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Spirit bear

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Kermode bear

Apparently Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ursidae
Genus: Ursus
Species:
U. americanus
Subspecies:
U. a. kermodei
Trinomial name
Ursus americanus kermodei
Hornaday, 1905

The Kermode bear, sometimes called the spirit bear (Ursus americanus kermodei), is a subspecies of the American black bear and lives in the Central and North Coast regions of British Columbia, Canada.[2] It is the official provincial mammal of British Columbia and symbol of Terrace, British Columbia.[3][4] While most Kermode bears are black, between 100 and 500 fully white individuals exist.[5] The white variant is known as spirit bear, and is most common on three islands in British Columbia (Gribbell, Princess Royal, and Roderick), where they make up 10–20% of the Kermode population.[6] Spirit bears hold a prominent place in the oral traditions of the indigenous peoples of the area. They have also been featured in a National Geographic documentary.[7]

Description

At the Spirit Bear Lodge, Klemtu, British Columbia

The Kermode bear was named after Frank Kermode, former director of the Royal B.C. Museum,[2] who researched the subspecies and was a colleague of William Hornaday, the zoologist who described it.[8][9] Today, the name Kermode is pronounced as /kərˈmoʊdi/ kər-MOH-dee differing from the pronunciation of the Kermode surname, which originates on the Isle of Man (/ˈkɜːrmoʊd/ KUR-mohd).[10]

White Kermode bears are not albinos, as they still have pigmented skin and eyes.[2][6] Rather, a single, nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in the MC1R gene causes melanin to not be produced.[6] This mutant gene is recessive, so Kermode bears with two copies of this mutant, nonfunctional gene appear white, while bears with one copy or no copies appear black.[6] Two black bears can mate and produce a white cub if both of these black bears are heterozygous, carrying one copy of the mutant MC1R gene, and both mutant genes are inherited by the cub. Additional genetic studies found that white Kermode bears breed more with white Kermode bears, and black Kermode bears breed more with black Kermode bears, in a phenomenon known as positive assortative mating.[6] One hypothesis is that this happens because young bears imprint on their mother's fur colour.[5]

Kermode bears are omnivorous for most of the year, subsisting mainly on herbage and berries except during autumn salmon migrations, when they become obligate predators.[5] During the day, white bears are 35% more successful than black bears in capturing salmon.[11] Salmon evade large, black models about twice as frequently as they evade large white models, giving white bears an advantage in salmon hunting. The white fur of the bear is harder to spot under water by fish than black fur is, so the bear can catch fish more easily.[11] On some islands, white Kermode bears have more marine-derived nutrients in their fur, indicating that white Kermode bears eat more salmon than the black Kermode bears.[12]

Habitat

A Kermode bear from the Great Bear Rainforest, British Columbia

The U. a. kermodei subspecies ranges from Princess Royal Island to Prince Rupert, British Columbia, on the coast and inland toward Hazelton, British Columbia. It is known in the Tsimshianic languages as moksgmʼol. In the February 2006 Speech from the Throne, the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia announced the government's intention to designate the Kermode, or spirit bear, as British Columbia's official animal. It was adopted as such in April of that year.[3] A male Kermode bear can reach 225 kg (496 lb) or more. Females are much smaller, with a maximum weight of 135 kg (298 lb). Straight up, it stands 180 cm (71 in) tall.

Fewer than 400 white-coloured bears were estimated to exist in the coast area that stretches from Southeast Alaska southwards to the northern tip of Vancouver Island;[13] about 120 inhabit the large Princess and Prince Royal Islands.[13] The largest concentration of the white bears inhabits 80-square-mile (210 km2) Gribbell Island, in the territory of the Gitgaʼata people.[14]

The bear's habitat was potentially under threat from the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, whose planned route would have passed near the Great Bear Rainforest.[15][16] Indigenous groups including the Gitgaʼat opposed the pipeline.[17] The Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline was rejected by the federal government in 2016.

Conservation

Although the Kermode bear is not rare, considerable conservation efforts have been made to maintain the subspecies' population due to the bear's cultural significance. The main threats to the bear species include habitat destruction due to oil pipelines.

The majority of the Kermode bears' protein intake is from salmon during the fall.[11][18] Pipeline spills could cause damage to salmon populations by polluting ecosystems.[14] Salmon are a keystone species and are important to the nutrient intake of both aqueous and terrestrial environments.[19] The salmon contribute nutrients to water during spawning and contribute to the land with decomposition of their carcasses when predators, such as bears, scatter them throughout the forest.[19] Until November 26, 2016, the greatest pipeline threat to the Great Bear Rainforest had been the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines, but Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau shut the project down after the First Nations took the Canadian government to court and won.[20] Trudeau instead approved two different pipelines, the Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Expansion Project and another Enbridge Pipeline, that have been deemed not to affect the British Columbia Coast or the Great Bear Rainforest.[20]

In 2012, the coastal First Nations banned trophy hunting of all bears in their territories in the Great Bear Rainforest. In 2017, after much public pressure to end the practice, the government of British Columbia banned the trophy hunting of grizzlies in the Great Bear Rainforest, but the hunting of black bears remains legal. A concern in regards to hunting is potential poaching.[21] Grizzly bears also pose a threat to Kermode bear populations because of the decline of natural resources, especially salmon populations that are becoming subject to climate change and overfishing.[14][22] Using noninvasive hair-line traps scientists tracked the movement of grizzlies across the coasts and rainforest. They found that grizzlies are moving into black bear and Kermode bear salmon feeding grounds more often. This disrupts the feeding of Kermode and other black bears, as they often retreat once grizzlies arrive.[14]

