List of military alliances
This is the list of military alliances. A military alliance is a formal agreement between two or more parties concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance. Military alliances differ from coalitions, which are formed for a crisis that already exists. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of the most important alliances.
Before AD 1200
| Legend | |
|---|---|
| Active military alliances | |
| Years | Name | Members |
|---|---|---|
| c. 7th century–338 BC | Latin League | About 30 villages and tribes in the region of Latium |
| c. 6th century–338 BC | Peloponnesian League | Various city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta |
| 493 BC | Foedus Cassianum | Roman Republic Latin League |
| 478–404 BC | Delian League | See Members of the Delian League |
| 215 BC | Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty | Macedonia Carthage |
| 433–554 | Silla-Baekje Alliance |  Silla Baekje
|
| 1123 | Pactum Warmundi |  Kingdom of Jerusalem Republic of Venice
|
| 1167–1250 | Lombard League | Numerous cities in medieval Lombardy, modern Northern Italy |
1200–1699
1700–1899
1900–1999
2000–present
Proposed alliances
| Name and description | Countries |
|---|---|
| CANZUK is a proposed alliance between four Commonwealth realms. |  Australia Canada New Zealand United Kingdom
|
| France–Japan Reciprocal Access Agreement is currently being negotiated to finalize a formal alliance between Japan and France.[91] |  France Japan
|
| EU–UK Mutual Defence Agreement is a proposal, most notably from the Labour Party, to sign a formal alliance between the EU and the UK.[92] |  European Union United Kingdom
|
| Japan–Philippines Reciprocal Access Agreement was negotiated due to rising political tensions in the Pacific.[93][94] Ratification by both countries' legislatures pending.[95] | Japan Philippines
|
| South Korea–Japan Defense Pact[96] is a proposed alliance between South Korea and Japan in response to increased aggression from North Korea. | Japan South Korea
|
| Japan–Philippines–United States trilateral alliance is currently being negotiated in response to increased military build-up by China.[97] | Japan Philippines United States
|
| France–Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement is being negotiated.[98] | France Philippines
|
| Germany–Philippines Defense Cooperation Agreement is currently being negotiated to increase military training and weapons procurement, slated to be signed and finalized this year.[99][100] |  Germany Philippines
|
| Arab-Israeli alliance refers to an unofficial security coalition comprising Israel and various Arab countries. |  Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Morocco Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates
|
| The Saudi-US Security Pact is a long proposed official deal to deepen security relations, gaining momentum under the Biden administration.[101] | Saudi Arabia United States
|
| Axis of Upheaval (CRINK) |  China Iran North Korea Russia
|
See also
Notes
- ^ See also Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
- ^ Austro-Russian alliance broke off on 1853.
- ^ See also Lancaster House Treaties
- ^ Effectively ended in 1943
- ^ (Two days only)
- ^ See also Treaty of Brussels
- ^ See also North Atlantic Treaty
- ^ See also Common Security and Defence Policy
- ^ See also Shusha Declaration
References
- ^ "Franco-Scottish alliance against England one of longest in history (The University of Manchester)". www.manchester.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Beyond "The Antiseptic Realm of Theoretical Economic Models": New Perspectives on Franco-Scottish Commerce and the Auld Alliance in the Long Seventeenth Century | Siobhan Talbott - Academia.edu". www.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021.
- ^ "Treaty of Alliance between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan" (PDF). upload.wikimedia.org.
- ^ "United Kingdom And Ceylon (Defence Agreement) - Hansard - UK Parliament". Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (2022). "'In the Mutual Interest': The Making and Breaking of the United Kingdom-Ceylon Defence Agreement, 1947–1957". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 50 (6): 1093–1122. doi:10.1080/03086534.2022.2084932. S2CID 249944469.
- ^ SOU 1994:11 Om kriget kommit... Förberedelser för mottagande av militärt bistånd 1949–1969
- ^ "Technical Difficulties".
