Malachi
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Malachi | |
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מַלְאָכִי | |
Burial place | Tomb of the Prophets Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi, Jerusalem |
Malachi (/ˈmæləkaɪ/ ; Hebrew: מַלְאָכִי, Modern: Malʾaḵī, Tiberian: Malʾāḵī, "My messenger", see malakh), also known as Malachias,[1] is the name used by the author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name. Because it simply means "messenger", many assume it to be a pseudonym.[2] Jewish tradition claims that the real identity of Malachi is Ezra the scribe.[3]
Identity
The editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia implied that Malachi prophesied after Haggai and Zechariah and speculated that he delivered his prophecies about 420 BC, after the second return of Nehemiah from Persia,[4] or possibly before his return. The Talmud and the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel identify Ezra as the same person as Malachi. This is the traditional view held by most Jews and some Christians, including Jerome.[5][6][7] According to Josephus, Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem."[8] If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the name "Malachi" is correct, then Josephus meant that buried in the Tomb of the Prophets, the traditional resting place of Malachi. This would also explain why Ezra does not refer to a prophet named Malachi, while he did refer to other prophets such as Haggai and Zechariah.
Name
Because the name Malachi does not occur elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, some scholars doubt whether it is intended to be the personal name of the prophet. The form mal'akhi (literally "my malakh") signifies "my messenger"; it occurs in Malachi 3:1[9] (compare to Malachi 2:7, but this form would hardly be appropriate as a proper name without some additional syllable such as Yah, whence mal'akhiah, i.e. "messenger of Yah".[10] In the Book of Haggai, Haggai is designated the "messenger of the LORD."[11] The non-canonical superscriptions prefixed to the book, in both the Septuagint and the Vulgate, warrant the supposition that Malachi's full name ended with the syllable -yah.[10] The Septuagint translates the last clause of Malachi 1:1, "by the hand of his messenger",[12] and the Targum reads, "by the hand of my angel, whose name is called Ezra the scribe".[10]
Works
The Jews of his day ascribed the Book of Malachi to Ezra.[13] Certain traditions ascribe the book to Zerubbabel and Nehemiah; others to Malachi, whom they designate as a Levite and a member of the Great Assembly.[14]Certain modern scholars, however, on the basis of the similarity of the title[15] declare it to be anonymous.[citation needed] G.G. Cameron suggests that the termination of the word "Malachi" is adjectival, and equivalent to the Latin angelicus, signifying "one charged with a message or mission" (a missionary).[16]
Date
Opinions vary as to the prophet's exact date, but nearly all scholars agree that Malachi prophesied during the Persian period, and after the reconstruction and dedication of the Second Temple in 516 BC.[citation needed] More specifically, Malachi probably lived and labored during the times of Ezra and Nehemiah.[citation needed] The abuses which Malachi mentions in his writings correspond so exactly with those which Nehemiah found on his second visit to Jerusalem in 432 BC[17] that it seems reasonably certain that he prophesied concurrently with Nehemiah or shortly after.
According to W. Gunther Plaut:
Malachi describes a priesthood that is forgetful of its duties, a Temple that is underfunded because the people have lost interest in it, and a society in which Jewish men divorce their Jewish wives to marry out of the faith.[18]
References
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Malachias". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
- ^ Malachi at the Easton's Bible Dictionary
- ^ "Ezra the Scribe by Mendel Adelman, Chabad.org".
- ^ Nehemiah 13:6)
- ^ "Megillah 15a, the William Davidson Talmud (Koren - Steinsaltz)".
- ^ Introduction to the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel on the Prophet Malachi (Minor Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (Megillah 15a) .
- ^ "Jerome, Prologue to the Twelve Prophets".
- ^ Antiquities of the Jews, book XI, chapter 5, paragraph 5
- ^ Malachi 3:1
- ^ a b c malachi-international standard bible
- ^ Haggai 1:13
- ^ Brenton translation, septagint
- ^ Introduction to the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel on the Prophet Malachi (Minor Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (Megillah 15a) .
- ^ who was prophet malachi, Chabad
- ^ compare Malachi 1:1 to Zechariah 9:1 and Zechariah 12:1
- ^ G. G. CAMERON, J. HASTINGS' Dictionary of the Bible, New. York, 1902
- ^ Nehemiah 13:7
- ^ Plaut, W. Gunther. "Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi: Back in the Land", My Jewish Learning
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Malachi". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Malachi, Book of". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
- A. Van Hoonacker (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- L. Vianès: Malachie. La Bible d'Alexandrie, vol. xxiii/12, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 2011.
External links
- Media related to Malachi at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Malachi at Wikiquote
- Prophet Malachi Orthodox icon and synaxarion