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Duolingo, Inc.
File:Duolingo headquartered Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.png
Duolingo headquarters at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in United States
Type of businessPublic
Traded asNasdaq: DUOL
HeadquartersPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)
CEOLuis von Ahn
IndustryOnline education
ProductsDuolingo, Duolingo ABC, Duolingo English Test
ServicesLanguage, music and mathematics courses and tests.
RevenueIncrease US$531 million (2023)
Operating incomeNegative increase US$−13 million (2023)
ProfitIncrease US$16.1 million (2023)
Total assetsIncrease US$954 million (2023)
Total equityIncrease US$656 million (2023)
Employeesc. 720 (2023)
URLduolingo.com
AdvertisingYes
RegistrationYes[a]
Users88.4 million MAU (2023)
LaunchedNovember 27, 2011; 12 years ago (2011-11-27) (private beta)
June 19, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-06-19) (public release)
Current statusOnline
Native client(s) onAndroid, iOS
[1][2][3][4]

Duolingo (/ˌdjuːoʊˈlɪŋɡoʊ/ DEW-oh-LING-goh) is an American educational technology company that produces learning apps and provides language certification.

Duolingo offers courses on music,[5] math[6] and over 40 languages,[7] ranging from English, French, and Spanish to less commonly studied languages such as Welsh, Irish, and Swahili.[8] Other services include the Duolingo English Test, an online certification program, and Duolingo ABC, a literacy app for children. The company uses a freemium model, with its optional premium service, Super Duolingo, being ad-free and offering more features.

As of February 2023, Duolingo was the most popular language learning app in the world based on monthly downloads, with almost 13.4 million users downloading the app that month.[9] A systematic review of research on Duolingo from 2012 to 2020 found comparatively few studies on the platform's efficacy for language learning, but identified several studies that had reported relatively high user satisfaction and enjoyment and positive perceptions of the app's effectiveness.[10]

History

The idea for Duolingo originated in 2009 by Carnegie Mellon University professor Luis von Ahn and his Swiss-born post-graduate student Severin Hacker.[11][12] Von Ahn had sold his second company, reCAPTCHA, to Google and, with Hacker, wanted to work on a project related to education.[13] A driving motivation was Von Ahn's upbringing in Guatemala, where he saw how expensive it was for people in his community to learn English.[14][15] Hacker (co-founder and current CTO of Duolingo) believed that "free education will really change the world"[16] and wanted to provide an accessible means for doing so. In recognition of his contributions to language-learning and technological development, Von Ahn is being recognized in the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[17]

The project was originally sponsored by Von Ahn's MacArthur fellowship and a National Science Foundation grant.[18][19][20] The founders considered creating Duolingo as a nonprofit organization, but Von Ahn judged this model unsustainable.[16] An early revenue stream, a crowdsourced translation service, was replaced by a Duolingo English Test certification program, advertising, and subscription.[21][22]

In October 2011, Duolingo announced that it had raised $3.3 million from a Series A round of funding, led by Union Square Ventures, with participation from author Tim Ferriss and actor Ashton Kutcher's investing firm A-Grade Investments.[23] Duolingo launched a private beta on November 27, 2011, and accumulated a waiting list of more than 300,000 people.[12][24] It launched to the general public on June 19, 2012, at which point the waiting list had grown to around 500,000.[25][26]

In September 2012, Duolingo announced that it had raised a further $15 million from a Series B funding round led by New Enterprise Associates, with participation from Union Square Ventures.[27] In November 2012, Duolingo released an iPhone app,[28] followed by an Android app in May 2013, at which time Duolingo had around 3 million users.[29] By July 2013, it had grown to 5 million users and was rated the No. 1 free education app in the Google Play Store.[30]

In February 2014, Duolingo announced that it had raised $20 million from a Series C funding round led by Kleiner Caufield & Byers, with prior investors also participating.[31] At this time, it had 34 employees, and reported about 25 million registered users and 12.5 million active users;[31] it later reported a figure closer to 60 million users.[32]

In June 2015, it announced that it had raised $45 million from a Series D funding round led by Google Capital, bringing its total funding to $83.3 million. The round valued the company at around $470 million, with 100 million registered users globally.[21][32] In April 2016, it was reported that Duolingo had more than 18 million monthly users.[33][34]

