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Duke of Norfolk

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Dukedom of Norfolk

Arms: Quarterly, 1st: Gules on a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Howard); 2nd: Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or, Armed and Langued Azure, in chief a Label of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd: Checky Or and Azure (Warenne); 4th: Gules a Lion rampant Or, Armed and Langued Azure (Fitzalan).
Creation date
  • 1397 (forfeit 1399–1425) (first creation)
  • 1477 (second creation)
  • 1483 (forfeit 1485–1514, 1547–1553, 1572–1660) (third creation)
Created by
PeeragePeerage of England
First holderThomas de Mowbray
Present holderEdward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk
Heir apparentHenry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel
Remainder tothe 1st Duke's heirs male of the body lawfully begotten
Subsidiary titles
Extinction date
  • 1476 (first creation)
  • 1483 (second creation)
Seat(s)
Former seat(s)

The Duke of Norfolk is the premier duke in the peerage of England, and also, as Earl of Arundel, the premier earl. The Duke of Norfolk is, moreover, the Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes have historically been Roman Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England.

All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I. The son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey; the earl was descended from Edward III. As all subsequent dukes after Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk are descendants of the Earl of Surrey, this means they are also descended from Edward III.

History

John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (3rd Creation)
Augmentation to the arms of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, for his services at the Battle of Flodden Blazon: The Royal Shield of Scotland, having a demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow.
Arms of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (1st Creation)

Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1306, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then granted his brother, Thomas of Brotherton, the title of Earl of Norfolk in 1312. It passed to Thomas's daughter (and granddaughter of Edward I), Margaret, and then to her grandson, Thomas Mowbray.

When Richard II made Thomas Mowbray the Duke of Norfolk in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal) that had belonged to the Earls of Norfolk. His elderly grandmother, Margaret, was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, months after his grandmother, and his dukedom was repealed. His widow took the title of Countess of Norfolk.[1]

Between 1401 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title and estates of the Duke of Norfolk. John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne Mowbray. A marriage was arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York, the 4-year-old son of Edward IV. She remained Richard's child bride until she died at the age of 8.

In accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk. However, upon the death of Edward IV, the throne was offered to Edward's brother, Richard III. After Prince Richard was lodged in June 1483 in the Tower of London, where his elder brother (briefly Edward V) was too, both Richard and Edward were declared illegitimate. They subsequently disappeared, and the titles of both York and Norfolk were forfeited to the crown.

This left John Howard, the son of Thomas Mowbray's elder daughter Margaret, as heir to the dukedom, and his support for Richard III's usurpation secured his creation as 1st Duke of Norfolk in 1483, in the title's third creation. From this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard.

The Catholic faith of the Howard dynasty often resulted in conflict with the reigning monarch, particularly during and after the reign of Henry VIII. In 1546, Thomas Howard, the third Duke, fell out of favour with the dying Henry and was attainted on 27 January 1547; he was stripped of his titles and his lands reverted to the Crown. Imprisoned in the Tower of London, he narrowly escaped execution through Henry's death the following day, but remained imprisoned until the death of Edward VI and the accession of the Catholic Queen Mary to the English throne in 1553, upon which his lands and titles were restored to him. However, the Duke died the following year aged around 81, and was succeeded by his grandson Thomas as the fourth Duke of Norfolk.

Following Mary's death in 1558 and the accession of her sister Elizabeth I, the Duke was imprisoned for scheming to marry Elizabeth's cousin Mary, Queen of Scots. After his release under house arrest in 1570 and subsequent participation in the Ridolfi plot to enthrone Mary and Catholicism in England, he was executed in 1572 for treason and his lands and titles again became forfeit.

In 1660, the fourth Duke's great-great-grandson, the 23rd Earl of Arundel, was restored to the family lands and dukedom. Mentally infirm, the fifth Duke never married and died in 1677. He was succeeded by his younger brother Henry as the 6th Duke, through whom the 7th Duke, 8th Duke and 9th Duke of Norfolk were descended in the male-line.

At the death of the 9th Duke, the title was inherited in 1777 by his heir male, Charles Howard, a grandson of Charles Howard of Greystoke, a younger brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes. He was succeeded by his son, Charles, whose lack of a legitimate male heir resulted in the title passing to Bernard Howard, a great-grandson of Bernard Howard of Glossop, the youngest brother of the 5th and 6th Dukes. The title then passed to his son in 1842, Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk, who was the father of Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk, and Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop.

