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Lourinhã Formation

Coordinates: 39°14′N 9°19′W / 39.23°N 9.32°W / 39.23; -9.32
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Lourinhã Formation
Stratigraphic range: late Kimmeridgian-earliest Berriasian
~152.5–144.7 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Sub-units
  • Consolação Sub-Basin - Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Praia Azul Member, Santa Rita Member
  • Turcifal Sub-Basin - Assenta Member
UnderliesPorto da Calada Formation
OverliesConsolação & Alcobaça Formations
Thickness200–1,100 metres (660–3,610 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone, marl
OtherConglomerate, limestone
Location
Coordinates39°14′N 9°19′W / 39.23°N 9.32°W / 39.23; -9.32
RegionLisbon Region
CountryPortugal
ExtentLusitanian Basin
Type section
Named forLourinhã
Named byHill
Year defined1988
Lourinhã Formation is located in Portugal
Lourinhã Formation
Lourinhã Formation (Portugal)

The Lourinhã Formation (Portuguese pronunciation: [loɾiˈɲɐ̃] ⓘ) is a fossil rich geological formation in western Portugal, named for the municipality of Lourinhã. The formation is mostly Late Jurassic in age (Kimmeridgian/Tithonian), with the top of the formation extending into the earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian). It is notable for containing a fauna especially similar to that of the Morrison Formation in the United States and a lesser extent to the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. There are also similarities to the nearby Villar del Arzobispo Formation and Alcobaça Formation. The stratigraphy of the formation and the basin in general is complex and controversial, with the constituent member beds belonging to the formation varying between different authors.[1]

Besides the fossil bones, Lourinhã Formation is well known for the fossil tracks[2] and fossilized dinosaur eggs.[3]

The Lourinhã Formation includes several lithostratigraphic units, such as Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Members, Praia Azul Member, the Santa Rita Member, and the Assenta Member.[4]

Lithology and depositional history

Depositional history

Location of the Lusitanian basin within the Iberian Peninsula

The Lourinhã Formation is located within the Lusitanian Basin, a mostly onshore North South orientated rift basin within western Portugal, formed during the Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean, with sediment deposition beginning during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. It primarily consists of syn-rift near-coastal continental siliciclastic sediments, with several marine intercalations. The primary flow direction was North to South, originating from Galicia and flowing between the Iberian landmass to the east and the now largely submerged Berlengas horst, a north–south oriented ridge, to the west.

Stratigraphy

The unit was first formally proposed by Hill in 1988.

The stratigraphy of the Lourinhã Formation is complex and varies between sub-basins with several competing stratigraphic proposals and there is currently no consensus on the matter, one of the most recent stratigraphies,[1] divides the formation into three members which are from oldest to youngest the Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member, Praia Azul Member, and the Assenta Member.

Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member

The Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member is composed of the Priaia de Amoreira Member, which consists of massive mudrock-sand with metre thick sandstone lenses, with massive mudrock with calcrete. The overlying Poto Novo Mb. consists of massive bodies of sandstone, often cross bedded. The environment of deposition is interpreted as a meandering fluvial system, while the Porto Novo Mb is interpreted as a deltaic deposit. It is interpreted to be latest Kimmeridgian in age, and overlies the Consolacao Unit at the top of the Aulacostephanus eudoxus ammonite zone.[1][5]

Praia Azul Member

The Praia Azul Member, formerly known as the Sobral unit/member is 80 to 130 metres thick and consists of tabular marls and mudstones, with rare sandstones bodies. There are three distinct laterally extensive (>20 km) thin shelly carbonate horizons within this member, indicating brief marine transgressions. South of Santa Cruz primarily consists of sandstone with rare conglomerate. The age is considered to be latest Kimmeridgian to earliest Tithonian, correlated to the ammonite zones of Hybonoticeras beckeri and Hybonoticeras hybonotum.[1][5]

Santa Rita Member + Assenta Member

The Santa Rita Member in the Consolação sub-basin and its lateral equivalent in the Turcifal Basin the Assenta Member is around 300 metres thick and predominantly consists of mudstones with frequent layers of caliche. Near the top of the member several layers of tens of metres thick nodular and marly bioclastic limestones are present, containing marine benthic forams, the nodularity is derived from intense Thalassinoides burrowing. It is predominately late Tithonian in age, with the last few metres probably being earliest Berriasian, with the top of the formation roughly correlative with the base of the magnetochron M18n. (~144.7 Ma)[6][1] The environment of deposition is interpreted as being an upper fluvial-dominated delta to meandering fluvial systems flowing on a paralic plain.