In July 2017, Duolingo announced that it had raised $25 million in a Series E funding round led by Drive Capital, bringing its total funding to $108.3 million. The round valued Duolingo at $700 million, and the company reported passing 200 million registered users, with 25 million active users.[35] It was reported that Duolingo had 95 employees.[36] Funds from the Series E round would be directed toward creating initiatives such as a related educational flashcard app, TinyCards, and testbeds for initiatives related to reading and listening comprehension.[37] On August 1, 2018, Duolingo surpassed 300 million registered users.[38]

In December 2019, it was announced that Duolingo raised $30 million in a Series F funding round from Alphabet's investment company CapitalG.[15] The round valued Duolingo at $1.5 billion. Duolingo reported 30 million active users at this time. The headcount at the company had increased to 200, and new offices had been opened in Seattle, New York and Beijing.[39]

Duolingo planned to use the funds to develop new products and further expand its team in sectors like engineering, business development, design, curriculum and content creators, community outreach, and marketing.[40]

In October 2013, Duolingo launched a crowdsourced language incubator.[41] In March 2021, it announced that it would be ending its volunteer contributor program and donating money to its volunteer contributors who helped develop it. The company said that from now on, language courses would be maintained and developed by professional linguists aligning with CEFR standards.[42] On June 28, 2021, Duolingo filed for an initial public offering on NASDAQ under the ticker DUOL.[43] From August 2021 to June 2022, the Duolingo language learning app was removed from some app stores in China.[44]

In the early-2020s, Duolingo was noted for its viral videos on the social media platform TikTok.[45][46]

In August 2022, Duolingo overhauled its interface, changing its course structure from a tree-like design, where users could choose from a range of lessons after completing previous ones, to a linear progression. This was widely criticized by users across a variety of social media outlets, including Reddit and Twitter.[14] CEO Luis von Ahn stated there were no plans to reverse the changes, which were intended to simplify Duolingo for new users, and that maintaining both the old and new versions would be difficult.[47]

In October 2022, Duolingo acquired Detroit-based animation studio Gunner. In October 2023 Duolingo released math and music courses in English and Spanish for iOS users.[48][49]

In January 2024, after having laid off ten percent of its contractors, Duolingo began using artificial intelligence to replace tasks normally done by its contractors.[50][51]

Duolingo's monthly active users (2016–2022)[citation needed]
Year; monthly active users (in millions)
2016
30
2017
28
2018
25
2019
30
2020
42
2021
37
2022
54

Services

Duolingo

Duolingo uses a gamified approach to language learning, with lessons that incorporate translating, interactive exercises, quizzes and stories to make learning more engaging and fun. It also uses a unique algorithm that adapts to each learner's level and learning style, providing personalized feedback and recommendations.[52][53][54][55] For some languages, Duolingo offers podcasts for people at intermediate levels, consisting of stories usually told by native speakers from different parts of the world where the target language is spoken. They use simplified grammar and vocabulary and slower intonation, and they include occasional assistance with context and explanations of unusual words.[56][57]

Duolingo has been through many design phases. It originally provided users with different "skills" placed along a "tree", where they could progress by completing every skill above them. At any time, the user could upgrade the skill, with the final goal of turning it "golden" or "legendary". In November 2022, Duolingo switched to an AI-assisted path, where each user's learning is streamlined without requiring as many decisions.[58] After its switch to this new format, it removed the audio-only lessons it had offered for certain languages.[59] Duolingo also provides a competitive space,[60] such as in Leagues, where people can compete against their friends or see how they stack up against randomly selected worldwide-player groupings of up to 30 users. Rankings in leagues are determined by the amount of "XP" (experience points) earned in a week. Badges in Duolingo represent achievements earned from completing specific objectives or challenges.[61] Players have reported that gamification has led to cheating, hacking, and incentivized game strategies that conflict with actual learning.[62]

Duolingo provides features that allow teachers to track their students' progress.

Most of its language-learning features are free, but it has periodic advertising in both its mobile and web browser applications, which users can remove by paying a subscription fee or promoting referral links.[63] This program, known as "Super Duolingo",[64] includes benefits such as unlimited hearts (retries), level skipping, no ads, and progress quizzes.

Duolingo currently offers the following language courses:[7]

Duolingo ABC

Duolingo ABC is a mobile app designed for young children to learn letters, their sounds, phonics, and other early reading concepts. The app was released in 2020 and is free to use. It does not contain any ads or in-app purchases. The app is available on iOS and Android and is currently in English.[6][65][66]

Duolingo Math

Duolingo Math is a mobile app for learning elementary mathematics in a form similar to the original app, released in October 2022. It is currently only available on iOS devices.

