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Andreas Baader

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Andreas Baader
Andreas Baader, at the time of his imprisonment in Stuttgart-Stammheim.
Born
Berndt Andreas Baader

(1943-05-06)6 May 1943
Munich, Nazi Germany
Died18 October 1977(1977-10-18) (aged 34) †
Stuttgart, West Germany
OrganizationRed Army Faction

Berndt Andreas Baader (6 May 1943 – 18 October 1977) was one of the first leaders of the West German left-wing militant organization Red Army Faction (RAF), also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group.

Life

Andreas Baader was born in Munich on 6 May 1943. He was the only child of historian and archivist Dr. Berndt Phillipp Baader and Anneliese Hermine "Nina" (Kröcher). Andreas was raised by his mother, aunt, and grandmother.[1] Phillipp Baader served in the Wehrmacht, was captured on the Russian Front in 1945, and never returned.[2]

Baader was a high school dropout and a bohemian before his involvement in the Red Army Faction.[3] He was one of the few members of the RAF who did not attend university.[4]

At the age of twenty, Baader moved from Munich to West Berlin, allegedly to do an artistic education.[5] He worked as a construction worker and unsuccessfully as a tabloid journalist.

Baader took part in the Schwabing riots in 1962. According to his mother, he is said to have drawn the conclusion from the actions of the police that "something was wrong" in the state. According to journalist Butz Peters, the events of the Munich city summer of 1962 as "a shocking experience for the nineteen-year-old".

RAF involvement

In 1968, Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the arson bombing of a department store in Frankfurt,[6] to protest what they described as the public's "indifference to the genocide in Vietnam".[7]

After being sentenced, Baader and Ensslin fled in November 1969.[8] They were smuggled out of West Germany by sympathizers and made the tour of the left-wing communities of France, Switzerland, and Italy before re-entering West Germany covertly in early 1970.[9][10][11]

Baader was later caught at a traffic stop in Berlin for speeding on 4 April 1970.[12][13] He produced a fake driver's license in the name of the author Peter Chotjewitz, but was placed under arrest when he failed to answer personal questions about the names and ages of Chotjewitz's children.[14]

Ensslin masterminded an escape plan. Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and Baader's lawyers concocted a false "book deal" in which Meinhof would interview Baader. A few weeks later, in May 1970, he was allowed to meet her at the library of the Berlin Zentralinstitut outside the prison, without handcuffs but escorted by two armed guards. Meinhof was allowed to join him. Confederates Irene Goergens and Ingrid Schubert entered the library carrying suitcases, then opened a door to admit a masked gunman armed with a pistol and then drew pistols out of suitcases. They then fired shots that wounded a 64-year-old librarian, hitting him in his liver. Baader, the masked gunman, and the three women then fled through a window.[15][16]

The group became known as the Baader-Meinhof Group. Baader and others then spent some time in a Fatah military training camp in Jordan before being expelled due to "differences in attitudes".[17] Back in West Germany, Baader robbed banks and bombed buildings from 1970 to 1972.[18][19] Although he never obtained a driver's licence, Baader was obsessed with driving. He regularly stole expensive sports cars for use by the gang and was arrested driving an Iso Rivolta IR 300.[20]

On 1 June 1972, Baader and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were apprehended after a lengthy shootout in Frankfurt.[21]

Stammheim

Stammheim Prison, photographed in 1982

From 1975 to 1977, a long and expensive trial took place in a fortified building on the grounds of Stuttgart's Stammheim Prison. As a precaution against items being smuggled in, all prisoners were strip-searched and inspected and given new clothes before and after meeting lawyers.[22]

During a collective hunger strike in 1974, which led to the death of Meins, philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader in Stammheim where he was being held. He allegedly described Baader after the meeting as being a "twat" ("Quel con!").[23] Although he did not like Baader's behavior, he criticized the harsh conditions of imprisonment Baader endured.[24][25]

Meinhof was found dead in her cell at Stuttgart-Stammheim on 9 May 1976, hanging from the grating covering her cell window.[26] Members of the Red Army Faction and others claimed that she was killed by the German authorities. The second generation of the RAF committed several kidnappings and attacks in a campaign in support of their comrades.[27]

The three remaining defendants were convicted in April 1977 of several murders, attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.[28][29]

Militants tried to force the release of Baader and ten other imprisoned RAF members by kidnapping businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer in Cologne on 5 September 1977, as part of the sequence of events known as the "German Autumn", which began on 30 July 1977 with the murder of banker Jürgen Ponto.