- ^ Marco Wyss Marco Wyss (22 April 2021). "The Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement | Postcolonial Security: Britain, France, and West Africa's Cold War | Oxford Academic". Academic.oup.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Ramani, Samuel (24 June 2024). "From Reluctant Enforcer to Outright Saboteur: Russia's Crusade Against North Korea Sanctions". 38 North. The Henry L. Stimson Center. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
- ^ "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Anglo-Maltese Defence Agreement - Hansard - UK Parliament". Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Wall, Michael (31 May 2019). "Hussein and Nasser sign defence agreement - archive, 1967 | Middle East and north Africa". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "MAURITIUS - UNITED KINGDOM Agreement on Mutual Defence and Assistance". The National Archives. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ Houbert, Jean (8 November 2008). "Mauritius: Independence and Dependence". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 19: 75–105. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00054136. S2CID 154753371. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ "TEU 42.7: "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States."". The Treaty on European Union. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Faucon, Benoit; Nissenbaum, Dion (31 May 2023). "U.A.E. Says It Exited U.S.-Led Naval Force". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ "UAE rejects mischaracterisation of US-UAE conversations regarding maritime security". Gulf Today. 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
- ^ "Australia concludes its contribution to the International Maritime Security Construct". Department of Defence (Australia). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ "The United States and Greece: United by Democratic Values, Advancing Shared Goals for Peace and Prosperity". Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Saudis Sign Military Cooperation Agreement With Russia". RadioFreeEurope. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Defence, Dan Sabbagh (28 November 2021). "Britain and Israel to sign trade and defence deal | Trade policy". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Millis, Joe (7 December 2020). "UK and Israel sign agreement on military cooperation". Jewish News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Jordan (21-317) – Defense Cooperation Agreement state.gov
- ^ "Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions". 17 February 2022.
- ^ a b "The State Duma ratified Treaties of Friendship with the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics". 22 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Russia now has right to build military bases in eastern Ukraine - treaties". Reuters. 22 February 2022.
- ^ "Solomon Islands signs China pact, defying Australia". Taipei Times. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Kim, Patricia M. (6 May 2022). "Does the China-Solomon Islands security pact portend a more interventionist Beijing?". Brookings Institution.
- ^ "UK-Sweden Political Declaration of Solidarity". GOV.UK. 11 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Sweden, Finland Sign Defense Treaty with the U.K. Ahead of Joining NATO". National Review. 11 May 2022.
- ^ "UNITED KINGDOM - FINLAND STATEMENT HELSINKI, 11 MAY 2022" (PDF). GOV.UK. 11 May 2022.
- ^ "Oman, UK sign mutual defence agreement". Times of Oman. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "Iraq-Jordan-Egypt Entente Moves Ahead Despite the GCC's Shadow". Arab Center Washington DC. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "UK, Japan sign defense deal amid rising concern about China". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "US, Kenya Sign Defense Agreement Ahead of Haiti Security Mission". Voice of America. 25 September 2023.
- ^ "UK and Greece seek strengthened Defence partnership". GOV.UK. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "UK, Greece Seek Strengthened Defence Partnership". Greek City Times. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ "US and Papua New Guinea sign pact amid Pacific militarisation concerns". The Guardian. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "US, Papua New Guinea sign defence agreement as Modi pledges support for Pacific Islands". Reuters. 22 May 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan Cabinet approves signing of security pact with U.S." The Hindu. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "U.S. and Vietnam Mark Historic Milestone with Comprehensive Strategic Partnership". US-ASEAN Business Council. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ "Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso Sign Sahel Security Pact". Voice of America. Reuters. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ "What's Next for the South Korea-UK Relationship?". The Diplomat. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ^ "NATO member-to-be Sweden and the US sign defense deal - ABC News". ABC News. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Secretary Antony J. Blinken at the Defense Cooperation Agreement Signing Ceremony".
- ^ "Denmark, U.S. reach defence agreement". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ Needham, Kirsty; Hobson, Peter (7 December 2023). "Australia, Papua New Guinea sign security agreement, hail close ties". Reuters. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ "Rishi Sunak announces UK military aid to Ukraine will increase to £2.5bn". Financial Times. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine and Britain sign security agreement in Kyiv". Reuters. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Rocamora, Joyce (16 January 2024). "PH, UK ink defense pact; focus set on maritime domain". Philippines New Agency.
- ^ a b "Ukraine Gets Long-Term German and French Security Guarantees". Bloomberg. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ Abdul, Kazim (22 February 2024). "Turkey and Djibouti sign military pacts to boost bilateral ties". Military Africa. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Kendrick, Matthew (22 February 2024). "Somalia signs defense pact with Turkey amid tensions with Ethiopia". GZERO. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ "Deal done after 14 years: Papua New Guinea & Indonesia finalise defence pact". Firstpost. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Moldova signs defence pact with France amid Russia fears". Reuters. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ "Denmark signs 10-year security agreement with Ukraine". Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine and Italy sign bilateral security agreement, Zelenskiy says". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Italy, Canada sign bilateral security agreements with Ukraine". 24 February 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Armenian, French Defense Ministers sign a number of agreements".
