Matelotage
Matelotage (French for "seamanship") was an agreement amongst pairs of European sailors, in particular buccaneers, in the 17th and early 18th century. An economic partnership, "matelots" would agree to share their incomes, and inherit their partner's property in the case of their death. In addition, they would pledge to protect and fight alongside each other in battle and otherwise act in the other's interest.[1] Not limited to sailors or pirates, matelotage agreements could be made by members of any group, even planters.[2]
Though most often interpreted as a platonic form of mutual insurance, a few historians believe that matelotage would be more accurately comparable to same-sex marriage or domestic partnership.[3][4] B. R. Burg argued in Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition that in the male-dominated world of piracy, homosexuality was common. A union such as matelotage may have acted as a manner of validating relationships that would otherwise have been considered against contemporary societal norms.[3] Another allusion to matelotage's true significance was the disapproval it was shown by colonial authorities. For example, in 1645, Governor of the colony of Tortuga, Jean Le Vasseur, requested to the French government that female prostitutes be sent to the island, supposedly in order to deter matelotage among the buccaneers.[5] Burg's conclusions and reserach methods are not accepted by most pirate historians.[6] Hans Turley, who also wrote on pirates and homosexual unions, admitted that "the evidence for piratical sodomy is so sparse as to be almost nonexistent."[4]
At least one written matelotage agreement survives in historical records, between two pirates residing at Port Dolphin on Madagascar in 1699.[7] Other potential pirate matelotage unions such as that of John Swann and Robert Culliford, pirates in the Indian Ocean during the late 17th century are sometimes decribed as romantic but are not referred to as matelotage in British records; Swann was instead referred to as "a great consort of Culliford's, who lives with him."[8] However, consort was a nautical term for ships sailing together or aiding one another, while there is no detailed information on Swann’s actual relationship with Culliford beyond that of living and sailing together, and so the issue of Swann and Culliford's sexual orientation remains open.[9]
References
- ^ Leeson, Peter T. (2009). "1. The Invisible Hook". The Invisible Hook. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1515/9781400829866-003. ISBN 978-1-4008-2986-6. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
- ^ Thornbury, Walter (1861). The monarchs of the Main. London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge. pp. 34–35. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ a b Burg, B. R. (1995). Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition : English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean (Second ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3922-8. OCLC 1242730027.
- ^ a b Turley, Hans (1999). Rum, Sodomy, and the Lash: Piracy, Sexuality, and Masculine Identity. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 9780814738429.
- ^ Milne, Andrew (2020-08-01). "Did Pirates Really Practice A Form Of Gay Marriage In The 1600s?". All That's Interesting. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
- ^ Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy. Oakland CA: PM Press. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9781604860528. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ Fox, E. T. (2014). Pirates in Their Own Words. Raleigh NC: Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291943993. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
- ^ Headlam, Cecil, ed. (1908). Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series: America and West Indies, 1724-25, Preserved in the Public Record Office. p. 289. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- ^ Travers, Tim (2012). Pirates: A History. Stroud UK: The History Press. ISBN 9780752488271. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
