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Arkham

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This article is about the city in fiction. For the hospital in DC Comics, see Arkham Asylum. For the video game series, see Batman: Arkham. For other uses, see Arkham (disambiguation).

Arkham
H. P. Lovecraft's hand-drawn map of Arkham, Massachusetts
Created byH. P. Lovecraft
GenreHorror fiction
In-universe information
TypeCity
LocationMassachusetts
LocationsMiskatonic University

Arkham (/ˈɑːrkəm/) is a fictional city situated in Massachusetts. An integral part of the Lovecraft Country setting created by H. P. Lovecraft, Arkham is featured in many of his stories and those of other Cthulhu Mythos writers.[1]

Arkham House, a publishing company started by two of Lovecraft's correspondents, August Derleth and Donald Wandrei, takes its name from this city as a tribute.[2] Arkham Asylum, a fictional mental hospital in DC Comics' Batman mythos, is also named after Lovecraft's Arkham.[3]

In Lovecraft's stories

Arkham is the home of Miskatonic University, which features prominently in many of Lovecraft's works. The institution finances the expeditions in the novellas, At the Mountains of Madness (1936) and The Shadow Out of Time (1936). Walter Gilman, of "The Dreams in the Witch House" (1933), attends classes at the university. Other notable institutions in Arkham are the Arkham Historical Society and the Arkham Sanitarium. It is said in "Herbert West—Reanimator" that the town was devastated by a typhoid outbreak in 1905.

Lovecraft's Crowninshield House in The Thing on the Doorstep was modeled on the real Crowninshield-Bentley House in Salem, Massachusetts.

Arkham's main newspaper is the Arkham Advertiser, which has a circulation that reaches as far as Dunwich. In the 1880s, its newspaper is called the Arkham Gazette.

Arkham's most notable characteristics are its gambrel roofs and the dark legends that have surrounded the city for centuries.

Location

The precise location of Arkham is unspecified, although it may be surmised from Lovecraft's stories to be some distance to the north of Boston, probably in Essex County, Massachusetts.

Will Murray places Arkham in central Massachusetts and suggests it is based on the village of Oakham.[4] Robert D. Marten rejects this and equates Arkham with Salem, with its name coming from Arkwright, Rhode Island (now part of Fiskville).[5]

August Derleth describes Arkham as "Lovecraft's own well-known, widely used place-name for legend-haunted Salem, Massachusetts",[6] and Lovecraft himself, in a letter to F. Lee Baldwin dated April 29, 1934, wrote that "[my] mental picture of Arkham is of a town something like Salem in atmosphere [and] style of houses, but more hilly [and] with a college (which Salem [lacks]) ... I place the town [and] the imaginary Miskatonic [River] somewhere north of Salem—perhaps near Manchester."[7]

Arkham Sanitarium appears in the short story "The Thing on the Doorstep" and may have been inspired by the Danvers State Insane Asylum, aka Danvers State Hospital, located in Danvers, Massachusetts.[8] (Danvers State Hospital itself appears in Lovecraft's stories "Pickman's Model" and The Shadow over Innsmouth.)

Miskatonic University

Miskatonic University is a fictional university located in Arkham. It is named after the Miskatonic River (also fictional). After first appearing in H. P. Lovecraft's 1922 story "Herbert West–Reanimator", the school appeared in numerous Cthulhu Mythos stories by Lovecraft and other writers. The story "The Dunwich Horror" implies that Miskatonic University is a highly prestigious university, on par with Harvard University, and that Harvard and Miskatonic are the two most popular schools for the children of the Massachusetts "Old Gentry".

Lovecraft concocted the word Miskatonic from a mixture of root words from the Algonquian languages.[9][10] Place-names based on the Algonquian languages are common throughout New England. Anthony Pearsall believes that Lovecraft based the name on the Housatonic River[11] which extends from the Long Island Sound through the Berkshires of Western Massachusetts and western Connecticut. Miskatonic University is modeled on the northeastern Ivy League universities of Lovecraft's day, perhaps Brown University of his hometown Providence which Lovecraft himself wished to attend.[12] In Lovecraft's stories, the university's student body is implied to be all-male, much like northeastern universities of Lovecraft's time. The only female student mentioned is Asenath Waite, of Lovecraft's "The Thing on the Doorstep" (1937).[13] Miskatonic University is famous for its collection of occult books. The library holds one of the very few genuine copies of the Necronomicon.[14] Other tomes include Unaussprechlichen Kulten by Friedrich von Junzt and the fragmentary Book of Eibon. Notable faculty mentioned in Lovecraft's stories included doctors Henry Armitage and Francis Morgan, who appeared in The Dunwich Horror, and Professor William Dyer, who appeared in At the Mountains of Madness. Later authors would people the university with their own staff and faculty members in future stories.

Appearances

Lovecraft's fiction

Note: dates are the year written.

