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Chusquea

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Chusquea
Chusquea quila
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Clade: BOP clade
Subfamily: Bambusoideae
Tribe: Bambuseae
Subtribe: Chusqueinae
Genus: Chusquea
Kunth
Type species
Chusquea scandens
Synonyms[1]
  • Rettbergia Raddi
  • Platonia Kunth, 1829, rejected homonym not Mart. 1832 (Clusiaceae) nor Raf. 1808 (Verbenaceae) nor Raf. 1810 (Cistaceae)[2]
  • Dendragrostis Nees
  • Neurolepis Meisn.
  • Coliquea Steud. ex Bibra
  • Planotia Munro
  • Swallenochloa McClure

Chusquea is a genus of evergreen bamboos in the grass family. Most of them are native to mountain habitats in Latin America, from Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina.

They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other grasses, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. Some animals are, to various extents, associated with stands of Chusquea, for example the Inca wren, monito del monte, and the plushcap.

Notable species

Chusquea culeou, the chilean feather bamboo or colihue cane, from southern Chile and adjacent western Argentina, is notable as the most frost-tolerant South American bamboo and the only one that has been grown successfully to any extent in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with successful growth as an ornamental plant north to Scotland. The colihue cane was used by the Mapuches Indians to make instruments and as lances during the War of Arauco.

Chusquea quila (in Spanish quila), in contrast to Colihue, has a spreading or vining growth. It prefers wet places and does not grow above 500 metres (1,600 ft), where C. culeou becomes more dominant. Chusquea quila can form pure stands called quilantales. Very few plants can grow under this species.

In Chile Chusquea species have been historically harvested for seed by indigenous peoples, but the flowering and seeds of the species, is associated to mice vermin.[3]

Taxonomy

The genus Chusquea now includes species formerly classified in Dendragrostis, Rettbergia, Swallenochloa, and Neurolepis. [4] The genus has been organized into three subgenera, subg. Rettbergia, subg. Swallenochloa and subg. Chusquea,[5] although molecular evidence only supports a monophyletic subg. Rettbergia.[6]

