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Cluj County

Coordinates: 46°43′N 23°32′E / 46.717°N 23.533°E / 46.717; 23.533
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Cluj County
Județul Cluj
County
Cluj County Prefecture
Cluj County Prefecture
Coat of arms of Cluj County
Coat of arms
Location within Romania
Location within Romania
Coordinates: 46°43′N 23°32′E / 46.717°N 23.533°E / 46.717; 23.533
CountryRomania
Historical regionTransylvania
Development regionNord-Vest
CapitalCluj-Napoca
Government
 • President of the County CouncilAlin Tișe (PNL)
 • PrefectGheorghe Vușcan
Area
 • Total6,674 km2 (2,577 sq mi)
 • Rank12th
Population
 (2021-12-01)[1]
 • Total679,141
 • Rank4th
 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Clujean (male)
Clujeancă (female)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
40wxyz1
Area code+40 x642
Car plateCJ3
GDPUS$15.783 billion (2022)
GDP/capitaUS$32,262 (2022)

Cluj County (Romanian pronunciation: [kluʒ] ⓘ) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Transylvania. Its seat is Cluj-Napoca.

Name

In Hungarian it is known as Kolozs megye. Under the Kingdom of Hungary, a county with an identical name (Kolozs County, Template:Lang-ro) existed since the 11th century.

Geography

Romanian Counties

Cluj County lies in the northwestern half of the country, between parallels 47°28' in north and 46°24' in south, meridians 23°39' in west and 24°13' in east, respectively. It covers an area of 6,674 km2 unfolded in the contact zone of three representative natural units: Apuseni Mountains, Someș Plateau and Transylvanian Plain. Cluj County is the 12th largest in the country and occupies 2.8% of Romania's area. It is bordered to the northeast with Maramureș and Bistrița-Năsăud counties, to the east with Mureș County, to the south with Alba County, and to the west with Bihor and Sălaj counties.

Relief

Turda Gorge
Pietrele Albe, Vlădeasa Massif

The relief is rugged, constituted mostly of hilly units belonging to Someș Plateau and, to a lesser extent, of mountain portions that represent the northeastern part of Apuseni Mountains. Fields are missing on the territory of Cluj County, being replaced, as step of relief, by well-developed terraces and floodplains in the lower sectors of Someșul Mic and Arieș rivers. The hilly area, extended in the central northern and southern part of the county, include several subunits of Someș Plateau (Cluj, Feleacu, Dej hills), among which are individualized numerous depressions (Apahida, Bonțida, Gilău, Dej, Turda, Câmpia Turzii) at the edge of which there are some contact depressions (Huedin and Iara), at the limit of the mountain. The mountain sector, located in southwest, belongs to Apuseni, mountains group of Western Carpathians, represented by sectors of Vlădeasa Massif (peak Vlădeasa – 1,836 m), Gilău Mountains and Muntele Mare, as well as narrow portions of Trascău, Plopiș, Meseș and Bihor mountains. In the eastern part of Cluj County, east of the river alignment Valea Florilor–Maraloiu–Someșul Mic, is located a part of the Hilly Plain of Transylvania, a special unit of relief, with mountainous character, partially overlapped by some gas-condensate domes.

Hydrographic network

Someșul Mic in Cluj-Napoca

The hydrographic network is represented by rivers (Someșul Mic with SW–NE direction, whose catchment area is fully developed on the territory of Cluj County, Crișul Repede and lower Arieș),[2] natural lakes and ponds (Cătina Popii I and II, Geaca, Țaga, etc.) and lakes of hydropower interest (Beliș-Fântânele, Tarnița and Gilău). In the northeastern part of Cluj County, Someșul Mic joins Someșul Mare, upstream of Dej, forming the Someș, which flows into the Tisza to the west.

The deep waters are less represented and are characterized by high mineralization. Relatively rich mineral springs, with sulphates, calcium and sodium chloride, can be found in Dezmir, Cojocna, Gădălin, Sic, Gherla, Leghia, Someșeni, Turda, etc.[3]

Climate

Cluj-Napoca
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
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J
J
A
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24
 
 
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.9
 
 
33
20
 
 
0.8
 
 
38
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31
 
 
1.9
 
 
59
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76
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69
48
 
 
1.2
 
 
58
39
 
 
1.2
 
 
43
31
 
 
1.3
 
 
35
24
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Through its location, Cluj County benefits from a moderate continental climate.[3] In the mountain sector (Vlădeasa Massif and Muntele Mare), the mean annual air temperature is 2 °C, and in the rest of the territory is 6 °C. Annual thermal amplitudes have values between 17 and 19 °C in the mountains and grow at 23–25 °C in hilly areas, plateaus and plains.

