food supplies were urgently imported. His predictions were proved correct.

Former Australian Prime Minister Whitlam, called the bishop "a liar, who was simply stirring up trouble". However his denunciations proved so controversial and supported by outside agencies that Indonesia could no longer tolerate them.

Retirement and death

General Benny Moerdani was suspected of persuading the Papal Pro-Nuncio in Jakarta, whom he was suspected of being close to, to advise the Pope to request the resignation of the Apostolic Administrator. This happened in May 1983, when Msgr. da Costa Lopes retired, painfully leaving his native land to live in Lisbon where he died on 27 February 1991. Lopes was succeeded as Apostolic Administrator by Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo.

Sources

• New York Times: Death of da Costa Lopes
• Cathnews: Whitlam role in ousting East Timor Catholic leader

Literature

• Rowena Lennox, Fighting Spirit of East Timor: The Life of Martinho da Costa Lopes, ISBN 1-85649-833-6