Fauna

Dinosaurs

In a 2003 study, an analysis of all Portuguese dinosaurs was published. The study created a cladogram showing the possible relations of all Portuguese dinosaurs, including those at the time known from the Lourinhã Formation.[7]

Dinosauria

Ornithischia

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Ornithopods
Genus Species Member Material Notes Images
Ankylopollexia indet.[8] Indeterminate
  • Praia Azul Member
  • Santa Rita Member
 Appendicular, axial, and cranial elements

Camptosaurus[9]

Intermediate[9]

Limb material[9]

Now referred to its own genus, Draconyx, along with some other material.[9]

Draconyx[9]

D. loureiroi[9]

Praia Azul Member[10]

One partial skeleton[10]

Dryosauridae indet.[8] Indeterminate Praia Azul Member Appendicular, axial, and cranial elements

Dryosaurus[7]

D. sp.[7]

Praia Azul Member

Dryosaurus
Eousdryosaurus[11] E. nanohallucis[11] Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Formation[11] A partial postcranial skeleton.
Hesperonyx[12] H. martinhotomasorum Porto Novo Member Bones from the fore- and hindlimbs A dryomorphan iguanodontian with uncertain affinities

Ornithopoda indet.[13]

Intermediate[13]

A single track[13]

Gigantic track indicating an ornithopod with a hip height of 2.5 meters. No known Jurassic Ornithopod reaches this size; only known evidence for such sizes in this group at the time. Found alongside Deltapodus print.[13]

Phyllodon[7]

P. henkelli.[7]

Two teeth
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Thyreophorans
Genus Species Member Material Notes Images

Dacentrurus[14]

D. armatus[14]

A stegosaurid

Deltapodus[15]

D. brodricki[15]

Eleven tracks; Nine pes and two manus prints.[15]

The tracks can be separated into three different morphologies, though all fall within range of the Ornithopodsociation of the pes and manus tracks to the same taxon cannot be directly supported. Preserve various well preserved skin impressions. Largest prints are larger than those from the type horizon. The tracks are individually represented and do not form any sort of trackway, thought one print is associated with giant ornithopod track,[13] potentially representing that the creatures were traveling together or were otherwise going to a similar location. Another is similarly associated with theropod and sauropod prints.[15]

Dracopelta[7] D. zbyszewskii[7] Assenta Member An ankylosaur.
Miragaia[16] M. longicollum[16]
  • Santa Rita Member[17]
  • Praia Azul Member[17]
 Holotype, neck, partial skull, forelimbs, ribs. Tentative juvenile specimen assigned to this taxon.[16] Stegosaur with unusually long neck of 17 cervicals, with more neck vertebrae than most sauropods.[16] Probably a junior synonym of Dacentrurus.[18][19]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Other Ornithiscians
Genus Species Member Material Notes Images

Trimucrodon[7]

T. cuneatus[7]

Amoreira-Porto Novo Member[20]

3 isolated teeth.

Alocodon[7]

A. kuehnei[7]

Saurischia

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Sauropods
Genus Species Member Material Notes Images

Dinheirosaurus[21]

D. lourinhanensis[21] Praia da Amoreira-Porta Novo Member[21] One specimen. Vertebrae; potentially other parts of the body.[21] A diplodocid. Tschopp et al. (2015) sunk the genus into Supersaurus.[21]
Lusotitan
Dinheirosaurus
Zby

Diplodocidae indet.[22]

Intermediate[22]

One Dorsal Vertebra[22]

Regarded by Mannion et al. (2012) as being unique from Dinheirosaurus and possibly indicating another diplodocid in the formation, but being non-diagnostic it doesn't warrant description.[22]