Rainfall is distributed unevenly, with minimal amounts in Turda–Câmpia Turzii (about 550 mm) and maximum in Vlădeasa Massif (about 1,400 mm). On average, annual values of rainfall reach 600–650 mm in the Transylvania Plain, 650–700 mm in the Someș Plateau and over 900–1000 mm in mountainous areas.[3]

Natural resources

Access tunnel in Turda salt mine. The geological reserve is estimated at 38,750 million tonnes of salt.[4]

Cluj County has rich and varied natural resources. Iron ores came into use in 1962, by exploitations in Căpușu Mic and Băișoara, being conducted over the years a series of geological explorations in Vlaha, Săvădisla and Cacova Ierii. Fossil fuels are represented by brown coal exploited in Ticu–Dâncu–Băgara area and peat, exploited in Călățele–Căpățâna sector. Likewise, there is a gas-condensed dome in Puini in the Transylvanian Plain.

Besides iron ore and mineral fuels, there is a variety of useful minerals and rocks,[5] including: quartz in Muntele Mare and around Someșu Rece (where can also be found feldspar), dacites and andesites in Vlădeasa Massif and around Morlaca, Bologa, Poieni, Săcuieu, Stolna and Iara, granites in Muntele Mare, limestones and dolomites used to fabricate binders (lime, cement), exploited in Săndulești, Tureni, Surduc, Buru, Poieni, etc., calcareous tuffs of high quality with quarries at Tioc–Cornești, kaolin sands at Popești, Topa, Băgara, Gârbău, etc., salt, with significant reserves at Ocna Dejului, Turda, Cojocna, Sic, Nireș,[6] gravel pits on Someșul Mic at Gilău, Florești and on lower Arieș.

Vegetation

Thickets of Sic

The vegetation is heterogeneous and storeyed due to the prevalence of hilly and mountainous relief. In Cluj County can be met a wide range of plant formations. Sub-alpine floor, present in Vlădeasa Massif and Muntele Mare, is characterized by lawns with midget grasses and juniper bushes. The spruce forests floor, expanded on mountain slopes between 1,000 and 1,600 m, consists predominantly of spruce mixed with fir, and the deciduous forests floor develops on all forms of relief, ranging from 400 to 1,000 m, and consists of sessile forests mixed with beech, hornbeam or elm. On slopes with northern exposure of Luna and Lujerdiu valleys develop compact clusters of sessile, hornbeam, ash and elm forests. In the Hilly Plain of Transylvania appear islands of steppe, alternating with patches of forests.

Fauna

The fauna is adapted to vegetation flooring, but less constant to its limits, due to great mobility; it is rich in species. In forests are present numerous animals of cynegetic interest, including deer, stag, bear, fox, lynx, wild boar, squirrel, and on Someș Valley naturally entered the muskrat. Around artificial lakes live a series of birds (duck, coot, stork), in the Someș Plateau and Transylvanian Plain was colonized the pheasant, and in Turda Gorge area lives the rock eagle. Mountain rivers are populated with trouts, graylings and nases, and in the lower ones with barbel and chub.

Economy

Cluj has, after Bucharest, the largest number of companies in the country (over 32,000 firms in 2014) and ranks third after net average earning, with 1,890 lei in December 2013 (Bucharest has 2,474 lei, and Ilfov 2,138 lei);[7] it is almost 5% higher than the national average. Great investors in the automotive industry, but also in IT have increased the average salary of employees, but these wage increases have led to an increase in the cost of living, reflected, for example, through higher rents than in surrounding counties. In Cluj companies work over 150,000 people, and after their turnover, the county ranks fifth in the Romanian business hierarchy, with €8 billion in 2012,[7] after Bucharest (€81.9 billion), Ilfov (€13.6 billion), Argeș (€9.1 billion) and Timiș (€8.7 billion). The number of registered unemployed at the end of June 2014 was 9,744 people, and the unemployment rate, calculated on the working population, is 2.8%, being 0.6% lower than the unemployment rate in June 2013. In 2015, GDP per capita is +30% more than the national average.