Duolingo Music

In March 2023, Duolingo was reportedly developing a new music course that would allow users to learn how to read and play music through its signature gamified learning experience.[67][68] On October 11, 2023, Duolingo formally unveiled Duolingo Music in a YouTube Short,[49] a new platform within the existing app that provides basic music learning through piano, drums, and sheet music lessons.[69][70]

Duolingo English Test

Main article: Duolingo English Test

The Duolingo English Test (DET) is an online English proficiency test that measures a person's proficiency in the areas of reading, writing, speaking, and listening in English. The Duolingo English Test is a computer-based test scored on a scale of 10–160, with scores above 120 considered to be proficient in English. The test is adaptive, which means that the difficulty level of the questions adjusts to the test-taker's ability level.

Business model

Duolingo had revenue of $1 million in 2016, $13 million in 2017,[38] $36 million in 2018,[71] and $250.77 million in 2021.[72] In May 2022, it was reported that 6.8% of its monthly active users paid for the ad-free version of the app. Duolingo has derived most of its revenue from subscriptions, advertising, and its Duolingo English Test.[73] In April 2020, it passed one million paid subscribers;[74] it reached 2.9 million in March 2022,[75] and 4.8 million at the end of March 2023.[76]

Reception

Effectiveness

A 2017 study found no significant difference between elementary students learning Spanish through the "gamification" of Duolingo and those learning in classroom environments, with both groups demonstrating a similar increase in achievements and self-efficacy.[77]

A 2022 study on adults using Duolingo as their only language learning tool, published in the journal Foreign Language Annals, found that the participants that completed a course had similar reading and listening proficiency to university students after four semesters of study, concluding that Duolingo could be an effective tool for language learning.[78] Another 2022 study of Malaysian students learning French, published by the National University of Malaysia Press, found that it facilitated the acquisition of vocabulary, and concluded it was well suited for beginners in this regard.[79]

Some language professionals have criticized the app for its limitations and its gamified design.[80] Elizabeth Bernhardt-Kamil, director of the Language Center at Stanford University, said: "Everybody is focused on the shortcut to everything, and real language learning can't be done in a shortcut."[81] Others have pointed out that Duolingo and similar apps can be a starting point but lack the human interaction required to be fluent in a language.[82]

Awards

In 2013, Apple chose Duolingo as its iPhone App of the Year, a first for an educational application.[83] That year, Duolingo ranked No. 7 on Fast Company's "The World's Most Innovative Companies: Education Honorees" list "for crowdsourcing web translation by turning it into a free language-learning program".[84][85][86] Duolingo won Best Education Startup at the 2014 Crunchies,[87][88] and was the most downloaded education app in Google Play in 2013 and 2014.[89] In July 2020, PCMag named it "The Best Free Language Learning App".[90]

As a company, Duolingo has likewise won several awards and recognitions. In 2015, it was announced as that year's Index Award winner in the Play & Learning category by The Index Project.[91] It won Inc. magazine's Best Workplaces 2018,[92] made Entrepreneur magazine's Top Company Culture List 2018,[93] was among CNBC's "Disruptor 50" lists for 2018 and 2019,[94][95][96] and was ranked as one of TIME magazine's 50 Genius Companies.[97] Duolingo was named one of Forbes' "Next Billion-Dollar Startups 2019".[98]

Duo, the mascot of Duolingo

Due to the app's frequent reminder notifications, Duolingo's mascot, a green cartoon owl named Duo, has been a subject of Internet memes where the mascot is "evil" and stalks and threatens users if they do not keep using the app.[99][better source needed] Acknowledging the meme, Duolingo released a video on April Fool's Day 2019, depicting a facetious new feature called "Duolingo Push". In the video, users of "Duolingo Push" are reminded to use the app by Duo himself (depicted by a person in a large mascot costume) who stares at and follows them until they comply.[100][101]

In November 2019, Saturday Night Live parodied Duolingo in a sketch where adults learned to communicate with children by using a fictitious course called "Duolingo for Talking to Children".[102]

The 2023 film Barbie contains a running gag where the husband of disgruntled Mattel employee Gloria uses Duolingo to learn Spanish, Gloria's native language.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ One can use Duolingo for a few lessons before requiring an account to progress.
  2. ^ a b For speakers of Spanish
  3. ^ For speakers of Mandarin Chinese

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