Spirit Bear Lodge is an ecolodge that provides bear sightseeing opportunities, provides education about British Columbia bears, and has stimulated the economy of the Klemtu Indian Reserve. The operators have complained about hunting, stating they have seen bear carcasses, and that hunting makes the bears more wary of humans and harder to spot.[21]

In captivity

In October 2012, a Kermode bear, believed to be the first in captivity, became a resident of the British Columbia Wildlife Park in Kamloops.[23] The yearling cub was found abandoned in northwestern British Columbia on the side of Terrace Mountain near Terrace. After two unsuccessful attempts to rehabilitate and release him back into the wild, the cub, now nicknamed Clover by handlers, was sent to the park when conservation officers decided that he was not a candidate for relocation.[24] The park has plans to create a custom home for the bear, which escaped from his temporary enclosure once.[25] Animal-rights group Lifeforce believed that the bear was healthy enough to survive on his own and that he should be relocated and released back into the wild.[26] Provincial government wildlife officials maintained their position against attempting a long-distance relocation, stating that the risks outweighed the possible benefits, and as of July 2019, the bear remains in captivity.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Spirit Bear Facts". Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  3. ^ a b "Symbols of British Columbia". Office of Protocol. Government of British Columbia. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
  4. ^ "Terrace, British Columbia (Canada)". CRW Flags. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Hedrick, Philip W.; Ritland, Kermit (2012-02-01). "Population Genetics of the White-Phased "spirit" Black Bear of British Columbia". Evolution. 66 (2): 305–313. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01463.x. ISSN 1558-5646. PMID 22276530.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ritland, Kermit; Newton, Craig; Marshall, H.Dawn (2001). "Inheritance and population structure of the white-phased "Kermode" black bear". Current Biology. 11 (18): 1468–1472. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00448-1. PMID 11566108. S2CID 15846139.
  7. ^ Last Stand of the Great Bear. National Geographic. 2006. ISBN 0-7922-4110-X.
  8. ^ Warmack, Steve. "The Kermode Bear". Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
  9. ^ "Kermode Bear: Icon for an Engangered Ecosystem" from National Wildlife Magazine 1/15/2010
  10. ^ "Surname Database: Kermode Last Name Origin". surnamedb.com. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  11. ^ a b c Klinka, Dan R.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (2009-11-01). "Adaptive coat colour polymorphism in the Kermode bear of coastal British Columbia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 98 (3): 479–488. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01306.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
  12. ^ Reimchen, Thomas E.; Klinka, Dan R. (2017-10-01). "Niche differentiation between coat colour morphs in the Kermode bear (Ursidae) of coastal British Columbia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 274–285. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx079. ISSN 0024-4066.
  13. ^ a b "The Pacific Coast of BC is home to the world's only white coloured Black Bears". Spirit Bear Adventure LTD. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
  14. ^ a b c d Shoumatoff, Alex. "This Rare, White Bear May Be the Key to Saving a Canadian Rainforest", Smithsonian Magazine, August 31, 2015.
  15. ^ Kaufman, Rachel (October 7, 2010). "Photos: Canadian Rain Forest Edges Oil Pipeline Path". National Geographic News. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  16. ^ Save, Planet (November 4, 2011). "Canada's 'Spirit Bears' Threatened by Proposed Oil Pipeline". IBTimes UK. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  17. ^ "Rare Spirit Bear Endangered in Canada". ZamanUSA.com. Associated Press. November 28, 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  18. ^ Hilderbrand, G V; Jenkins, S G; Schwartz, C C; Hanley, T A; Robbins, C T (1999-12-01). "Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (10): 1623–1630. doi:10.1139/z99-133. ISSN 0008-4301.
  19. ^ a b Hilderbrand, Grant V.; Farley, Sean D.; Schwartz, Charles C.; Robbins, Charles T. (2004). "Importance of salmon to wildlife: Implications for integrated management" (PDF). Ursus. 15 (1): 1–9. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0001:IOSTWI>2.0.CO;2 – via www.bearbiology.com.
  20. ^ a b Guly, Christopher (2016-11-29). "Canadian government rejects pipeline through rainforests of British Columbia". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
  21. ^ a b Langlois, Krista (2017-10-26). "First Nations Fight to Protect the Rare Spirit Bear from Hunters". news.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  22. ^ Temple, Nicola, ed. (2005). Salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest (PDF). Victoria, British Columbia: Raincoast Conservation Society. pp. 3–21.
  23. ^ "Orphaned B.C. kermode bear becomes rare attraction at Kamloops wildlife park". Canadian Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  24. ^ "Orphaned B.C. kermode bear wants human contact, moves to Kamloops wildlife park". macleans.ca. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  25. ^ vancouversun.com
  26. ^ Morton, Brian (2001-11-24). "Kermode bear cub should be freed from Kamloops sanctuary: Lifeforce". vancouversun.com. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  27. ^ "Fate of Clover the 'spirit bear' from B.C. draws international interest". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 8 October 2012.
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