Cluj County is the county with the most industrial parks in the country. Five such functional areas and another in preparation already attracted investment of over half a billion euros and led to the creation of over 5,000 jobs.[8]

Office building in central Cluj-Napoca
Banca Transilvania (right) and Romanian Commercial Bank's regional headquarters (left)

In June 2014 industrial production increased by 19.6% over the same month in 2013, according to data released by the County Directorate of Statistics.[9] Compared with the first half of 2013, between 1 January and 30 June 2014 the industrial production index was 122.3%. The turnover value index in industry in June 2014 was 11.7% higher than in June 2013.[9] Cumulated six months, the turnover value index is 112.5% compared to the same period in 2013.[9] The largest new investment in the domain was carried out in public industrial parks (Tetarom II and III, with Emerson in Muncii Blvd. and Bosch and De'Longhi in Jucu) or private ones in Dej and Câmpia Turzii.

Therewith, the industry in Cluj County is characterized by a strong potential for processing both local resources and those attracted. Within processing industry are represented most existing branches nationwide. Over 24% of the employed population is working in different industrial sub-branches.[10] Likewise, an important sector of Cluj County economy is the IT sector and that related to customer service – services of sales, marketing, services of IT helpdesk, technical support, that record an annual increase of over 30% in the number of employees. The industrial production in the county is intended to cover the domestic demand and supply to foreign partners. Among processing industries, those with the highest share in industrial production are non-ferrous metal industry (17.9%), food and beverage industry (17.5%), metallurgic industry (12.9%), chemicals and man-made fibers industry (8.1%), cellulose, paper and cardboard industry (8%).[11]

Regarding foreign trade, compared to the same period in 2013, exports increased by 8.3%, but imports grew more strongly: plus 14.4%. More precisely, foreign trade in Cluj County, between 1 January and 30 April, is focused on achieving an export volume worth €315.7 million and imports totaling €598 million.[10] Among the products supplied for export can be mentioned: paper and cardboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or cardboard; clothing items and accessories; footwear and similar articles; products of cast iron, iron and steel; boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; machinery and electrical equipment and parts thereof; optical, photographic and cinematographic instruments; pharmaceuticals; glass and glassware; furniture.[11] Were imported in large quantities: coffee and tea; fuel, mineral oils and products of distillation; organic chemicals; fertilizers; hides; paper and cardboard; products of cast iron, iron and steel; boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; machinery and electrical equipment and parts thereof; vehicles, other than railway rolling stock; silk; cotton; man-made fibers; furniture.[11]

Agriculture

Concerning agriculture and silviculture, varying climatic conditions of the area have created a favorable environment for the development of agriculture, this being the second branch, as share and importance, in the economy of the county. An important role in this economic sector holds zootechnics, but crop production has also a significant share. Both the vegetal and animal sectors undergo a period of transition characterized by reduced production from year to year, a situation that requires the adoption of measures to stimulate the recovery of agriculture. The importance of agriculture lies in the existence of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine that annually licenses more than 2,000 graduates, specialists in all fields of agriculture.

Tourism

Cluj-Napoca, the county seat of Cluj County, is a popular tourist destination locally and nationally.

There are several tourist destinations in Cluj County, such as, most notably, its county seat, Cluj-Napoca, the Apuseni mountains, castles, fortresses, and churches.[12]

Transport

Rail network

Cluj-Napoca train station is one of the largest and throughput in northwestern Romania.

At the county level, double railway lines have a share of 70%, being the highest in the Nord-Vest development region, and the degree of electrification is over 50% of existing railway lines.[13] Regarding the transportation of goods, receiving stations at the county level occupy leading positions at a regional level: Dej, Câmpia Turzii, Turda, Aghireșu, Gherla and Cluj-Napoca. The length of railways that cross the county is 240 km, of which 129 km electrified line.[13] Through Câmpia Turzii, Cluj-Napoca and Huedin passes CFR Line 300 Bucharest–Oradea that links with the countries of Central and Western Europe. One of the major railway junctions of the country is Dej, being connected with important centers in the northern part of the country on routes: Dej–Baia Mare–Satu Mare, Dej–Beclean–Ilva Mică, Dej–Salva–Sighetu Marmației, Dej–Beclean–Deda.