Lourinhasaurus[23]

L. alenquerensis[23]

Praia Azul Member A partial postcranial skeleton. Possibly a Camarasaurid Macronarian.[23]

Lusotitan[24][25]

L. atalaiensis[24][25]

Praia Azul Member

Fragmentary material.[24]

A large brachiosaur, a close relative of Brachiosaurus proper.[24]

Oceanotitan O. dantasi[26] Praia da Amoreira-Porta Novo Member scapula, almost all of the pelvis, a complete leg sans the toes, and nine caudals. A titanosauriform
Zby[20] Z. atlanticus[20] Amoreira-Porto Novo Member[20] Holotype: Tooth, cervical neutral arch, forelimb, various other fragments.[20] A turiasaur.[20]
Theropods
Genus Species Member Material Notes Images
Abelisauridae indet.[27] Intermediate[27] Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member[1] Teeth; ML 966, Ml 327.[27] Potentially diagnostic abelisaur teeth.[27]

Allosaurus[28][29]

A. europaeus[28]

Praia Azul Member[1]

Two specimens, covering much of the body.[30]

Only European species of Allosaurus.

Allosaurus europaeus

A. fragilis[29]

Praia Azul Member[1]

Two specimens, covering much of the body.[30]

Now thought to represent a specimen of A. europaeus.[28]

Allosaurus fragilis

Ceratosaurus[28][31][32]

C. sp.[28][31]

Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member[28][31][20]

Four specimens; teeth, a femur.[28][31]

Potentially a synonym of the type species, C. nasicornis. Sometimes referred to as C. sp., giving indication of possible distinctiveness or of being intermediate.[20]

Ceratosaurus
Dendroolithidae[3] Indeterminant Fragments of multiple eggs in a clutch, with associated embryonic remains.[3] Probably eggs of Torvosaurus.[3]
Lusovenator[33] L. santosi[33]
  • Praia de Amoreira Member[33]
  • Assenta Member[33]
 Two partial postcranial skeletons.[33] Earliest known Carcharodontosaurian from Laurasia.[33]

Lourinhanosaurus[7][34]

L. antunesi[7][34]

Praia Azul Member[34]

Three individuals, one largely complete; over 100 eggs with significant amount of skeletal material.[34]

Has come out in various places in the tree, erroneously said to be a megalosaur,[28] mostly accepted to be a carnosaur, probably allosauroid, or basal coelurosaur. Currently unstable on the tree.[34]

Lourinhanosaurus
Embryo

Megalosaurus[27]

M. insignis[27]

Teeth.[27]

Invalid. Teeth belong to various other theropod taxa.[27]

M. pombali[27]

Teeth.[27]

Invalid. Teeth belong to various other theropod taxa[27]

M. sp.[27]

Tooth fragment.[27]

Invalid; Dubious.[27]

Richardoestesia[27]

R. aff. gilmorei[27]

Tooth; ML 939[27]

Only definite record of this taxon is from the Late Cretaceous of North America, despite erroneous and referrals from other sites in Portugal. Probably a close relative of Richardoestesia and not an actual representation of the taxon.[27]

Torvosaurus[28][35]

T. gurneyi[35]

  • Praia da Amoreira-Porto Novo Member[35]
  • Praia Azul Member?[36]

Maxilla, Teeth, Femur; Egg clutch and embryos.[3][28][35][37]

Largest known European theropod. Previous known as Portugal populations of the type species, or as T. sp., before description in early 2014.[35]

Skeletal restoration showing the size of T. gurneyi, known remains highlighted.

T. tanneri[35]

Praia da Amoireira-Porto Novo[20][37]

Maxilla, Teeth, Femur; Probable embryo.[34][35]

Now described as a distinct species of Torvosaurus, T. gurneyi. Sometimes referred to as T. sp. in the past.[35]

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Member Material Notes Images
Dsungaripteroidea indet.[38] Indeterminate Proximal right femur
Rhamphorhynchidae[39] Indeterminate Tooth
Lusognathus L. almadrava Skull and cervical vertebrae Ctenochasmatid
Pteraichnus[40] Partial tracks

Mammaliaformes

Docodonta

Genus Species Member Material Notes

Haldanodon

Haldanodon expectatus

Partial skeleton and isolated bones

Semi-aquatic forager.