- ^ "Armenia and France ink new defense co-op agreements".
- ^ Salerno-Garthwaite, Andrew (26 February 2024). "Ukraine and Netherlands sign 10-year security agreement". Airforce Technology. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Maldives signs China military pact in further shift away from India". CNN. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Australia and Britain sign defence pact in face of rising Chinese power". Financial Times. 21 March 2024. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Moldova signs security and defence partnership with EU | Reuters". Reuters.
- ^ "Sweden, Norway ink long-term security deals with Ukraine". The Economic Times. 1 June 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine, Norway sign long-term security agreement". The Kyiv Independent. 31 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Spain and Ukraine sign bilateral security agreement: "Defense, security, peace, and reconstruction are our priorities"". www.exteriores.gob.es. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Zelensky arrives in Portugal, signs bilateral security deal". The Kyiv Independent. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine signs security agreements with Sweden, Iceland and Norway". Yahoo News. 31 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Belgium signs security deal with Ukraine, pledges $1 billion in aid this year". The Kyiv Independent. 28 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "Finland and Ukraine sign long-term security agreement". euronews. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ "The Agreement between Latvia and Ukraine on Long-Term Support and Security Commitments | Ārlietu ministrija". www.mfa.gov.lv. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ ANI (13 June 2024). ""This is an agreement on security, protection of human life": Zelenskyy after US-Ukraine sign 10-year bilateral security agreement". ThePrint. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine, Japan sign 10-year term security agreement". The Straits Times. 13 June 2024. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ McCurry, Justin (19 June 2024). "Putin and Kim keep quiet on details of mutual aid agreement". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine signs security agreements with Lithuania and Estonia". www.ukrinform.net. 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine, EU sign security pacts in Brussels". Firstpost. 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine signs long-term security deals with Estonia, Lithuania". The Kyiv Independent. 27 June 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
- ^ "Poland, Ukraine sign security agreement". The Kyiv Independent. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine and Romania signed bilateral agreement on security". www.1lurer.am. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine and Luxembourg sign security agreement". The Kyiv Independent. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine and Czechia sign defence agreement in Britain". Radio Prague International. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine, Slovenia sign security agreement". www.ukrinform.net. 18 July 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ "Philippines and Singapore broaden defense ties with a new agreement". ABC News. 24 July 2024.
- ^ Reyes, Victor (26 July 2024). "Singapore, PH sign defense pact". Malaya Business Insight.
- ^ Clapano, Jose Rodel (27 July 2024). "Philippines, Singapore sign MOA to broaden defense ties". Philstar.
- ^ "Joint Declaration on Enhanced Defence Cooperation between Germany and the United Kingdom". GOV.UK. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia and Australia finalise 'significant' defence pact". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ "Australia and Indonesia to deepen military ties after striking 'historic' security pact". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ "Ukraine, Ireland sign agreement on cooperation, support". Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
- ^ "Japan, France Vow to Enhance Defense Cooperation at 2-Plus-2 Talks". 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Lammy at em securing a security pact with Europe". 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Japan, Philippines on verge of VFA defense pact". Asia Times. 18 August 2023.
- ^ "Philippines' Marcos open to a troop pact with Japan". Reuters. 13 February 2023.
- ^ "Philippines says pact with Japan takes defence ties to unprecedented high". Reuters. 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
- ^ "S. Korea looks to revive military pact with Japan upon thaw". Koreaherald.com. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
- ^ Heydarian, Richard Javad (6 April 2023). "The Japan–Philippine–U.S. Trilateral alliance in the making". The Japan Times.
- ^ Cabalza, Dexter (3 December 2023). "PH, France eye VFA, deeper defense ties". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Lema, Karen (15 August 2024). "Philippines, Germany commit to reaching defence pact this year". Reuters. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ "Germany, Philippines commit to defense deal by year's end". DW. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ Pamuk, Humeyra; Cornwall, Alexander; Spetalnick, Matt (3 May 2024). "US and Saudi Arabia nearing agreement of security pact, sources say". Reuters.