The title passed through the line of the elder brother from 1856 until the death in 1975 of Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk without male issue. Consequently, he was succeeded by his second cousin once removed, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, who was a great-grandson of the aforementioned 1st Baron Howard of Glossop.

The current Duke of Norfolk is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, who succeeded his father, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, in 2002.

Duties and other titles

In addition to the ducal title, the dukes of Norfolk also hold the hereditary position of Earl Marshal, which has the duty of organizing state occasions such as the coronation of the monarch and the state opening of Parliament. For the last five centuries, save some periods when it was under attainder, both the dukedom and the earl-marshalship have been in the hands of the Howard family. According to the House of Lords Act 1999, due to his duties as Earl Marshal, Norfolk is one of only two hereditary peers automatically admitted to the House of Lords, without being elected by the general body of hereditary peers (the other being the Lord Great Chamberlain).

Additionally, the Duke of Norfolk participates in the ceremony of the State Opening of Parliament. He is among the four individuals who precede the monarch, and one of the two of these who would traditionally walk facing the sovereign (thus backwards), but this has not been practised in recent years.

As the Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is head of the College of Arms, through which he regulates all matters connected with armorial bearings and standards, in addition to controlling the arrangements for state functions. He is one of three claimants to the title of Chief Butler of England.

The Duke of Norfolk currently holds the following subsidiary titles:

All titles are in the Peerage of England, save for the Barony of Howard of Glossop which is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. All descend to heirs male except the Barony of Beaumont, which can pass in the female line. The style Earl of Arundel is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, the present holder being Henry Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel. The style Lord Maltravers is used as a courtesy title by the eldest son of the Duke's eldest son (the Duke's grandson).

Heraldic achievement (coat of arms)

Coat of arms of the Duke of Norfolk
Adopted
1660 (by the 5th Duke of Norfolk)
Coronet
A Coronet of a Duke
Crest
1st: Issuant from a Ducal Coronet Or a pair of Wings Gules each charged with a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent (Howard);
2nd: On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant gardant with tail extended Or gorged with a Ducal Coronet Argent (Thomas of Brotherton);
3rd: On a Mount Vert a Horse passant Argent holding in the mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper (Fitzalan).
Helm
Helm of a peer
Escutcheon
Quarterly, 1st: Gules on a Bend between six Cross-crosslets fitchy Argent an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-lion rampant pierced through the mouth by an arrow within a Double Tressure flory counterflory of the first (Howard); 2nd: Gules three Lions passant gardant in pale Or, Armed and Langued Azure, in chief a Label of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd: Checky Or and Azure (Warenne); 4th: Gules a Lion rampant Or, Armed and Langued Azure (Fitzalan).
Supporters
Dexter a Lion, sinister a Horse both Argent the latter holding in the mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper.
Motto
Sola Virtus Invicta (Latin for "Virtue alone is unconquered").
Orders
Often, the coat of arms of the Duke of Norfolk appears with the Garter circlet of the Order of the Garter surrounding the shield, as seen in the arms of the 17th Duke of Norfolk. However, this is not hereditary; the 17th Duke did not become a Knight of the Garter until 22 April 1983. The 18th Duke of Norfolk, as of 2022, had not been appointed to the Order of the Garter.
Other elements
Placed behind the shield are two gold batons in saltire enamelled at the ends in black, which represent the Duke of Norfolk's office as Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England.
Symbolism
The shield on the bend in the first quarter of the arms was granted as an augmentation of honour by Henry VIII to the 2nd Duke of Norfolk, to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Flodden. It is a modification of the Royal coat of arms of Scotland. Instead of its normal rampant position, the lion is shown cut in half with an arrow through its mouth, commemorating the death of King James IV at the battle.[2]

Residences

Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, holding the baton of the Earl Marshal

The main residences commonly associated with the Dukes of Norfolk are: Framlingham Castle, Bungay Castle, as well as Clun Castle in Shropshire, which are now largely ruins; Worksop Manor, Carlton Towers, Norfolk House in London, and most notably Arundel Castle.