On 6 September 1977, an official statement was released in which the state declared that the prisoners would not be released under any circumstances, and on the same day a Kontaktsperre ("communication ban") was enacted against all RAF prisoners.[30] This order deprived prisoners of all contact with each other as well as with the outside; all visits, including those of lawyers and family members, were forbidden. The prisoners were deprived of their access to post, newspapers, magazines, television, and radio.[31] The official justification for this was a claim by the state that the prisoners had supervised Schleyer's kidnapping from their cells with the assistance of their lawyers. It was claimed that a hand-drawn map had been found which had been used in the kidnapping in Newerla's car on 5 September. On 10 September, the prisoners' lawyers lost their appeal against the Kontaktsperre order and on 2 October it became effective. On 18 October 1977, the RAF killed Schleyer in France.[32]

On 13 October 1977 four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 on a flight from Palma de Mallorca to Frankfurt, their leader demanding the release of the eleven RAF prisoners detained at Stammheim. The aircraft was eventually flown to Mogadishu, Somalia, where it arrived in the early hours of 17 October. The passengers of the Boeing 737 were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977 which saw the death of three of the militants.[33][34]

Death

Burial site of Baader, Raspe and Ensslin in Stuttgart

According to official accounts of his death, Raspe learned about GSG 9's success on a smuggled transistor radio, and spent the next few hours talking to Baader, Ensslin, and Möller, who agreed to a suicide pact. In the morning, Baader and Raspe were found dead in their cells, having died from gunshot wounds, while Ensslin was found hanging from a noose made from speaker wire. RAF member Irmgard Möller was found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survived.[35][36]

All official inquiries on the matter concluded that Baader and his two accomplices committed collective suicide, and Baader-Meinhof biographer Stefan Aust argued in the original edition of his book, The Baader-Meinhof Group (1985), that they did kill themselves. But there was a controversy about the weapons they used to commit suicide.[37]

Aspects to the deaths have been debated: Baader was supposed to have shot himself in the base of the neck so that the bullet exited through his forehead; repeated tests indicated that it was virtually impossible for a person to hold and fire a gun in such a way.[38] In addition, three bullet holes were found in his cell: one lodged in the wall, one in the mattress, and the fatal bullet itself lodged in the floor, suggesting that Baader had fired twice before killing himself.[39] Finally, Baader had powder burns on his right hand, but he was left-handed. Raspe showed no signs of powder burns.[40]

The theory itself that guns had been smuggled into Stammheim depended on the testimony of Hans Joachim Dellwo (brother of prisoner Karl-Heinz Dellwo) and Volker Speitel (husband of Angelika Speitel). Both had been arrested on 2 October 1977, and charged with belonging to a criminal association; under pressure from the police, they subsequently became crown witnesses and admitted to acting as couriers and testified that they were aware of lawyers smuggling items to the prisoners during the trial. In consideration for this testimony, authorities reduced their sentences and provided them with new identities. In 1979, two defence attorneys were tried and convicted for smuggling weapons. However, as noted above, the lawyers had been unable to meet with their clients after 6 September 1977 due to the Kontaktsperre order.[40]

Study of brain

Following their apparent suicides, the German government had the brains of Baader, Meinhof, Ensslin and Raspe illegally removed for study at the Neurological Research Institute at the University of Tübingen.[41][42] The results of Meinhof's brain study merely showed the place where a brain swelling was removed, during her pregnancy in 1962.[43] The results of the study of the others' brains are not known.

Aside from the removal of his brain, a death mask was made of Baader. The brains of all but Meinhof have apparently been lost and cannot be accounted for by German authorities.[44]

