Beardfish
| Beardfishes Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
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| Stout Beardfish, (P. nobilis) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| (unranked): | Acanthomorpha |
| Order: | Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969 |
| Family: | Polymixiidae Bleeker, 1859 |
| Type species | |
| Polymixia nobilis R. T. Lowe, 1838
| |
| Families | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
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The beardfishes consist of a single extant genus, Polymixia, of deep-sea marine ray-finned fish named for their pair of long hyoid barbels. They are classified in their own order Polymixiiformes /pɒliˈmɪksi.ɪfɔːrmiːz/.[1] But as Nelson says, "few groups have been shifted back and forth as frequently as this one, and they were recently added to Paracanthoptergii".[2] For instance, they have previously been classified as belonging to the Beryciformes, and are presently considered either paracanthopterygians or the sister group to acanthopterygians. They are of little economic importance.[3]
They are found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Ocean. They are bottom-dwelling fish, found down to about 800 m (2,600 ft) depth. Most are relatively small fish, although one species, Polymixia berndti, is over 40 cm (16 in) in length.[3]
The earliest fossils are from the Late Cenomanian of Lebanon, of the genus Pycnosteroides.[4] Many different fossil families and genera are known from the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic, in contrast to the relatively few surviving species in a single genus.[5] Extant beardfish can thus be considered "living fossils".[6]
Classification
- Order Polymixiiformes Rosen & Patterson, 1969[5][7][8]
- Genus †Cumbaaichthys Murray 2016
- †Cumbaaichthys oxyrhynchus Murray 2016
- Family †Boreiohydriidae Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- Genus †Boreiohydrias Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- †Boreiohydrias dayi Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- Genus †Boreiohydrias Murray & Cumbaa 2013
- Family †Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975
- Genus †Dalmatichthys Radovčić 1975
- †Dalmatichthys malezi Radovčić 1975
- Genus †Dalmatichthys Radovčić 1975
- Family †Digoriidae Bannikov 1985
- Genus †Digoria Jordan 1923
- †Digoria ambigua Jordan 1923
- Genus †Digoria Jordan 1923
- Family †Dinopterygidae Jordan, 1923
- Genus †Dinopteryx Woodward, 1901
- †Dinopteryx spinosus (Davis, 1887)
- Genus †Dinopteryx Woodward, 1901
- Family Polymixiidae Gill 1862 [Berycopsidae Regan 1911; Dalmatichthyidae Radovčić 1975; Omosomopsidae Gaudant 1978; Homonotichthyidae Whitley 1933]
- Genus †Apricenaichthys Taverne 2011
- †Apricenaichthys italicus
- Genus †Berycopsia Radovčić 1975
- †Berycopsia inopinnata Radovčić 1975
- Genus †Berycopsis Dixon 1850 [Platycormus von der Marck 1900]
- †B. elegans Dixon 1850 [Platycormus elegans (Dixon 1850)]
- †B. germana (Agassiz 1839) [Beryx germanus Agassiz 1839; Platycormus germanus (Agassiz 1839)]
- †B. pulcher Bannikov & Bacchia 2004
- Genus †Homonotichthys Whitley 1933
- †H. dorsalis (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus dorsalis Dixon 1850]
- †H. elegans (Dixon 1850) [Homonotus elegans Dixon 1850]
- †H. rotundus (Woodward 1902) [Homonotus rotundus Woodward 1902]
- Genus †Omosoma Costa 1857
- †O. garretti Bardack 1976
- †O. pulchellum Davis 1887
- †O. sahelalmae Costa 1857
- †O. tselfatense Gaudant 1978
- Genus †Omosomopsis Gaudant 1978
- †Omosomopsis sima (Arambourg 1954) Gaudant 1978
- Genus †Parapolymixia David 1946
- †Parapolymixia californica David 1946
- Genus †Pycnosterinx Heckel 1849 [Imogaster Costa 1857]
- †P. discoides Heckel 1849
- †P. dorsalis Pictet 1850
- †P. heckelii Pictet 1850
- †P. latus Davis 1887
- †P. russeggeri Heckel 1849 [Homonotus pulcher Davis 1886]
- Genus Polymixia Lowe 1836 [Dinemus Poey 1860; Nemobrama Valenciennes 1860 non Jordan, Evermann & Clark 1930]
- P. berndti Gilbert 1905 (Pacific beardfish)
- P. busakhini Kotlyar 1993 (Busakhin's beardfish)
- P. carmenae Caixeta, Oliveira & de Melo, 2024 (Brazilian beardfish)[9]
- P. fusca Kotthaus 1970
- P. hollisterae Grande & Wilson, 2021 (Bermuda beardfish)
- P. japonica Günther 1877 (Silver eye)
- P. longispina Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1983 [Polymixia kawadae Okamura & Ema 1985]
- P. lowei Günther 1859 (Beardfish)
- P. nobilis Lowe 1838 [Nemobrama webbii Valenciennes 1837; Dinemus venustus Poey 1860; Polymixia nobilis virginica Nichols & Firth 1936] (Stout beardfish)
- †P. polita Schwarzhans 2012
- P. salagomeziensis Kotlyar 1991
- P. sazonovi Kotlyar 1992
- P. yuri Kotlyar 1982
Fossil of Polyspinatus
- Genus †Polyspinatus Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022[4]
- †Polyspinatus fluere Schrøder, Rasmussen, Møller & Carnevale, 2022
- Genus †Apricenaichthys Taverne 2011
- Family †Pycnosteroididae Patterson, 1964
- Genus †Magrebichthys Murray & Wilson 2014
- †Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson 2014
- Genus †Pycnosteroides Woodward, 1942
- †Pycnosteroides levispinosus (Hay, 1903)
- Genus †Magrebichthys Murray & Wilson 2014
- Genus †Cumbaaichthys Murray 2016
Timeline of genera
References
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Polymixiiformes". FishBase. February 2006 version.
- ^ Joseph S. Nelson (29 April 1994). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-54713-1.
- ^ a b Paxton, John R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ a b Schrøder, Ane Elise; Rasmussen, Jan Audun; Møller, Peter Rask; Carnevale, Giorgio (2022-08-31). "A new beardfish (Teleostei, Polymixiiformes) from the Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (2). doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2142914. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b Murray, Alison M. (2014). "Mid-Cretaceous acanthomorph fishes with the description of a new species from the Turonian of Lac des Bois, Northwest Territories, Canada". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 1: 101–115. doi:10.18435/B5CC78. ISSN 2292-1389.
- ^ De Cia Caixeta, Heloísa; Oliveira, Claudio; Melo, Marcelo Roberto Souto de (2024-03-01). "Another piece of the living fossil puzzle: A new species of Polymixia Lowe, 1836 (Polymixiiformes: Polymixiidae) from the western South Atlantic". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 205: 104249. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104249. ISSN 0967-0637.
- ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Polymixiomorpha – beardfishes and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Part 7- Vertebrates". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Archived from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
- ^ De Cia Caixeta, Heloísa; Oliveira, Claudio; Melo, Marcelo Roberto Souto de (2024-03-01). "Another piece of the living fossil puzzle: A new species of Polymixia Lowe, 1836 (Polymixiiformes: Polymixiidae) from the western South Atlantic". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 205: 104249. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104249. ISSN 0967-0637.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.