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Bangash

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Bangash
EthnicityPashtun
LocationKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Paktia Province, Afghanistan
Farrukhabad, India
Parent tribeKarlani
LanguagePashto
Religion Islam (Twelver Shi’ism[1] and Hanafi Sunni Islam)

The Bangash,Bungish or Bangakh (Template:Lang-ps) are a tribe of ethnic Pashtuns of Karlani lineage. Their traditional homeland, historically known as Bangash district, stretches from Kohat to Tall and Spīn Ghar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, as well as smaller parts of Paktia, Afghanistan. The Bangash are also settled in large numbers in Uttar Pradesh, India, especially in the city of Farrukhabad,[2] which was founded in 1714 by Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash.[3][4]

Etymology

According to a popular folk etymology, the name Bangash, Bungish or Bangakh is derived from bon-kash (بن‌کش), which is Persian for "root drawer" or "root destroyer," implying that during battles, the Bangash would not rest until they had annihilated the enemy.[5]

Genealogy

According to a tradition that has been rejected by modern scholars as apocryphal, the Bangash tribe descended from a man named Ismail, who was said to be a governor of Multan.[6] The medieval Emirate of Multan was ruled by the Pashtun Lodi dynasty of Multan from the 970s until 1010, when it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni. According to the legend, Ismail moved from Multan to settle in Gardez, Paktia, while his wife was from Farmul in Urgun, Paktika. Ismail was said to have two sons, Gār and Sāmil, who were said to be the progenitors of the modern Gari and Samilzai clans within the Bangash, respectively.[2]

History

During the early modern period, the Bangash homeland was known as Bangash district. Babur, a Timurid (and later Mughal) ruler from Fergana (in present-day Uzbekistan) who captured Kabul in 1504, described Bangash district in his Baburnama as one of the 14 tūmān of Kabul province.[7][8]

Timurid raids

Babur attacking Kohat in 1505

In 1505, after plundering Kohat for two days, Babur's Timurid army marched southwest to raid Bangash district. As they reached a valley surrounded by mountains between Kohat and Hangu, the Bangash Pashtuns occupied the hills on both sides, surrounding the army. However, the Timurids successfully pushed the Pashtuns down towards a nearby detached hill, after which the Timurids surrounded them from all sides and got hold of them. About 100 to 200 Pashtuns were taken during the attack, and a pillar of their heads was set up in the Timurid camp.[9]

On the next day, Babur reached Hangu, where the Bangash Pashtuns had fortified a sangar on the top of a hill. The Timurid army immediately captured it and beheaded about 100 to 200 more Pashtuns, setting up another tower of heads. From Hangu, the Timurid army marched to Tall. The soldiers set out to plunder the Bangash Pashtuns of the neighborhood. Afterwards, the Timurids marched from Bangash to Bannu on the Kurram River, where they set up their third pillar of severed heads.[9][10]

Roshani movement

In the second half of the 16th century, the Bangash tribe joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan, who had migrated with his family and few of his disciples from Waziristan to Tirah. The Roshanis rebelled against the Mughal emperor Akbar, who constantly sent punitive expeditions to crush the movement. After Pir Roshan's death, the movement was led by his youngest son Pir Jalala. In 1587, Akbar sent a strong Mughal force against him to the Bangash region. In 1599, Pir Jalala took Ghazni but it was quickly recovered by the Mughals. Pir Jalala was succeeded by his nephew Ahdad, who set up a base in Charkh, Logar, and attacked Mughal-held Kabul and Jalalabad several times between 1611 and 1615, but was unsuccessful. In 1626, Ahdad died during a Mughal attack in Tirah. In 1630, when Pir Roshan's great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, launched attacks on the Mughal army in Peshawar, thousands of Pashtuns from the Bangash, Afridi, Mohmand, Kheshgi, Yusufzai, and other tribes took part. The Roshanis failed in the attack, but continued their resistance against the Mughals throughout the 17th century.[11]

Khwaja Muhammad Bangash, who belonged to the Bangash tribe, was a famous 17th-century Pashto Sufi poet and mystic associated with the Roshani movement.[12]

Karrani dynasty of Bengal

Main article: Karrani dynasty

The Karrani dynasty was founded in 1564 by Taj Khan Karrani, a Karlani Pashtun hailing from the Kurram valley in Bangash district.[13] It was the last dynasty to rule the Bengal Sultanate. Taj Khan Karrani was formerly an employee of the Sur Pashtun emperor, Sher Shah Suri. His capital was at Gaur (in present-day Malda district, West Bengal, India). He was succeeded by his brother Sulaiman Khan Karrani, who shifted the capital from Gaur to Tandah (also in Malda district) in 1565. In 1568, Sulaiman Khan annexed Orissa to the Karrani sultanate.[14] Sulaiman Khan's authority extended from Cooch Behar to Puri, and from Son River to Brahmaputra River.[15]