Arkham first appeared in Lovecraft's short story "The Picture in the House"[15] (1920)—the story is also the first to mention "Miskatonic".[15]

It appears in other stories by Lovecraft, including:

Other appearances

Novels

  • Arkham is the primary setting of Steven Philip Jones' Lovecraftian: The Shipwright Circle, part of his Lovecraftian series which reimagines the weird tales of H. P. Lovecraft into one single universal modern epic.
  • Arkham is the setting the 2006 anthology Arkham Tales published by Chaosium.[31]
  • In the 2005 novel The Arcanum, Lovecraft himself is said to have been involved in solving a case involving a witch cult in Arkham.[32]
  • Arkham is mentioned in two novels by author Charles Stross. In The Atrocity Archives, a philosopher is attracted to Arkham due to the "unique library" there.[33] In The Jennifer Morgue, the occult branch of the American intelligence community, code-named "Black Chamber", is headquartered in Arkham.[34]

Notes

  1. ^ Manguel, Alberto; Guadalupi, Gianni (1987). The Dictionary of Imaginary Places. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0-15-626054-9.
  2. ^ Cf. "About Arkham House" web site.
  3. ^ a b Voger, Mark; Voglesong, Kathy (2006). The Dark Age: Grim, Great & Gimmicky Post-Modern Comics. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 1-893905-53-5.
  4. ^ Murray, Will (October 1, 1986). "In Search of Arkham Country". Lovecraft Studies. Five (2): 54–67 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Marten, Robert D. (2011). "Arkham Country: In Rescue of the Lost Searchers". In Joshi, S. T. (ed.). Dissecting Cthulhu: Essays on the Cthulhu Mythos. Lakeland, FLA: Miskatonic River Press. pp. 174–176. ISBN 9780982181874.
  6. ^ "About Arkham House" web site.
  7. ^ Joshi & Schultz, pp. 6–7.
  8. ^ Joseph Morales notes in his "A Short Tour of Lovecraftian New England" (web site) that Danvers "is mentioned in passing in some of Lovecraft's stories, and may also be the inspiration for HPL's fictional Arkham Sanitarium".
  9. ^ Lovecraft, Selected Letters III, p. 432.
  10. ^ Harms, Daniel (2008). The Cthulhu mythos encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Lake Orion, MI: Elder Signs Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-934501-05-4.
  11. ^ Pearsall, "Miskatonic River (Valley)", The Lovecraft Lexicon, p. 281.
  12. ^ Ross Wells. 2002. EXploZion! iUniverse. p. 15
  13. ^ Pearsall, "Miskatonic University", The Lovecraft Lexicon, p. 281.
  14. ^ Lovecraft, Howard P (1980). A History of The Necronomicon. West Warwick, RI: Necronomicon Press. ISBN 978-0-318-04715-7. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008 – via Mythos Tomes.
  15. ^ a b Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S. T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 117. ISBN 0870540378.
  16. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1987). Dagon and other macabre tales. selected by August Derleth, text edited by S. T. Joshi, introduction by T. E. D. Klein (Corr. 5th print. ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 0870540394.
  17. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1987). Dagon and other macabre tales. selected by August Derleth, text edited by S. T. Joshi, introduction by T. E. D. Klein (Corr. 5th print. ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House Publishers. p. 200. ISBN 0870540394.
  18. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1985). S. T. Joshi (ed.). At the mountains of madness, and other novels. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (Corr. 7. print. ed.). Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. p. 413. ISBN 0870540386.
  19. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S. T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 53. ISBN 0870540378.
  20. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S. T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 165. ISBN 0870540378.
  21. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1985). S. T. Joshi (ed.). At the mountains of madness, and other novels. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (Corr. 7. print. ed.). Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. p. 6. ISBN 0870540386.
  22. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S. T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 305. ISBN 0870540378.
  23. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1985). S. T. Joshi (ed.). At the mountains of madness, and other novels. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (Corr. 7. print. ed.). Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. p. 262. ISBN 0870540386.
  24. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1985). S. T. Joshi (ed.). At the mountains of madness, and other novels. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (Corr. 7. print. ed.). Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. p. 422. ISBN 0870540386.
  25. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S. T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 276. ISBN 0870540378.
  26. ^ Lovecraft, H. P. (1963). S.T. Joshi (ed.). The Dunwich horror and others. selected by August Derleth, introduction by Robert Bloch (corrected 7. printing ed.). Sauk City, Wis.: Arkham House. p. 370. ISBN 0870540378.
  27. ^ O'Neil, Dennis (2008). Batman Unauthorized: Vigilantes, Jokers, and Heroes in Gotham City. BenBella Books. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-933771-30-4.
  28. ^ "Arkham Horror". Board Game Geek. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  29. ^ McAllister, Jeff (December 7, 2010). "Splatterhouse easter eggs and references guide". gamesradar.
  30. ^ "The Real Ghostbusters (a Titles & Air Dates Guide)". Episode Guides. Archived from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  31. ^ "Arkham Tales". Chaosium. Archived from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  32. ^ "The Arcanum". LibraryThing. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
  33. ^ Stross, Charles (January 3, 2006). The Atrocity Archives. Penguin. ISBN 9781101208847. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
  34. ^ Stross, Charles (November 4, 2010). The Jennifer Morgue. Little, Brown Book. ISBN 9780748124145. Retrieved December 20, 2015.

References

Primary sources

  • Lovecraft, Howard P.
    • At the Mountains of Madness, and Other Novels (7th corrected printing), S. T. Joshi (ed.), Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1985. ISBN 0-87054-038-6. Definitive version.
    • Dagon and Other Macabre Tales, S. T. Joshi (ed.), Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1987. ISBN 0-87054-039-4. Definitive version.
    • The Dunwich Horror and Others (9th corrected printing), S. T. Joshi (ed.), Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1984. ISBN 0-87054-037-8. Definitive version.

Secondary sources

Books

Web sites

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