The Dynasts
The Dynasts is an English-language closet drama in verse and prose by Thomas Hardy. Hardy himself described this work as "an epic-drama of the war with Napoleon, in three parts, nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes". Not counting the Forescene and the Afterscene, the exact total number of scenes is 133. The verse is primarily iambic pentameter, occasionally tetrameter, and often with rhymes.[1] The three parts were published in 1904, 1906 and 1908.
Because of the ambition and scale of the work, Hardy acknowledged that The Dynasts was not a work that could be conventionally staged in the theatre, and described the work as "the longest English drama in existence". Scholars have noted that Hardy remembered war stories of the veterans of the Napoleonic wars in his youth, and used them as partial inspiration for writing The Dynasts many years later in his own old age. In addition, Hardy was a distant relative of Captain Thomas Hardy, who had served with Admiral Horatio Nelson at Trafalgar.[1][2] Hardy consulted a number of histories and also visited Waterloo, Belgium, as part of his research.[3]
George Orwell wrote that Hardy had "set free his genius" by writing this drama and thought its main appeal was "in the grandiose and rather evil vision of armies marching and counter-marching through the mists, and men dying by hundreds of thousands in the Russian snows, and all for absolutely nothing."[4]
Synopsis
In addition to the various historical figures, The Dynasts also contains an extensive tragic chorus of metaphysical figures ("Spirits" and "Ancient Spirits") who observe and discuss the events.
Part First contains a Forescene and six Acts with 35 Scenes. The time period of the events in Part First covers 10 months, from March 1805, the time when Napoleon repeated his coronation ceremony at Milan and took up the crown of Lombardy, through January 1806, the time of the death of William Pitt the Younger. The principal historical events entail Napoleon's invasion plans for England, which are abandoned when French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve sails for the south, the Battle of Trafalgar, and subsequently the Battle of Ulm and the Battle of Austerlitz. The division of the Acts and its Scenes is as follows:
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Fore Scene. The Overworld Act First:
Act Second:
Act Third:
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Act Fourth:
Act Fifth:
Act Sixth:
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Part Second contains six Acts with 43 Scenes. The time period of the events of Part Second ranges over 7 years, from 1806 to just before the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The listing of the Acts and Scenes is as follows:
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Act First:
Act Second:
Act Third:
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Act Fourth:
Act Fifth:
Act Sixth:
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Part Third contains seven Acts with 53 Scenes, and an After Scene. The historical time period of Part Third covers Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 through his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The division of the Acts and Scenes is as follows:
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Act First:
Act Second:
Act Third:
Act Fourth:
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Act Fifth:
Act Sixth:
Act Seventh:
After Scene. The Overworld |
Analysis
The design of The Dynasts is extremely ambitious, and because of its coverage of historical events of the same era, has received comparison to Tolstoy's War and Peace. Emma Clifford has written that Hardy used Tolstoy's novel as one of many sources of inspiration for the work, and in fact owned an early translation. However, it was not necessarily as a primary source, as Hardy also drew on the History of Europe by Archibald Alison, among others.[5]
Hardy juxtaposes scenes of ordinary life with scenes involving the principal historical figures of the age, and concentrating on their desire to found dynasties to preserve their power. There are extensive descriptions of landscape and battle scenes that are characterised by shifts of visual perspective that, in the opinion of John Wain,[6] anticipate cinematic techniques. George Witter Sherman has postulated on Hardy's observations of life in London as influences on elements of The Dynasts.[7] Elna Sherman has discussed Hardy's references to music and songs in the work.[8] Anna Henchman has written about Hardy's use of imagery in the manner of astronomical observation at great distances from the earth in this work.[9] Lawrence Jones has analysed Hardy's idiosyncrasies in his manner of narrative in The Dynasts.[10] J.O. Bailey has postulated an analogy of the Spirits in The Dynasts with other Mephistopheles-like figures in literature, and in relation to the Book of Job.[11]
References
- ^ a b Hynes, Samuel (Spring 1994). "Mr. Hardy's Monster: Reflections on The Dynasts". The Sewanee Review. 102 (2): 213–232. JSTOR 27546849.
- ^ Dickinson, Thomas H (April 1912). "Thomas Hardy's The Dynasts". The North American Review. 195 (677): 526–542. JSTOR 25119738.
- ^ Orel, Harold, "Thomas Hardy's Epic-Drama: A Study of The Dynasts". University of Kansas Publications (Humanistic Studies No 36), Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1963.
- ^ Orwell, 'Thomas Hardy Looks at War' in Tribune, 18 September 1942
- ^ Clifford, Emma (August 1956). "War and Peace and The Dynasts". Modern Philology. 54 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1086/389123. JSTOR 435156. S2CID 162233148.
- ^ Wain, John, Introduction to The Dynasts by Thomas Hardy, St Martin's Press (Papermac), 1965 printing.
- ^ Sherman, George Witter (1948). "The Influence of London on the Dynasts". PMLA. 63 (3): 1017–1028. doi:10.2307/459696. JSTOR 435156.
- ^ Sherman, Elna (1940). "Thomas Hardy: Lyricist, Symphonist". Music & Letters. 21 (2): 143–171. doi:10.1093/ml/XXI.2.143. JSTOR 727177.
- ^ Henchman, Anna (Autumn 2008). "Hardy's Stargazers and the Astronomy of Other Minds". Victorian Studies. 51 (1): 37–64. doi:10.2979/vic.2008.51.1.37. JSTOR 20537365. PMID 19618526. S2CID 6032618.
- ^ Jones, Lawrence (Autumn 1975). "Thomas Hardy's "Idiosyncratic Mode of Regard"". ELH. 42 (3): 433–459. doi:10.2307/2872713. JSTOR 2872713.
- ^ Bailey, J.O. (December 1946). "Hardy's "Mephistophelian Visitants"". PMLA. 61 (4): 1146–1184. doi:10.2307/459110. JSTOR 459110.