Species[1][7][8][9]
  1. Chusquea abietifolia – Caribbean
  2. Chusquea acuminata – Brazil (Rio de Janeiro state)
  3. Chusquea acuminatissima – Colombia and Venezuela
  4. Chusquea albilanata – Colombia and Ecuador
  5. Chusquea amistadensis – Costa Rica and Panama
  6. Chusquea andina – central and southern Chile
  7. Chusquea anelythra – eastern Brazil
  8. Chusquea anelytroides – southeastern Brazil
  9. Chusquea angusta – Colombia, Venezuela, and Guyana
  10. Chusquea angustifolia – eastern Colombia to western Venezuela
  11. Chusquea annagardneriae – Ecuador
  12. Chusquea antioquensis – central Colombia
  13. Chusquea aperta – Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca)
  14. Chusquea arachniformis – north-central Colombia
  15. Chusquea aristata – southwest Colombia to Peru
  16. Chusquea aspera – Peru
  17. Chusquea asymmetrica – Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
  18. Chusquea attenuata – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  19. Chusquea aurea – Venezuela
  20. Chusquea baculifera – southeastern Brazil
  21. Chusquea bahiana – eastern Brazil
  22. Chusquea bambusoides – eastern and southern Brazil
  23. Chusquea barbata – Peru
  24. Chusquea bilimekii – Mexico (Mexico and Veracruz states)
  25. Chusquea bradei – Brazil (Bahia and Espirito Santo states)
  26. Chusquea caparaoensis – Brazil (Minas Gerais state)
  27. Chusquea capitata – southeastern and southern Brazil
  28. Chusquea capituliflora – southeastern and southern Brazil
  29. Chusquea ciliata – central Chile
  30. Chusquea ciliatifolia – Brazil (southeastern Bahia and northeastern Minas Gerais states)
  31. Chusquea circinata – Mexico (Sinaloa to Chiapas states)
  32. Chusquea clarkiae – Colombia
  33. Chusquea clemirae – Brazil (Bahia state)
  34. Chusquea contrerasii – Mexico (Jalisco)
  35. Chusquea coronalis – Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica
  36. Chusquea cortesii – central and southern Mexico and Guatemala
  37. Chusquea costaricensis – Costa Rica
  38. Chusquea culeou – central and southern Chile, southwestern Argentina
  39. Chusquea cumingii – central Chile
  40. Chusquea cylindrica – Trinidad
  41. Chusquea decolorata – Peru
  42. Chusquea deficiens – central Bolivia to northwestern Argentina
  43. Chusquea deflexa – El Salvador and Honduras
  44. Chusquea delicatula – Peru and Bolivia
  45. Chusquea depauperata – Peru and Bolivia
  46. Chusquea diversiglumis – Venezuela and northern Brazil
  47. Chusquea dombeyana – Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
  48. Chusquea elata
  49. Chusquea elegans
  50. Chusquea erecta
  51. Chusquea exasperata
  52. Chusquea falcata
  53. Chusquea fasciculata
  54. Chusquea fendleri
  55. Chusquea fernandeziana
  56. Chusquea foliosa
  57. Chusquea galeottiana
  58. Chusquea gigantea
  59. Chusquea glauca
  60. Chusquea glomerata
  61. Chusquea gracilis
  62. Chusquea grandiflora
  63. Chusquea guirigayensis
  64. Chusquea hatschbackii
  65. Chusquea heterophylla
  66. Chusquea huantensis
  67. Chusquea ibiramae
  68. Chusquea inamoena
  69. Chusquea juergensii
  70. Chusquea laegaardii
  71. Chusquea lanceolata
  72. Chusquea latifolia
  73. Chusquea lehmannii
  74. Chusquea leonardiorum
  75. Chusquea leptophylla
  76. Chusquea liebmannii
  77. Chusquea ligulata
  78. Chusquea linearis
  79. Chusquea londoniae
  80. Chusquea longifolia
  81. Chusquea longiligulata
  82. Chusquea longipendula
  83. Chusquea longiprophylla
  84. Chusquea longispiculata
  85. Chusquea lorentziana
  86. Chusquea loxensis
  87. Chusquea maclurei
  88. Chusquea macrostachya
  89. Chusquea maculata
  90. Chusquea magnifolia
  91. Chusquea meyeriana
  92. Chusquea microphylla
  93. Chusquea mimosa
  94. Chusquea mollis
  95. Chusquea montana
  96. Chusquea muelleri
  97. Chusquea nana
  98. Chusquea nelsonii
  99. Chusquea neurophylla
  100. Chusquea nudiramea
  101. Chusquea nobilis
  102. Chusquea nutans
  103. Chusquea oligophylla
  104. Chusquea oxylepis
  105. Chusquea pallida
  106. Chusquea paludicola
  107. Chusquea patens
  108. Chusquea perligulata
  109. Chusquea perotensis
  110. Chusquea peruviana
  111. Chusquea petiolata
  112. Chusquea picta
  113. Chusquea pinifolia
  114. Chusquea pittieri
  115. Chusquea pohlii
  116. Chusquea polyclados
  117. Chusquea pubescens
  118. Chusquea pubispicula
  119. Chusquea pulchella
  120. Chusquea purdieana
  121. Chusquea quila
  122. Chusquea ramosissima
  123. Chusquea renvoizei
  124. Chusquea repens
  125. Chusquea rigida
  126. Chusquea riosaltensis
  127. Chusquea robusta
  128. Chusquea scabra
  129. Chusquea scandens
  130. Chusquea sclerophylla
  131. Chusquea sellowii
  132. Chusquea serpens
  133. Chusquea serrulata
  134. Chusquea silverstonei
  135. Chusquea simpliciflora
  136. Chusquea smithii
  137. Chusquea sneidernii
  138. Chusquea spadicea
  139. Chusquea spathacea
  140. Chusquea spectabilis
  141. Chusquea spencei
  142. Chusquea spicata
  143. Chusquea steyermarkii
  144. Chusquea straminea
  145. Chusquea subtessellata
  146. Chusquea subtilis
  147. Chusquea subulata
  148. Chusquea sulcata
  149. Chusquea talamancensis
  150. Chusquea tarmensis
  151. Chusquea tenella
  152. Chusquea tessellata
  153. Chusquea tomentosa
  154. Chusquea tonduzii
  155. Chusquea tovari
  156. Chusquea tuberculosa
  157. Chusquea uliginosa
  158. Chusquea uniflora
  159. Chusquea urelytra
  160. Chusquea valdiviensis
  161. Chusquea villosa
  162. Chusquea virgata
  163. Chusquea vulcanalis
  164. Chusquea wilkesii
  165. Chusquea windischii

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Tropicos search for Platonia
  3. ^ Pardo B., Oriana; Pizarro, José Luis (2014). Chile: Plantas alimentarias Prehispánicas (in Spanish) (2015 ed.). Arica, Chile: Ediciones Parina. pp. 150–152. ISBN 9789569120022.
  4. ^ Fisher, A. E., Triplett, J. K., Ho, C. S., Schiller, A. D., Oltrogge, K. A., Schroder, E. S., ... & Clark, L. G. (2009). Paraphyly in the bamboo subtribe Chusqueinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and a revised infrageneric classification for Chusquea. Systematic Botany, 34(4), 673-683.
  5. ^ Clark, L. G. (1989). Systematics of Chusquea Section Swallenochloa, Section Verticillatae, Section Serpentes, and Section Longifoliae (Poaceae-Bambusoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-127.
  6. ^ Fisher, A. E., Clark, L. G., & Kelchner, S. A. (2014). Molecular Phylogeny Estimation of the Bamboo Genus Chusquea (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) and Description of Two New Subgenera. Systematic Botany, 39(3).
  7. ^ Clark, L. G. 2000. Chusquea. 39: 36–52. In E. J. Judziewicz, R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, T. S. Filgueiras & F. O. Zuloaga (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  8. ^ Morales, J. F. 2003. Poaceae. 93(3): 598–821. In B. E. Hammel, M. H. Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora Villalobos (eds.) Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  9. ^ Chusquea Kunth. Plants of the World Online. Accessed 1 March 2023.
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