Cell extrusion
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Cell extrusion discovered in 2001 [1] is the process used by epithelial cells to remove unwanted or dying cells and at the same time maintaining the integrity of the barrier [2]. If cells were to die without extrusion, gaps would be created, compromising the epithelia's function. Cell extrusion occurs primarily in the endothelia and epithelia where the cells are linked to one another by tight cell-to-cell junctions [3].
Triggers of cell extrusion
Various factors such as apoptosis, overcrowding, pathogens and oncogenic markers are triggers of cell extrusion [4]. When a cell has been triggered to extrude, it can be seamlessly ejected into the apical environment or the basal environment. In the airway epithelia and intestinal endothelia, apical cell extrusions are important because the cell is extruded into the external environment [5]. However, this is not so with basal extrusions where the cell is extruded into the tissue. Basal extrusions are associated with the onset of metastasis [6].
Functions of cell extrusion
Cell extrusion enables the removal of less fit and excess cells from the epithelia and endothelia. The removal of overcrowded cells enables the epithelia to maintain a homeostatic cell population [7].
References
- ^ Rosenblatt, Jody; Raff, Martin C.; Cramer, Louise P. (November 2001). "An epithelial cell destined for apoptosis signals its neighbors to extrude it by an actin- and myosin-dependent mechanism". Current Biology. 11 (23): 1847–1857. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00587-5.
- ^ Gudipaty, Swapna Aravind; Rosenblatt, Jody (July 2017). "Epithelial cell extrusion: Pathways and pathologies". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 67: 132–140. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.010.
- ^ Ohsawa, Shizue; Vaughen, John; Igaki, Tatsushi (February 2018). "Cell Extrusion: A Stress-Responsive Force for Good or Evil in Epithelial Homeostasis". Developmental Cell. 44 (3): 284–296. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.009.
- ^ Fadul, John; Zulueta-Coarasa, Teresa; Slattum, Gloria M.; Redd, Nadja M.; Jin, Mauricio Franco; Redd, Michael J.; Daetwyler, Stephan; Hedeen, Danielle; Huisken, Jan; Rosenblatt, Jody (10 December 2021). "KRas-transformed epithelia cells invade and partially dedifferentiate by basal cell extrusion". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27513-z.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi= - ^ Gudipaty, Swapna Aravind; Rosenblatt, Jody (July 2017). "Epithelial cell extrusion: Pathways and pathologies". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 67: 132–140. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.010.
- ^ Fadul, John; Rosenblatt, Jody (1 October 2018). "The forces and fates of extruding cells". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 54: 66–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2018.04.007.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help); External link in|doi= - ^ Gudipaty, Swapna Aravind; Rosenblatt, Jody (July 2017). "Epithelial cell extrusion: Pathways and pathologies". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 67: 132–140. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.010.