18th Duke of Norfolk, then the Earl of Arundel, at Carlton Towers, 1981

Framlingham Castle was originally a part of the properties of the Earls of Norfolk, but when the title fell from use, the castle was administered by the crown. In 1397, it was given to Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, by King Richard II. And when the Mowbray line became extinct, it passed eventually to the Howard family. Major repairs to this castle were carried out in 1485 by John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (second creation). The castle would remain in the Howard family, and thus the Dukes of Norfolk, for a while, but would eventually pass from their possession. In 1553, for example, Framlingham was given to Mary Tudor, sister of King Edward VI.[3]

Bungay Castle was also originally a part of the properties of the Earls of Norfolk. In 1483, it passed into the possession of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the family continued to own it, apart from brief periods, until the late 20th century. However, the castle has long been in a state of decay. Consequently, in 1987, the 17th Duke of Norfolk presented the castle to the town, which had already begun its own restoration attempts, with an endowment towards its preservation. It is now owned and administered by the Castle Trust.[4]

Arundel Castle

Carlton Towers is in Carlton, North Yorkshire. It is a Victorian gothic country house remodelled by Edward Welby Pugin for the 8th Baron Beaumont. It is the Yorkshire home of the Duke of Norfolk. Though the Duke of Norfolk's family still live in part of the house, it is now largely used for wedding receptions and similar events.

Arundel Castle has been the principal seat of the Dukes of Norfolk and their ancestors for more than 850 years. Built in the 11th century by Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Arundel, the castle was seized by the crown in 1102. King Henry II, who added on to the castle, in 1155 confirmed William d'Aubigny as Earl of Arundel, with the honour and the castle of Arundel. Arundel Castle is still to this day the home of The Duke and Duchess of Norfolk and their children. The Fitzalan Chapel, founded in 1390 by the 4th Earl of Arundel, is located on the western grounds outside the castle, and has been the burial place of the most recent Dukes of Norfolk.[5]

Glossop Hall as an occasional residence is situated in the High Peak District of Derbyshire. As the family became closely connected with Sheffield, the Farm in Glossop became increasingly used, particularly when Henry Howard lived there in the 1760s; when the 14th Duke enlarged The Farm as an occasional residence; and during the time of the 15th Duke, Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, who had interest in the activities of the city. The Glossop estate was sold by the family in 1925.

List of titleholders

Duchess of Norfolk (1397)

Created by Richard II of England (for life)
Name Period Spouse Notes Other titles
Margaret
(c. 1320 – 1399)		 1397–1399 widowed Granddaughter of King Edward I Countess of Norfolk

Dukes of Norfolk (1397)

Henry, Prince of Wales, presenting Hoccleve's Regement of Princes to John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
Created by Richard II of England
# Name Period Spouse Notes Other titles
1 Thomas de Mowbray
(1365–1399)		 1397–1399 Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan Grandson of Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk; exiled by Richard II and stripped of the dukedom Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Nottingham
Baron Mowbray
Baron Segrave
2 John de Mowbray
(1392–1432)		 1425–1432 Lady Katherine Neville Son of the preceding; restored to the dukedom
3 John de Mowbray
(1415–1461)		 1432–1461 Lady Eleanor Bourchier Son of the preceding and an important figure in the Wars of the Roses
4 John de Mowbray
(1444–1476)		 1461–1476 Lady Elizabeth Talbot Son of the preceding; died without heirs male

Dukes (Royal) of Norfolk (1477)

Created by Edward IV of England
# Name Period Spouse Notes Other titles
1 Prince Richard of Shrewsbury
(1473–1483)		 1477–1483 Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk Son of King Edward IV and son-in-law of the 4th Duke of Norfolk Duke of York
Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Nottingham

Dukes of Norfolk (1483)

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
Mary (née Blount), Duchess of Norfolk, after whom Norfolk Island was named
Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk
Created by Richard III of England
# Name Period Spouse Notes Other titles
1 John Howard
(c. 1425 – 1485)		 1483–1485 widowed Grandson of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, died at the Battle of Bosworth Field, forfeiting the dukedom Baron Mowbray
2 Thomas Howard
(1443–1524)		 1514–1524 Elizabeth Tilney
Agnes Tilney		 Son of the preceding, restored to the dukedom. Great grandfather of Queen Elizabeth I Earl of Surrey
Baron Mowbray
3 Thomas Howard
(1473–1554)		 1524–1554 Lady Elizabeth Stafford Son of the preceding and uncle of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, forfeited the dukedom having incurred Henry VIII's disfavour and restored by Mary I
4 Thomas Howard
(1536–1572)		 1554–1572 Lady Mary FitzAlan
Margaret Audley
Elizabeth Leyburne		 Grandson of the preceding, executed for treason against Elizabeth I, forfeiting the dukedom
5 Thomas Howard
(1627–1677)		 1660–1677 unmarried Great-great-grandson of the preceding, restored to the dukedom Earl of Arundel
Earl of Surrey
Earl of Norfolk
Baron Mowbray
Baron Maltravers
Baron Furnivall
6 Henry Howard
(1628–1684)		 1677–1684 Jane Bickerton Brother of the preceding Earl of Arundel
Earl of Surrey
Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Norwich
Baron Mowbray
Baron Maltravers
Baron Furnivall
Baron Howard of Castle Rising
7 Henry Howard
(1655–1701)		 1684–1701 Mary Mordaunt, 7th Baroness Mordaunt Son of the preceding

