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Harej/sandbox2
Personal details
Children
Parents
RelativesObama family
Education
Occupation
  • Politician
  • lawyer
  • author
AwardsFull list
SignatureCursive signature in ink
Website
Barack Obama's voice
Obama on the death of Osama bin Laden
Recorded May 2, 2011
Harej/sandbox2
Names
IUPAC name
(2S)-N-[(3S,4R,4aR,5R,6R)-3-(Dichloromethyl)-5,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-4a,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-isochromen-4-yl]-2-aminopropanamide[1]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C14H20Cl2N2O6/c1-4(17)11(22)18-10-8-7(5(19)3-6(20)9(8)21)12(23)24-14(10,2)13(15)16/h4,6,8-10,13,19-21H,3,17H2,1-2H3,(H,18,22)/t4-,6+,8-,9-,10+,14-/m0/s1
    Key: RBCHRRIVFAIGFI-RGBMRXMBSA-N
  • C[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]1[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](CC(=C2C(=O)O[C@]1(C)C(Cl)Cl)O)O)O)N
Properties
C14H20Cl2N2O6
Molar mass 383.22 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
This article is part of
a series about
Barack Obama
Personal
Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois
44th President of the United States
Tenure
Policies
Appointments
Presidential campaigns
Barack Obama's signature
Seal of the President of the United States

Barack Hussein Obama II[a] (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. As a member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president in U.S. history. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.

Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He graduated from Columbia University in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, Obama would enroll in Harvard Law School, where he became the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He also went into elective politics; Obama represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the 2008 presidential election, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and they defeated Republican nominees John McCain and Sarah Palin.

As president, Obama's first-term actions addressed the 2007–2008 financial crisis and included a major stimulus package to guide the economy in recovering from the Great Recession, a partial extension of George W. Bush's tax cuts, legislation to reform health care, a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major U.S. military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. He ordered Operation Neptune Spear, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 attacks. Obama downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model, expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces while encouraging greater reliance on host government militaries. He also ordered military involvement in Libya in order to implement UN Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

Obama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing the Paris Agreement, a major international climate agreement; and an executive order to limit carbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term. He negotiated a nuclear agreement with Iran and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage.

Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. Historians and political scientists rank him among the upper tier in historical rankings of American presidents. His presidential library in the South Side of Chicago began construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including Biden's successful presidential bid in 2020. Outside of politics, Obama has published three books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised Land (2020).

Bactobolin is a cytotoxic, polyketide-peptide and antitumor antibiotic with the molecular formula C14H20Cl2N2O6.[3][4][5][6][7] Bactobolin was discovered in 1979.[8][5]

Citation based on Wikidata item with DOI.[9][10]

Early life and career

Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II[11] was born on August 4, 1961,[12] at Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children in Honolulu, Hawaii.[13][14][15][16] He is the only president born outside the contiguous 48 states.[17] He was born to an 18-year-old American mother and a 27-year-old Kenyan father. His mother, Ann Dunham (1942–1995), was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of English, Welsh, German, Swiss, and Irish descent. In 2007, it was discovered her great-great-grandfather Falmouth Kearney emigrated from the village of Moneygall, Ireland to the United States in 1850.[18] In July 2012, Ancestry.com found a strong likelihood that Dunham was descended from John Punch, an enslaved African man who lived in the Colony of Virginia during the seventeenth century.[19][20][21] Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. (1934–1982),[22][23] was a married[24][25][26] Luo Kenyan from Nyang'oma Kogelo.[24][27] His last name, Obama, was derived from his Luo descent.[28] Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on a scholarship.[29][30] The couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii, on February 2, 1961, six months before Obama was born.[31][32]

In late August 1961, a few weeks after he was born, Barack and his mother moved to the University of Washington in Seattle, where they lived for a year. During that time, Barack's father completed his undergraduate degree in economics in Hawaii, graduating in June 1962. He left to attend graduate school on a scholarship at Harvard University, where he earned an M.A. in economics. Obama's parents divorced in March 1964.[33] Obama Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964, where he married for a third time and worked for the Kenyan government as the Senior Economic Analyst in the Ministry of Finance.[34] He visited his son in Hawaii only once, at Christmas 1971,[35] before he was killed in an automobile accident in 1982, when Obama was 21 years old.[36] Recalling his early childhood, Obama said: "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[30] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[37]

In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro at the University of Hawaii; he was an Indonesian East–West Center graduate student in geography. The couple married on Molokai on March 15, 1965.[38] After two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966. His wife and stepson followed sixteen months later in 1967. The family initially lived in the Menteng Dalam neighborhood in the Tebet district of South Jakarta. From 1970, they lived in a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng district of Central Jakarta.[39][9]

Bibliography

Main article: Bibliography of Barack Obama

Books

  • Obama, Barack (July 18, 1995). Dreams from My Father (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-2343-8.
  • ——————— (October 17, 2006). The Audacity of Hope (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9.
  • ——————— (November 16, 2010). Of Thee I Sing (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-83527-8.
  • ——————— (November 17, 2020). A Promised Land (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-5247-6316-9.[40]

Audiobooks

Articles

See also

Other

Lists

Notes

  1. ^ Pronounced /bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ⓘ, bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə[2]