On 25 September 1574, the Mughal Empire captured the Karrani capital Tandah. The Battle of Tukaroi fought on 3 March 1575 forced Daud Khan Karrani, the last Karrani ruler, to withdraw to Orissa. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole of Bengal and Bihar, retaining only Orissa. Daud Khan, however, later invaded Bengal, declaring independence from Mughal emperor Akbar. The Mughal onslaught against the Karrani sultanate ended with the Battle of Rajmahal on 12 July 1576, during which Daud Khan was captured and later executed by the Mughals. However, the Pashtuns and the local landlords known as Baro Bhuyans led by Isa Khan continued to resist the Mughal invasion. Later in 1612 during the reign of Jahangir, Bengal was finally integrated as a Mughal province.[16]

Bangash state of Farrukhabad

Muhammad Khan Bangash (1713-1743), the first Nawab of Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Muhammad Khan Bangash, who belonged to the Kaghazai line of Bangash tribe, became the first Nawab of Farrukhabad in 1713 in Uttar Pradesh, India. He named the city after then Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar. The Bangash Nawabs encouraged merchants and bankers to come and settle in Farrukhabad for the promotion of commercial activities.[17] Very important in this respect was the establishment of the Farrukhabad mint,[18] which apart from being an emblem of sovereignty, stimulated bullion imports and attracted numerous bankers to work in the city. The superior quality of the Farrukhabad currency, both gold and silver, was well known in the eighteenth century as it became the most trustworthy and hardest currency of northern India.[19]

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire, preferred coins made at the Farrukhabad mint.[20] The third Nawab of Farrukhabad, Ahmad Khan Bangash, took part in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 and supported Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas.[21] Because of its reputation as a centre of commerce and finance, Farrukhabad began to attract new Pashtun immigrants from Afghanistan.[22][23] However, Bangash-held Farrukhabad suffered from a steep economic and political decline under the British Company Raj, because the British colonial officers ordered to close the famed Farrukhabad mint and halt the bullion trade in 1824 as part of their policy to centralize the economy of India. The abolition of the mint dealt a heavy blow to the thriving grain trade and precipitated a monetary crisis in the urban and rural areas of the region.[24] The Bangash Nawabs continued to rule Farrukhabad until they were defeated by the British at Kannauj on 23 October 1857 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[25] Today, many Bangash are settled in Uttar Pradesh, most notably in Farrukhabad.[26]

Bhopal State

Main article: Bhopal State
The Taj Mahal palace at Bhopal, built by Shah Jahan Begum (1868–1901)

The Orakzai tribe is historically closely related to the Bangash; their traditional homeland (Orakzai District) was part of Bangash district. In 1723, Dost Mohammad Khan, who belonged to the Orakzai tribe and was formerly a mercenary in the Mughal army, founded the Bhopal State in the present-day Madhya Pradesh state of central India.[27] After his death in 1728, his descendants, the Nawabs of Bhopal, continued ruling the state. Between 1819 and 1926, the state was ruled by four women – the Nawab Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. The third Nawab Begum of Bhopal, Shah Jahan Begum (1868–1901), built the Taj Mahal palace at Bhopal as her residence.

Hamidullah Khan, the last sovereign Nawab of the dynasty, officially acceded the state to India in 1949.[28]

Pashto dialect

The Bangash speak a northern or "harder" variant of Pashto similar to that of the Afridi dialect, but slightly differing in some lexicographical and phonetic features.[29]

Religion

Most Bangash follow the religion of Islam, split almost evenly between Twelver Shia Muslims and Hanafi Sunni Muslims. The Bangash, along with the closely related Orakzais and Turis, are the only Pashtun tribes with large Shia populations. The Shia Bangash are more concentrated around Upper Kurram and Hangu, while the Sunni Bangash are more concentrated around Lower Kurram and Tall.[30]

There is a small minority of Sikhs among the Bangash in Hangu, Orakzai, and Kurram. Due to the ongoing insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, like many other tribal Pashtuns, some Pashtun Sikhs were internally displaced from their ancestral villages to settle in cities like Peshawar and Nankana Sahib.[31][32][33]