Cladotheria

Genus Species Member Material Notes

Nanolestes

Nanolestes drescherae

Right lower molar.

Amphitheriidae; small omnivore or insectivore.

Guimarotodus

Guimarotodus inflatus

Right mandible.

Dryolestidae; insectivore or omnivore.

Krebsotherium

Krebsotherium lusitanicum

Left mandible.

Dryolestidae; insectivore or omnivore.

Drescheratherium

Drescheratherium acutum

Upper jaw.

Paurodontidae; herbivore.

Multituberculata

Genus Species Member Material Notes
Kuehneodon K. hahni A member of the family Paulchoffatiidae

Amphibans

Genus Species Member Material Notes
Celtedens Indeterminate Porto Novo/Praia da Amoreira, Praia Azul Frontal bones,[41] along with other parts of the skull and limbs[39] An albanerpetontid.
Urodela[39] Indeterminate Atlas vertebra A salamander, suggested to belong to Scapherpetontidae.
"Discoglossidae"[39] Indeterminate Partial left humerus A primitive frog

Squamates

Genus Species Member Material Notes
Paramacellodidae[39] Indeterminate Frontal and dentary bones Scincomorph lizard

Crocodyliformes

Genus Species Member Material Notes
Ophiussasuchus O. paimogonectes Praia Azul Member Partial skull Goniopholidid
Goniopholididae Indeterminate Teeth[42] and partial skeleton.[43] An aquatic neosuchian
Bernissartiidae Tooth[42]
Lusitanisuchus Teeth, and partial skull and jaw fragments[42] A mesoeucrocodylian of uncertain placement
Atoposauridae Teeth[42]
Mesoeucrocodylia Teeth[42] Distinct from Lusitanisuchus

Fish

Genus Species Member Material Notes
Hybodus[44] H. cf. reticulatus Teeth A hybodontid shark
Pycnodontiformes[39] Indeterminate
Lepidotes sensu lato[39] A ginglymodian
Caturus[39] An amiiform

Flora

Genus Species Member Material Notes Images
Pterophyllum P. mondeguensis[45] Bennettitales leaf
Otozamites[1] Bennettitales leaf
Cupressinocladus[1] Conifer leaves
Protocupressinoxylon[46] Conifer wood
Prototaxoxylon[46]
Classopollis[1] Pollen of Cheirolepidiaceae conifers

Correlation

Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of Iberia
Ma Age Paleomap \ Basins Cantabrian Olanyà Cameros Maestrazgo Oliete Galve Morella South Iberian Pre-betic Lusitanian
100 Cenomanian
La Cabana Sopeira Utrillas Mosquerela Caranguejeira
Altamira Utrillas
Eguino
125 Albian Ullaga - Balmaseda Lluçà Traiguera
Monte Grande Escucha Escucha Jijona
Itxina - Miono
Aptian Valmaseda - Tellamendi Ol Gp. - Castrillo Benassal Benassal Olhos
Font En Gp. - Leza Morella/Oliete Oliete Villaroya Morella Capas
Rojas		 Almargem
Patrocinio - Ernaga Senyús En Gp. - Jubela Forcall Villaroya Upper
Bedoulian		 Figueira
Barremian Vega de Pas Cabó Abejar Xert Alacón Xert Huérguina Assises
Prada Artoles Collado Moutonianum Papo Seco
Rúbies Tera Gp. - Golmayo Alacón/Blesa Blesa Camarillas Mirambel
150 Hauterivian Ur Gp. - Pinilla Llacova Castellar Tera Gp. - Pinilla Villares Porto da
Calada
hiatus
Huerva Gaita
Valanginian Villaro Ur Gp. - Larriba Ped Gp. - Hortigüela
Ped Gp. - Hortigüela Ped Gp. - Piedrahita
Peñacoba Galve Miravetes
Berriasian Cab Gp. - Arcera Valdeprado hiatus Alfambra
TdL Gp. - Rupelo Arzobispo hiatus Tollo
On Gp. - Huérteles
Sierra Matute
Tithonian Lastres Tera Gp. - Magaña Higuereles Tera Gp. - Magaña Lourinhã
Arzobispo
Ágreda
Legend Major fossiliferous, oofossiliferous, ichnofossiliferous, coproliferous, minor formation
Sources