Road network

A3 motorway, also known as Transylvania Motorway, near Turda

In 2010, Cluj County recorded a road network density of 0.4 km of road/km2.[13] This level places Cluj above the national average (0.33 km of road/km2). Cluj County has a dense network of public roads, with a total length of 2,699 km, of which 502 km are national roads.[13] Out of the total, 698 km are modernized roads, in majority portions of roads of national and international interest. Inland, connections are provided by 2,197 km of county and communal roads, of which 255 km are modernized, and 720 km are covered with light road surfaces. In December 2009 were opened the first 42 km of A3 motorway, between Turda and Cluj West, and in November 2010, another 12 km between Turda and Câmpia Turzii. Were put into use bypasses for Cluj-Napoca, Apahida and Gherla. Likewise, were also modernized several mountain and forest roads.

Cluj- Napoca has a well-developed market for taxi services. There are also several car rental companies.[14] Alternatively, short- and long-distance carpooling platforms operate in Cluj, such as Uber, Bolt or BlaBlaCar.

Airports

Avram Iancu International Airport is the second largest in Romania.

Avram Iancu International Airport, is the second-largest airport in Romania, handling 1,182,047 passengers in 2014.[15] The airport is located in Someșeni and serves Cluj-Napoca. It operates passenger flights and international cargo flights. The airport has been continuously expanded and modernized. The new terminal built in 2009, with a capacity of 1.5 million passengers per year, is intended for both domestic flights and foreign ones. The terminal has international standard facilities.

Education

With more than 41,000 students in 2014, Babeș-Bolyai University is the largest university in the country.[16]

Education takes place in 359 kindergartens, 435 general schools, 55 high schools, 9 higher education institutions with 49 faculties, in Romanian or Hungarian. There are also 26 scientific research institutes and a subsidiary of the Romanian Academy. Out of cultural institutions network can be mentioned 4 drama theaters, 2 operas, a national theater, "Transylvania" State Philharmonic, 453 libraries, 10 cinemas, 18 houses of culture, 223 community centers, 12 museums, etc.

Health

There are 16 hospitals, 234 dispensaries, a TB sanatorium, 15 polyclinics, 122 pharmacies in which work 2,637 physicians, and 5,709 medical staff.

Demography

According to the 2021 census, the county had a population of 679,141 and the population density was 101.8/km2 (263.6/sq mi).[17]

On 1 January 2015, an analysis of the National Institute of Statistics revealed that 13.7% of the county population was between 0 and 14 years, 69.8% between 15 and 64 years, and 16.4% 65 years and over.[18] 66.3% of the population lives in urban areas, having the fourth-highest rate of urbanization in the country, after Hunedoara (75%), Brașov (72,3%), and Constanța (68,8%).[19]

Ethnic composition of Cluj County (2021)

  Romanians (83.11%)
  Hungarians (13.36%)
  Romani (3.03%)
  Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) (0.10%)
  Others (0.41%)

Religious composition of Cluj County (2021)

  Romanian Orthodox (72.88%)
  Reformed (9.92%)
  Pentecostals (3.72%)
  Roman Catholics (3.20%)
  Greek Catholics (3.10%)
  Baptists (1.33%)
  Unitarians (0.98%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.84%)
  Others (1.27%)
  Irreligious, atheist, and agnostic (2.75%)
Year County population[20]
1948 520,073 Steady
1956 580,344 Increase
1966 629,746 Increase
1977 715,507 Increase
1992 736,301 Increase
2002 702,755 Decrease
2011 691,106 Decrease
2021 679,141 Decrease

At the 2011 census, the ethnic composition was as follows:[21]

Politics

The Cluj County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections, consists of 36 counsellors, with the following party composition:[22]

    Party Seats Current County Council
  National Liberal Party (PNL) 19                                      
  Social Democratic Party (PSD) 5                                      
  Save Romania Union (USR) 5                                      
  Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ) 5                                      
  People's Movement Party (PMP) 2                                      

Administrative divisions

See also: Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area and List of settlements in Cluj County
Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County seat, is the second largest city in Romania.
With a population of more than 47,000 inhabitants, Turda is the second largest city in Cluj County.
Dej
Gherla
Huedin

Cluj County has 5 municipalities, 1 town and 75 communes.