Baron Mowbray by writ of acceleration on 14 Jan. 1678
8 Thomas Howard
(1683–1732)		 1701–1732 Maria Shireburn Nephew of the preceding
9 Edward Howard
(1685–1777)		 1732–1777 Mary Blount Brother of the preceding
10 Charles Howard
(1720–1786)		 1777–1786 Catherine Brockholes Second cousin of the preceding Earl of Arundel
Earl of Surrey
Earl of Norfolk
Baron Maltravers
11 Charles Howard
(1746–1815)		 1786–1815 Frances Scudamore Son of the preceding
12 Bernard Edward Howard
(1765–1842)		 1815–1842 divorced Third cousin of the preceding
13 Henry Charles Howard
(1791–1856)		 1842–1856 Charlotte Leveson-Gower Son of the preceding
14 Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard
(1815–1860)		 1856–1860 Augusta Lyons Son of the preceding
15 Henry Fitzalan-Howard
(1847–1917)		 1860–1917 Lady Flora Paulyna Hetty Barbara Abney-Hastings
Gwendolen Constable-Maxwell, 12th Lady Herries of Terregles		 Son of the preceding
16 Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard
(1908–1975)		 1917–1975 Lavinia Strutt Son of the preceding Earl of Arundel
Earl of Surrey
Earl of Norfolk
Baron Maltravers
Lord Herries of Terregles
17 Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard
(1915–2002)		 1975–2002 Anne Constable-Maxwell Second cousin once removed of the preceding Earl of Arundel
Earl of Surrey
Earl of Norfolk
Baron Maltravers
Baron Beaumont
Baron Howard of Glossop
18 Edward William Fitzalan-Howard
(b. 1956)		 since 2002 Georgina Gore Son of the preceding

The heir apparent is the Duke's eldest son, Henry Miles Fitzalan-Howard, styled Earl of Arundel (b. 1987).

Remainder

In 1660, the 23rd Earl of Arundel was restored to the Dukedom of Norfolk with remainder to:

  1. the heirs male of his body. (he never married)
  2. the heirs male of his father Henry Howard, the 22nd Earl. (the present line; through the fifth Duke's brother the Hon. Bernard)
  3. the heirs male of his grandfather the 21st Earl. (extinct in 1762 except for the 22nd Earl's heirs)
  4. the heirs male of his great-grandfather the 20th Earl, eldest son of the fourth Duke. (he had none apart from the 21st Earl)
  5. the heirs male in the line of descent from the Earl of Suffolk, younger half-brother of the 20th Earl. (currently extant)
  6. the heirs male descended from Lord William Howard, younger half-brother of the 20th Earl: (both lines currently extant)
    1. the heirs male in the senior line of descent from Lord William Howard through his elder son Sir Philip Howard, grandfather of the first Earl of Carlisle.
    2. the heirs male in the junior line of descent from Lord William Howard through his second son Francis, ancestor of the Howards of Corby Castle, Cumberland, England

In the event all the currently extant lines of descent from the fourth Duke fail in the male line, the Dukedom of Norfolk and its subsidiary titles will become extinct; though there exists a currently extant branch of the Howard dynasty, the earls of Effingham, in descent from the second Duke, their line was unaccountably omitted from the 1660 remainder.