See also

References

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  2. ^ Milàn, J; Christiansen, P; Mateus, O. "A three-dimensionally preserved sauropod manus impression from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: implications for sauropod manus shape and locomotor mechanics". Kaupia. 14: 47–52.
  3. ^ a b c d e Araújo, R., Castanhinha R., Martins R. M. S., Mateus O., Hendrickx C., Beckmann F., Schell N., & Alves L. C. (2013). "Filling the gaps of dinosaur eggshell phylogeny: Late Jurassic Theropod clutch with embryos from Portugal" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 3: 1924. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1924A. doi:10.1038/srep01924. PMC 3667465. PMID 23722524.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Weishampel, David B. et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic, Europe)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd ed., Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 545–549. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  5. ^ a b Ogg, J. G.; Hinnov, L. A.; Huang, C. (2012-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.), "Chapter 26 - Jurassic", The Geologic Time Scale, Boston: Elsevier, pp. 731–791, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, retrieved 2021-12-17
  6. ^ Ogg, J. G. (2012-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale", The Geologic Time Scale, Boston: Elsevier, pp. 85–113, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, retrieved 2021-12-17
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  11. ^ a b c Escaso, Fernando; Ortega, Francisco; Dantas, Pedro; Malafaia, Elisabete; Silva, Bruno; Gasulla, José M.; Mocho, Pedro; Narváez, Iván; Sanz, JosÉ L. (2014-07-29). "A new dryosaurid ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1102–1112. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.849715. S2CID 86780835.
  12. ^ Rotatori, F. M.; Ferrari, L.; Sequero, C.; Camilo, B.; Mateus, O.; Moreno-Azanza, M. (2024). "An unexpected early-diverging iguanodontian dinosaur (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e2310066. doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2310066.
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  19. ^ Sánchez-Fenollosa, S.; Escaso, F.; Cobos, A. (2024). "A new specimen of Dacentrurus armatus Owen, 1875 (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Upper Jurassic of Spain and its taxonomic relevance in the European stegosaurian diversity". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae074.
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  24. ^ a b c d Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Barnes, Rosie N.; Mateus, Octávio (2013). "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 168: 98–206. doi:10.1111/zoj.12029.
  25. ^ a b Mocho, P.; Royo-Torres, R.; Ortega, F. (2016-11-03). "New data of the Portuguese brachiosaurid Lusotitan atalaiensis (Sobral Formation, Upper Jurassic)". Historical Biology. 29 (6): 789–817. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1247447. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89037768.
  26. ^ Mocho, Pedro; Royo-Torres, Rafael; Ortega, Francisco (2019). "A new macronarian sauropod from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. e1578782: e1578782. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1578782. S2CID 182239988.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hendrickx, C., & Mateus O. (2014). "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth". Zootaxa. 3759: 1–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1. PMID 24869965.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Mateus, O., Walen A. and Antunes M. T. (2006). "The large theropod fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36: 123–129.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ a b Malafaia, E.; Ortega, F.; Escaso, F.; Dantas, P.; Pimentel, N.; Gasulla, J. M.; Ribeiro, B.; Barriga, F.; Sanz, J. L. (2010-12-10). "Vertebrate fauna at the Allosaurus fossil-site of Andrés (Upper Jurassic), Pombal, Portugal". Journal of Iberian Geology. 36 (2): 193–204. doi:10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.7.
  30. ^ a b Allosauruseuropaeus. archosaur.us
  31. ^ a b c d Mateus, O. and Antunes M. T. (2000). Ceratosaurus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Abstract volume of the 31st International Geological Congress. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  32. ^ Malafaia, Elisabete; Ortega, Francisco; Escaso, Fernando; Silva, Bruno (2015-10-03). "New evidence of Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal". Historical Biology. 27 (7): 938–946. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.915820. S2CID 129349509.