References

  1. ^ a b "Bactobolin". Pubchem.ncbi.NLM.nih.gov.
  2. ^ "Barack Hussein Obama Takes The Oath Of Office" on YouTube. January 20, 2009.
  3. ^ Greenberg, E. Peter; Chandler, Josephine R.; Seyedsayamdost, Mohammad R. (27 March 2020). "The Chemistry and Biology of Bactobolin: A 10-Year Collaboration with Natural Product Chemist Extraordinaire Jon Clardy". Journal of Natural Products. 83 (3): 738–743. doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01237. hdl:1808/32425. PMC 8118907. PMID 32105069.
  4. ^ Weinreb, Steven M. (1995). "Total synthesis of the microbial antitumor antibiotics actinobolin and bactobolin". Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 16: 3–25. doi:10.1016/S1572-5995(06)80051-7. ISBN 9780444822642.
  5. ^ a b "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - 1-Octanethiol". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  6. ^ Munakata, Tomohiko; Ikeda, Yoshifumi; Matsuki, Hideo; Isagai, Katsuyoshi (May 1983). "Cultural Conditions and Strain Improvement for Production of Bactobolin". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 47 (5): 929–934. doi:10.1080/00021369.1983.10865772.
  7. ^ Franco, Carlos M.; Belda, Beatriz Vázquez (2 December 2020). Natural Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents. MDPI. p. 134. ISBN 978-3-03936-048-2.
  8. ^ Reinhoudt, D. N.; Connors, T. A.; Pinedo, H. M.; Poll, K. W. van de (6 December 2012). Structure-Activity Relationships of Anti-Tumour Agents. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 270. ISBN 978-94-009-6798-4.
  9. ^ a b Wisnewski, Adam V.; Cantley, Linda; Campillo Luna, Julian; Liu, Jian; Smith, Richard F.; Hager, Kelly; Redlich, Carrie A. (2022-09). "Changes Over Time in COVID-19 Incidence, Vaccinations, Serum Spike IgG, and Viral Neutralizing Potential Among Individuals From a North American Gaming Venue: December 2020–August 2021". Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 64 (9): 788–796. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000002617. ISSN 1076-2752. PMC 9426317. PMID 36054278. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  10. ^ Jessica G. Ramsey; Scott E. Brueck (1 August 2022), Whole-body vibration analysis of golf course maintenance tasks (PDF), Health Hazard Evaluation Program, doi:10.26616/NIOSHHHE201801373385, Wikidata Q115075175
  11. ^ "President Barack Obama | Barack Obama Presidential Library". www.obamalibrary.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  12. ^ "President Barack Obama". The White House. 2008. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
  13. ^ "President Obama's Long Form Birth Certificate". whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  14. ^ "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu" (PDF). whitehouse.gov. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017 – via National Archives.
  15. ^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  16. ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. B1. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  17. ^ Barreto, Amílcar Antonio; O'Bryant, Richard L. (November 12, 2013). "Introduction". American Identity in the Age of Obama. Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-317-93715-9. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  18. ^ "On This Day: US President Barack Obama arrives in Ireland for a visit". IrishCentral.com. May 23, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  19. ^ ""Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015.
  20. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (July 30, 2012). "Obama Has Ties to Slavery Not by His Father but His Mother, Research Suggests". The New York Times. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  21. ^ Hennessey, Kathleen. "Obama related to legendary Virginia slave, genealogists say" , Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2012.
  22. ^ Maraniss (2012), p. 65 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: He had been born inside the euphorbia hedges of the K'obama homestead on June 18, 1934.
  23. ^ Liberties (2012), p. 202 Archived March 5, 2024, at the Wayback Machine: The age of his father is questionable since June 18, 1934, is on most of the documents Obama Sr. filled out for his United States student visa; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his father's birth date was June 18, 1936. Immigration and Naturalization Service records indicate the birth date to be June 18, 1934, thereby making Obama Sr. twenty-seven at the birth of Obama II instead of the annotated twenty-five on the birth certificate.
  24. ^ a b Jacobs, Sally (July 6, 2011). "President Obama's Father: A 'Bold And Reckless Life'". NPR. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  25. ^ Swaine, Jon (April 29, 2011). "Barack Obama's father 'forced out of US in 1960s'". Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  26. ^ Swarns, Rachel L. (June 18, 2016). "Words of Obama's Father Still Waiting to Be Read by His Son". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  27. ^ David R Arnott. "From Obama's old school to his ancestral village, world reacts to US presidential election". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  28. ^ Bearak, Max (June 19, 2016). "The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  29. ^ Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 7, 2017.
  30. ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
    • Scott (2011), pp. 80–86.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 154–160.
  31. ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  32. ^ Scott (2011), p. 86.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 125–127.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 160–163.
  33. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 87–93.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 115–118, 125–127, 133–161.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 170–183, 188–189.
  34. ^ Obama "Dreams from My Father a Story of Race and Inheritance"
  35. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 142–144.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 161–177, 227–230.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 190–194, 201–209, 227–230.
  36. ^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
    • Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post. p. A12. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
    • Jacobs (2011), pp. 251–255.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 411–417.
  37. ^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times. p. A20. Archived from the original on November 8, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
    • Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
  38. ^ Scott (2011), pp. 97–103.
    • Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 225–230.
  39. ^ Maraniss (2012), pp. 195–201, 209–223, 230–244.
  40. ^ Williams, Sydney (November 17, 2020). "Former President Barack Obama's third book starts shipping today". NBC News. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
  41. ^ Ressner, Jeffrey; Smith, Ben (August 22, 2008). "Exclusive: Obama's Lost Law Review Article". Politico. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2021.

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