Accessory fruit
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An accessory fruit is a fruit that contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary. In other words, the flesh of the fruit develops not from the floral ovary, but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel (for example, from receptacles or sepal). As a general rule, the accessory fruit is a combination of several floral organs, including the ovary. In contrast, true fruit forms exclusively from the ovary of the flower.[1]
Accessory fruits are usually indehiscent.[2]
Terminology
Alternative terms for accessory fruit are false fruit, spurious fruit, pseudofruit, or pseudocarp. These are older terms for accessory fruit that have been criticized as "inapt",[1] and are not used by some botanists today.[citation needed]
Examples
The following are examples of accessory fruits listed by the plant organ from which the accessory tissue is derived:[3]
- Hypanthium-derived: pomes (e.g. apple and pear)
- Perianth-derived: anthocarps of the Nyctaginaceae
- Receptacle-derived: fig, mulberry, pineapple, and strawberry
- Calyx-derived: Gaultheria procumbens and Syzygium jambos
Fruit with fleshy seeds, such as pomegranate or mamoncillo, are not considered to be accessory fruits.[4]
Research
Current research has proposed that a single class of genes may be responsible for regulating accessory fruit formation and ripening.[5] A study using strawberries concluded that hormone signaling pathways involving gibberellic acid and auxin affect gene expression, and contribute to the initiation of accessory fruit development.[6] Metabolic modifications in different developing accessory fruit tissues are due to the varied distributions of compounds such as triterpenoids and steroids.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of seed plants. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- ^ "Glossary Details – The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium". sweetgum.nybg.org. Retrieved 2021-03-17.
- ^ Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary entries for syconium, accessory fruit, core, and strawberry, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2006
- ^ Holland, D.; Hatib, K.; Bar-Ya'akov, I. (2009), "Pomegranate: Botany, Horticulture, Breeding", Horticultural Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 127–191, doi:10.1002/9780470593776.ch2, ISBN 978-0-470-59377-6, retrieved 2021-11-28
- ^ Ireland, Hilary; Yao, Jia-Long; Tomes, Sumathi; Sutherland, Paul; Nieuwenhuizen, Niels; Gunaseelan, Kularajathevan; Winz, Robert; David, Karine; Schaffer, Robert (13 December 2012). "Apple SEPALLATA1/2-like genes control fruit flesh development and ripening". The Plant Journal. 73 (6): 1004–1056. doi:10.1111/tpj.12094. PMID 23236986.
- ^ Zhou, Junhui; Sittmann, John; Guo, Lei; Xiao, Yuwei; Huang, Xiaolong; Pulapaka, Anuhya; Liu, Zhongchi (March 2021). "Gibberellin and auxin signaling genes RGA1 and ARF8 repress accessory fruit initiation in diploid strawberry". Plant Physiology. 185 (3): 1059–1075. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaa087. PMC 8133647. PMID 33793929.
- ^ Dashbaldan, Soyol; Rogowska, Agata; Pączkowski, Cezary; Szakiel, Anna (25 August 2021). "Distribution of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Developing Rugosa Rose (Rosarugosa Thunb.) Accessory Fruit". Molecules. 26 (17): 5158. doi:10.3390/molecules26175158. PMC 8433923. PMID 34500591.