References

  1. ^ "BANGAṦ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-05-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ a b Balland, Daniel. Encyclopaedia Iranica. BANGAṦ. Originally Published: December 15, 1988.
  3. ^ Irvine, William (1878). A History of the Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad: From 1713 to 1771 A.D. Calcutta: G.H. Rouse. p. 246.
  4. ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi (Jan 1, 1954). The first two Nawabs of Awadh. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co. p. 137.
  5. ^ Wylly, Harold (1912). From the Black Mountain to Waziristan: Being an Account of the Border Countries and the More Turbulent of the Tribes Controlled by the North-west Frontier Province, and of Our Military Relations with Them in the Past. Macmillan. p. 15. Retrieved 15 May 2015. bangash name root destroyer.
  6. ^ Wylly, Harold (1912). From the Black Mountain to Waziristan. Macmillan. p. 15. Retrieved 15 May 2015. bangash.
  7. ^ "The Garden of the Eight Paradises", Stephen Frederic Dale, pg. 304
  8. ^ Gommans, Jos J. L. (1995). The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire. BRILL. p. 171. ISBN 90-04-10109-8. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  9. ^ a b Babur (1826). Memoirs of Zehir-ed-Din Muhammed Baber, Emperor of Hindustan. Longman, 1826.
  10. ^ Beveridge, Annette Susannah (7 January 2014). The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur. Project Gutenberg.
  11. ^ Misdaq, Nabi (2006). Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference. Routledge. ISBN 1135990174.
  12. ^ Askar, Umar Gul (2009). "ګوشه نشين صوفي شاعر - Life and works of the Khwaja Muhammad Bangash; Asolitary Mystic Poet of Pashto Language". Takatoo (in Pashto). 1 (2). Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar: 71–87. JSTOR 44147949.
  13. ^ Roy, Atul Chandra (1968). History of Bengal: Mughal Period, 1526-1765 A.D. University of Michigan: Nababharat Publishers. p. 12.
  14. ^ Eaton, Richard (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. University of California Press. p. 140. ISBN 9780520205079. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  15. ^ Sengupta, Nitish (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. p. 126. ISBN 9780143416784. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  16. ^ Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-84511-381-0. Daud, Sulayman's son took over he started striking his own coins and had his own name read in the khutba, acts tantamount to official declaration of independence ... Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and killed in Rajmahal in 1576 ... However, the zamindars of East Bengal, known as the Baro Bhuiyans, were able to operate as local chieftains ... continuing to defy the Mughals. It was only in 1612, during the reign of Jahangir, that all of Bengal was firmly integrated as a Mughal province.
  17. ^ Umar, M. (1976). "Indian Towns in the Eighteenth Century - Case Study of Six Towns in Uttar Pradesh". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress: 212–13.
  18. ^ Thurston, Edgar (1992). History of the Coinage of the Territories of the East India Company in the Indian Peninsula and Catalogue of the Coins in the Madras Museum. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 43.
  19. ^ Gommans, Jos J.L. (1995). The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, c. 1710-1780. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 130–31. ISBN 9789004101098.
  20. ^ Samin, Ghulam Hasan. Ahmad Shah. p. 50.
  21. ^ Sharma, Suresh K. (2006). Haryana: Past and Present. ISBN 9788183240468.
  22. ^ Irvine, William (1878). "Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad - A Chronicle (1713-1857), Part 1". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. XLVII: 323–24.
  23. ^ Wendel, Pere Francis-Xavier (1979). Les Memoires de Wendel sur les Jats, les Pathans et les Sikh. Paris: Publications de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient. p. 140.
  24. ^ Bayly, C.A. (2012). Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 274–75, 286. ISBN 9780199081110.
  25. ^ Hunter, W.W. (1885). The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. IV: Cochin To Ganguria. London: Trubner & Co. p. 411.
  26. ^ Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). "Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India". Khyber Gateway. Retrieved 4 May 2014. Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.
  27. ^ Shaharyar M. Khan (2000). The Begums of Bhopal: A History of the Princely State of Bhopal. I.B.Tauris. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-86064-528-0.
  28. ^ S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan (2007). Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. p. 360. ISBN 978-81-7625-806-7.
  29. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive. 1950. p. 250. ISBN 9004060561. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  30. ^ A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (1 ed.). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. Jan 1, 1997. p. 574. ISBN 9788185297682. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  31. ^ Eusufzye, Khan Shehram (2018). "Two identities, twice the pride: The Pashtun Sikhs of Nankana Saheb". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  32. ^ "The Frontier Singhs". Newsline Publications (Pvt.) Ltd. October 2008. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009. There is a small Sikh community in the largely ungoverned Orakzai tribal region, while a few live in Kurram's regional headquarters of Parachinar. They consider themselves "sons of the soil" – Pashtuns to be more specific – and are identified as such. "We are proud to be Pashtuns," says Sahib Singh. "Pashto is our tongue, our mother tongue – and we are proud of it."
  33. ^ Yudhvir, Rana (2019). "Gurdwara in memory of Saragarhi martyrs to be built in Khyber". Times of India. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
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