  33. ^ a b c d e f Elisabete Malafaia; Pedro Mocho; Fernando Escaso; Francisco Ortega (2020). "A new carcharodontosaurian theropod from the Lusitanian Basin: evidence of allosauroid sympatry in the European Late Jurassic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40: e1768106. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1768106.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Lourinhanosaurusantunesi. archosaur.us
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h Hendrickx, Christophe; Mateus, Octávio (2014). "Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e88905. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...988905H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088905. PMC 3943790. PMID 24598585.
  36. ^ Malafaia, E.; Mocho, P.; Escaso, F.; Ortega, F. (2017-03-01). "New data on the anatomy of Torvosaurus and other remains of megalosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". Journal of Iberian Geology. 43 (1): 33–59. doi:10.1007/s41513-017-0003-9. ISSN 1886-7995. S2CID 132198140.
  37. ^ a b Torvosaurusgurneyi. archosaur.us
  38. ^ Bertozzo, Filippo; Camilo da Silva, Bruno; Martill, David; Vorderwuelbecke, Elsa; Aureliano, Tito; Schouten, Remmert; Aquino, Pedro (2021). "A large pterosaur femur from the Upper Jurassic (Lusitanian Basin) of Portugal". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66. doi:10.4202/app.00858.2020. ISSN 0567-7920.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h Guillaume, Alexandre Renaud Daniel Microvertebrates of the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Portugal) (2018) PhD thesis https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/58236
  40. ^ Mateus (2010). "First records of crocodyle and pterosaur tracks in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 51: 83–87.
  41. ^ Guillaume, Alexandre R. D.; Natário, Carlos; Mateus, Octávio; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel (2023-04-03). "Plasticity in the morphology of the fused frontals of Albanerpetontidae (Lissamphibia; Allocaudata)". Historical Biology. 35 (4): 537–554. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2054712. ISSN 0891-2963.
  42. ^ a b c d e Guillaume, Alexandre R D; Moreno-Azanza, Miguel; Puértolas-Pascual, Eduardo; Mateus, Octávio (2020-06-11). "Palaeobiodiversity of crocodylomorphs from the Lourinhã Formation based on the tooth record: insights into the palaeoecology of the Late Jurassic of Portugal". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (2): 549–583. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz112. ISSN 0024-4082.
  43. ^ Puértolas-Pascual, E; Mateus, O (2020-06-11). "A three-dimensional skeleton of Goniopholididae from the Late Jurassic of Portugal: implications for the Crocodylomorpha bracing system". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 189 (2): 521–548. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz102. ISSN 0024-4082.
  44. ^ Costa, B. L. P.; Camilo, B.; Antunes, Miguel Telles; Balbino, A. C. (2021). "The hybodontiform sharks (Chondrichthyes: Euselachii) from the Upper Jurassic of Torres Vedras, Portugal". Comunicações Geológicas. 108: 49–52. doi:10.34637/RX8A-5283. hdl:10400.9/3830.
  45. ^ J. Pais Upper Jurassic Plants from Cabo Mondego (Portugal) Separata do Boletim da Sociedade Geologica da Portugala, 19 (1974), pp. 19-45
  46. ^ a b Gowland, Stuart; Taylor, Andrew M.; Martinius, Allard W. (February 2018). Fielding, Chris (ed.). "Integrated sedimentology and ichnology of Late Jurassic fluvial point-bars – facies architecture and colonization styles (Lourinhã Formation, Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal)". Sedimentology. 65 (2): 400–430. doi:10.1111/sed.12385. ISSN 0037-0746.

Bibliography

  • Antunes, M.T. and Mateus, O. (2003). Dinosaurs of Portugal. C. R. Palevol, 2:77–95
  • Mateus, O. (2006). "Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation, the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison," in Foster, J.R. and Lucas, S. G. R.M., eds., 2006, "Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation." New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36
  • Mateus, O (2007). "Notes and review of the ornithischian dinosaurs of Portugal". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27: 1–182. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458.
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