Cultural depictions

References

  1. ^ Eager 2016, p. 64.
  2. ^ Wright-Neville, David (2010). Dictionary of Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Polity. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7456-4302-1.
  3. ^ Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany : the Long Road West. Alexander Sager. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-19-150061-9.
  4. ^ Schmeidel, John C. (2008). Stasi: Shield and Sword of the Party. London: Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-134-21375-7.
  5. ^ Aust 2009, p. 18.
  6. ^ Küng 2014, p. 59.
  7. ^ Eager 2016, p. 65.
  8. ^ Scharloth, Joachim; Klimke, Martin (2008). 1968 in Europe : a history of protest and activism, 1956-1977. Martin Klimke, Joachim Scharloth (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-230-61190-0.
  9. ^ Chalk 2013, p. 481.
  10. ^ Ciment, James (2015). World Terrorism : An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era. James Ciment (2nd ed.). Armonk, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 236. ISBN 9781317451525.
  11. ^ Atkins 2004, p. 37–38.
  12. ^ Demaris, Ovid (1977). Brothers in blood : the international terrorist network. New York: Scribner. p. 227. ISBN 9780684151922.
  13. ^ Miller, Steven E. (2000). Toxic Terror : Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Jonathan B. Tucker. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780262700719.
  14. ^ Wisowaty, David L (1975). The Baader-Meinhof group, 1968-1972: an account of its activities and an analysis of its ideology. p. 12. OCLC 38668584.
  15. ^ Power, Jonathan (1981). Amnesty International, the human rights story. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 9781483286013.
  16. ^ Boyn, Oliver (2011). The Divided Berlin, 1945-1990 : The Historical Guidebook. Marie Frohling (1st ed.). Berlin: Amber Books Limited. p. 92. ISBN 978-3-86153-613-0.
  17. ^ Moxon-Browne 1993, p. 437.
  18. ^ Jamieson, Teddy (2011). Whose Side Are You On?. London: Yellow Jersey. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-4090-2889-5.
  19. ^ Briggs, Briggs. Modern Europe. Pearson Education. p. 365. ISBN 9788131727577.
  20. ^ Klaus Stern (October 2007). "Terrorist ohne Führerschein". einestages on Spiegel Online.
  21. ^ Danchev, Alex (2009). On Art and War and Terror. Edinburgh University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7486-4138-3.
  22. ^ Smith & Moncourt 2008, p. 28.
  23. ^ Wormser, Gerard (24 September 2006). "Sartre adversaire de la non-violence ?". Alternatives non violentes, n° 139, juin 2006. Retrieved 16 November 2008. Par exemple, après avoir rencontré l'extrémiste Baader dans sa prison en Allemagne, il en est ressorti en disant : "Quel con!!!"
  24. ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (7 December 1974). "La mort lente d'Andreas Baader". Libération. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
  25. ^ Sartre, Jean-Paul (2004). "The Slow Death of Andreas Baader (English Translation)". marxists.org, translation of the 1974 Libération article. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008. This absence of communication with others through sound creates profound problems (...). These latter destroy thought by rendering it increasingly difficult. Little by little, it provokes blackouts, then delirium, and, obviously, madness. So even if there is no "torturer", there are people who squeeze certain levers on another level. This torture provokes deficits in the prisoner; it leads him to stupefaction or to death.
  26. ^ Herren, Graley (2019). The Self-Reflexive Art of Don DeLillo. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-5013-4505-0.
  27. ^ Trahair, R. C. S.; Miller, Robert (2009). Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. New York: Enigma Books. p. 363. ISBN 9781936274260.
  28. ^ Gentry, Caron E.; Sjoberg, Laura (2011). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 61, 62, 63. ISBN 9780820335834.
  29. ^ Atkins 2004, p. 268.
  30. ^ Neu 2010, p. 73.
  31. ^ Fraktion, Rote Armee (1985). Materialien zum Hungerstreik 1984/85 der politischen Gefangenen aus der RAF und dem Widerstand (in German). Vol. 1. West Germany: Die Grünen. p. 105.
  32. ^ Varon, Jeremy (2004). Bringing the War Home : The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 234. ISBN 9780520241190.
  33. ^ Weber, Jürgen; Parsons, Nicholas (2004). Germany, 1945-1990 : A Parallel History. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9789639241701.
  34. ^ Chant, Christopher (2012). Special Forces : The world's most significant and famous elite forces. Bath: Parragon. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-1-4454-7213-3.
  35. ^ Bielby 2012, p. 11.
  36. ^ Wilson, Colin (2015). "Violence". A Criminal History of Mankind. Diversion Books. ISBN 9781626818675.
  37. ^ "Who were Germany's Red Army Faction militants?". BBC News. BBC News. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  38. ^ Aust 2009, p. 424.
  39. ^ Aust 2009, p. 411.
  40. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference smith28 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  41. ^ Hooper, John (18 November 2002). "The dead guerrillas, the missing brains and the experiment". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  42. ^ Broomby, Rob (16 November 2002). "Red Army Faction brains 'disappeared'". BBC. BBC News. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Meinhof brain study yields clues". BBC News. 12 November 2002. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  44. ^ "Red Army Faction brains 'disappeared'". BBC News. 16 November 2002. Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  45. ^ Vetland, Barbara (2010). Den tidløse omsorgen – mor og barn motivet i Odd Nerdrums bilder (PDF) (in Norwegian). Institutt for filosofi, ide- og kunsthistorie og klassiske språk, University of Oslo. pp. 26–28. Det som særlig fascinerte var det uttrykk for det frie mennesket som jeg så i dem. Ellers hadde jeg sympati for Baader for så vidt som han var en av de mange som var villig for å dø for sin sak. For meg var han den kompromissløse, tragiske idealisten.
  46. ^ "Meinhof drama submitted for Oscar". BBC. BBC News. 17 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

Sourcing

Further reading

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