Historical county

Județul Cluj
County (Județ)
The Cluj County Prefecture building of the interwar period, currently the Cluj-Napoca city hall.
The Cluj County Prefecture building of the interwar period, currently the Cluj-Napoca city hall.
Coat of arms of Județul Cluj
Coat of arms
Country Romania
Historic regionTransylvania
Capital city (Reședință de județ)Cluj
Established1925
Area
 • Total4,813 km2 (1,858 sq mi)
Population
 (1930)
 • Total334,991
 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

Historically, Cojocna County was located in the central-northwestern part of Greater Romania, in the northwestern part of Transylvania. After reorganized and renamed to Cluj County, its territory included all of the current Cluj County, and some of the communes now in Sălaj County and Mureș County. It was bordered on the north by the counties of Sălaj, Someș, and Năsăud, on the west by Bihor County, on the south by Turda County, and to the east by Mureș County.

History

The territory of the county was transferred in 1920 from the Kingdom of Hungary, as successor state to Austria-Hungary, to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon. Thus, Cluj County was the successor to the former Hungarian administrative unit of Kolozs County (Template:Lang-hu). Until the year 1925 it was called Cojocna County (Template:Lang-ro). In Hungarian, the town of Cojocna is called "Kolozs", so it was a rough equivalent of the prior Hungarian name. Cojocna County's headquarters were in Cluj, but Cluj enjoyed the status of a free city. In 1925, the autonomous status of Cluj was abolished, and the free city was merged with the county of Cojocna, which was renamed Cluj County.

In 1938, King Carol II promulgated a new Constitution, and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. 10 ținuturi (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by rezidenți regali (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King - instead of the prefects. Cluj County became part of Ținutul Crișuri.

In 1940, part of the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award. The parts of the county that remained under Romanian administration (the south of the county, including Feleacu), were united with Turda County and became Cluj-Turda County. Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. The county was disestablished by the communist government of Romania in 1950, and re-established in 1968 when Romania restored the county administrative system.

Administration

As of 1925, the county had an area of 5,079 km2 and a population of 352,029 inhabitants, consisted of 226 rural communes (equivalent to today's villages), and one urban commune (the city of Cluj), and was administratively subdivided into twelve districts (plăși):[23]

  1. Plasa Aghireșu, headquartered at Aghireșu
  2. Plasa Almaș, headquartered at Hida
  3. Plasa Borșa, headquartered at Borșa
  4. Plasa Călata, headquartered at Călata
  5. Plasa Câmpia, headquartered at Sărmașu
  6. Plasa Criș, headquartered at Ciucea
  7. Plasa Huedin, headquartered at Huedin
  8. Plasa Mociu, headquartered at Mociu
  9. Plasa Moților, headquartered at Gilău
  10. Plasa Nădășel, headquartered at Baciu
  11. Plasa Someș, headquartered at Răscruci
  12. Plasa Vlaha, headquartered at Vlaha

The administration and territory of the county were reorganized in 1929, introducing municipalities, towns, communes and villages. The county' capital remained at Cluj (now Cluj-Napoca). The county had nine districts comprising one city (Cluj), one town Huedin, and 232 villages divided into seven other districts:[24][25]

Map of Cluj County as constituted in 1938.
  1. Plasa Aghireșu, headquartered at Aghireșu, containing 28 villages
  2. Plasa Borșa, headquartered at Borșa, containing 20 villages
  3. Plasa Călata, headquartered at Călata, containing 25 villages
  4. Plasa Cluj, headquartered at Apahida, containing 46 villages
  5. Plasa Gilău, headquartered at Gilău, containing 24 villages
  6. Plasa Hida, headquartered at Hida, containing 37 villages
  7. Plasa Huedin, headquartered at Huedin, containing 57 villages
  8. Plasa Mociu, headquartered at Mociu, containing 28 villages
  9. Plasa Sărmașu, headquartered at Sărmașu, containing 20 villages

Population

According to the census data of 1930, the county's population was 334,991, of which 60.9% were ethnic Romanians, 30.1% Hungarians, 5.1% Jews, 2.3% Romanies, 0.8% Germans, as well as other minorities.[26] In the religious aspect, the population consisted of 42.7% Greek Catholic, 21.7% Reformed, 19.3% Eastern Orthodox, 8.6% Roman Catholic, 5.3% Jewish, 0.8% Lutheran, and other minorities.[27] The county's population was spread out among the districts, the most populous of which were: 15.2% of the county's population was in the city of Cluj, 14.2% in Plasa Huedin, 8.8% in Plasa Hida, 8.1% in Plasa Gilău, 7.1% in Plasa Sărmașu, and 6.2% in Plasa Borșa.