Succession to the Dukedom

Line of succession
  • Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (1536–executed 1572, when the dukedom was forfeited)
    • Saint Philip Howard, 13th Earl of Arundel (1557–1595)
      • Thomas Howard, 14th Earl of Arundel (1585–1646)
        • Henry Howard, 15th Earl of Arundel (1608–1652)
          • Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk (1627–1677, succeeded as Earl of Arundel 1652, restored to Dukedom of Norfolk 1660 with the above remainder)
          • Hon. Bernard Howard (1641–1717)
            • Bernard Howard (1674–1735)
              • Henry Howard (1713–1787)
                • Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk (1765–1842)
                  • Henry Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk (1791–1856)
                    • Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop (1818–1883)
                      • Francis Fitzalan-Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Glossop (1859–1924)
                        • Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Glossop (1885–1972)
                          • Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk (1915–2002)
                            • Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk (b. 1956)
                            • (4). Lord Gerald Bernard Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1962)
                              • (5). Arthur Stapleton Desmond Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1991)
                          • Lord Michael Fitzalan-Howard (1916–2007)
                            • (6). Thomas Michael Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1952)
                              • (7). Edward Michael Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1979)
                            • (8). Richard Andrew Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1953)
                              • (9). Frederick Peter Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1996)
                            • (10). Henry Julian Nicholas Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1954)
                              • (11). George Henry Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1991)
                              • (12). Luke Valentine Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1996)
                              • (13). Milo Nicholas Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1996)
                            • (14). Alexander Rupert Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1964)
                              • (15). William John Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1995)
                              • (16). Edmund Alexander Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1998)
                              • (17). Hugo Michael Fitzalan-Howard (b. 2002)
                          • Lord Martin Fitzalan-Howard (1922–2003)
                            • (18). Philip Bernard Arnold Richard Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1963)
                          • (19). Lord Mark Fitzalan-Howard (b. 1934)
                • Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard (1766–1824)
                  • Henry Howard (1802–1875)
                    • Stafford Howard (1851–1916)
                      • Stafford Vaughan Stepney Howard (1915–1991)
                        • Nicholas Stafford Howard (1937–2008)
                          • (20). Henry James Stafford Howard (b. 1972)
                            • (21). Nicholas Emanuel Stafford Howard (b. 2009)
                        • (22). Murray Bernard Neville Cyprian Howard (b. 1942)
                          • (23). Alexander Philip Wilder Howard (b. 1971)
                    • Robert Mowbray Howard (1854–1928)
                      • Henry Ralph Mowbray Howard-Sneyd (1883–1950)
                        • Thomas Henry Gavin Howard-Sneyd (1940–2010)
                          • (24). Henry Lyulph Howard-Sneyd (b. 1965)
                            • (25). Caspian Lyulph Howard-Sneyd (b. 2004)
                            • (26). Rufus Mowbray Howard-Sneyd (b. 2007)
                          • (27). Justin Andrew Howard-Sneyd (b. 1966)
                            • (28). Sam Nigel Hurricane Howard-Sneyd (b. 1998)
                    • Esmé Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith (1863–1939)
    • Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk (1561–1626)
    • Lord William Howard (1563–1640)
      • Philip Howard
      • Francis Howard (1588–1660)
        • William Howard (d. 1708)
          • Thomas Howard (d. 1740)
            • Philip Howard (1730–1810)
              • Henry Howard (1757–1842)
                • Henry Francis Howard (1809–1898)
                  • Henry Howard (1843–1921)
                    • George Howard (1869–1919)
                      • Henry Howard (1907–1955)
                        • George Howard (b. 1944)
                    • Henry Mowbray Howard (1873–1953)
                      • Henry Edmund Howard (1923–1999)
                        • Henry Colin Francis Howard (b. 1947)
                          • Thomas William Howard (b. 1977)
                          • Charles Philip Howard (b. 1979)

[6]

Knights of the Garter

12th Duke of Norfolk shown wearing the star and sash of the Order of the Garter

The following list is of the dukes of Norfolk, along with their year of investiture, who were also knights of the Order of the Garter across all creations of the title.

Family tree

See also

References

  1. ^ C. Given-Wilson, 'Mowbray, Thomas (I), first duke of Norfolk (1366–1399)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
  2. ^ Brooke-Little, J.P., FSA (1978) [1950]. Boutell's Heraldry (Revised ed.). London: Frederick Warne LTD. p. 125. ISBN 0-7232-2096-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ "www.castles-abbeys.co.uk". castles-abbeys.co.uk.
  4. ^ "Bungay Suffolk Town Guide". Bungay-suffolk.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  5. ^ "Arundel Castle". Arundel Castle. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
  6. ^ Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). "Norfolk, Duke of". Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 3818–3832. ISBN 978-1-999767-0-5-1.

Further reading

  • Robinson, John Martin. The Dukes of Norfolk: A Quincentennial History. Oxford University Press, 1982.
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