Urban population

In 1930, the urban population of the county was 106,245, of which 47.6% were ethnic Hungarians, 33.9% Romanians, 13.3% Jews, 2.4% Germans, as well as other minorities. As the mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian predominated (54.6%), followed by Romanian (33.8%), Yiddish (7.1%), German (2.6%), as well as other minority languages. From the religious point of view, the urban population was made up of 27.8% Reformed, 22.2% Greek Catholic, 19.5% Roman Catholic, 13.7% Jewish, 11.7% Eastern Orthodox, 2.3% Lutheran, 2.0% Unitarian, as well as other minorities.

References

  1. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
  2. ^ "Cadrul natural". Cluj Water Management System (in Romanian).
  3. ^ a b c "Date generale". Cluj Prefecture (in Romanian).
  4. ^ "Salina Turda – Un adevărat muzeu al mineritului în sare din Transilvania". Salina Turda (in Romanian).
  5. ^ Petrescu, Roxana (14 November 2011). "Ce bogății se ascund în subsolurile României. Vedeți harta resurselor naturale pe județe". Ziarul Financiar (in Romanian).
  6. ^ "Ce se ascunde în pământul Clujului?". Monitorul de Cluj (in Romanian). 1 July 2013.
  7. ^ a b Ciriperu, Dana; Mihai, Adelina (29 May 2014). "Cum arată economia județului Cluj, noua "fabrică de antreprenori" a României, judeţul unde industria nu a murit, dar s-a mutat din oraș în parcurile industriale". Ziarul Financiar (in Romanian).
  8. ^ "RAPORT DE ȚARĂ. Clujul, județul cu cele mai multe parcuri industriale din țară". Digi24 (in Romanian). 24 July 2013.
  9. ^ a b c "Indicatori economico-sociali din județul Cluj - luna decembrie 2014 și anul 2014". Cluj County Directorate of Statistics (in Romanian). 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  10. ^ a b Reștea, Kristina (21 August 2014). "Economia județului în cifre: Clujul își crește producția industrială, dar cei mai mulți șomeri din județ sunt muncitori". Actual de Cluj (in Romanian).
  11. ^ a b c "Economia județului Cluj". Cluj County Council (in Romanian).
  12. ^ "Obiective turistice Judetul Cluj" (in Romanian).
  13. ^ a b c d "Monografia județului Cluj" (PDF) (in Romanian): 24–25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ "inchirieri auto Cluj". Rent a Car Cluj (in Romanian). Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  15. ^ "European Airport Traffic Trends 2015: Passenger numbers". anna.aero.
  16. ^ "Raportul Rectorului privind starea Universității Babeș-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca în anul 2014" (PDF). UBB (in Romanian). 31 March 2015.[permanent dead link]
  17. ^ "Rezultate definitive: Caracteristici etno-culturale demografice". Recensamantromania.ro. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  18. ^ Popa, Dan (30 April 2015). "Populația României la 1 ianuarie 2015. 14 detalii pe care probabil că nu le știai (via Institutul Național de Statistică)". HotNews.ro (in Romanian).
  19. ^ "Rezultate definitive ale Recensământului Populației și al Locuințelor – 2011 (caracteristici demografice ale populației)" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (in Romanian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  20. ^ National Institute of Statistics, "Populația la recensămintele din anii 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992 și 2002" Archived September 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". National Institute of Statistics (in Romanian).
  22. ^ "Mandate de CJ pe judete si competitori" (in Romanian). Biroul Electoral Central. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Minerva. Enciclopedie Română" (Ed. Comitetului de Redacție al Enciclopediei Române Minerva, Cluj, 1929), pag. 316
  24. ^ Grigor P. Pop - "Județul Cluj" (Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2007), pag. 16
  25. ^ Edu, Aspera Pro. "Judeţul Cluj". romaniainterbelica.memoria.ro.
  26. ^ Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 134-140
  27. ^ Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 588-591
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