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STS-122

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STS-122
COSPAR ID2008-005A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.32486Edit this on Wikidata
End of mission

STS-122 is the current NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). It is being flown by Space Shuttle Atlantis. STS-122 marks the 24th shuttle mission to the ISS, and the 121st space shuttle flight since STS-1.[2]

The primary objective of STS-122 is to deliver the Columbus science laboratory, built by the European Space Agency (ESA), to the station. It will also return Expedition 16 Flight Engineer Daniel M. Tani to Earth. Tani will be replaced on Expedition 16 by Léopold Eyharts, a French Flight Engineer representing ESA. STS-122 will mark the final scheduled visit by Atlantis to the International Space Station. After Atlantis lands, the orbiter will be prepared for STS-125, the final servicing mission for the Hubble Space Telescope. The completion of STS-122 will leave ten flights remaining in the Space Shuttle program until its end in 2010, excluding two as-yet-unconfirmed Contingency Logistic Flights.[3]

The original target launch date for STS-122 was December 6, but due to engine cutoff sensor (ECO) reading errors, the launch was postponed to December 9, 2007.[4] During the second launch attempt, the sensors failed again, and the launch was halted.[5] A tanking test on December 18 revealed the probable cause to lie with a connector between the external tank and the shuttle. The connector was replaced and the shuttle launched during the third attempt on February 7, 2008.[6][1]

Crew

* Number in parentheses indicates number of spaceflights by each individual prior to and including this mission.

Launching ISS Expedition 16 crew

Landing ISS Expedition 16 crew

Mission parameters

Columbus at Kennedy Space Center

Mission payloads

Illustration of the ISS after STS-122, highlighting the addition of the Columbus laboratory module.

STS-122 is the ISS Assembly Flight 1E, delivering the European Columbus laboratory module to the station, along with the Biolab, Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL), European Drawer Rack (EDR), and European Physiology Modules (EPM) payloads.[9]

STS-122 will also carry the Solar Monitoring Observatory (SOLAR), the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF), and a new Nitrogen Tank Assembly, mounted in the cargo bay of an ICC-Lite payload rack, as well as a spare Drive Lock Assembly (DLA) sent to orbit in support of possible repairs to the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) which is malfunctioning.[10]

Several items will be returned with Atlantis: A malfunctioning Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) that was swapped out with a new one during STS-118, and the empty Nitrogen Tank Assembly will be placed in the orbiter's payload bay, along with a trundle bearing from the Starboard SARJ that was removed during an EVA performed by Expedition 16.[10][11]

Outreach

Stowed within the Official Flight Kit (OFK), Atlantis will carry three green starting flags provided by NASCAR in recognition of the 50th running of the Daytona 500 on February 17, 2008, and the 50th anniversary of NASA on October 1, 2008. Once returned to Earth, one of the flown flags will be placed on public display at the Daytona International Speedway in Florida, one will be presented to the winner of the 2008 Daytona 500, and the third will be used by NASA as part of its anniversary activities.[12]

Mission background

The mission marks:[2][13][14]

  • 152nd manned US space launch.
  • 121st space shuttle flight since STS-1.
  • 96th post-Challenger mission.
  • 8th post-Columbia mission.
  • 8th visit to the International Space Station for Atlantis.
  • 300th US astronaut in space.

Mission timeline

Atlantis arrived at Launch pad 39A on November 10.

Launch preparations

The external tank (ET-125) arrived at the Kennedy Space Center on September 14, 2007, after traveling by barge from the Michoud Assembly Facility in Louisiana. The external tank was then transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to be inspected, and have the Liquid oxygen feedline bracket modified, before being mated to the solid rocket boosters on October 17.

The external tank was attached to the solid rocket boosters on October 18, 2007, and Atlantis moved to the VAB on November 3, 2007.[15] With the entire stack placed upon the Mobile Launcher Platform, Atlantis moved to launch pad 39A on November 10, and the Columbus module was loaded into the orbiter's payload bay on November 12.[16] The terminal countdown demonstration test was completed on November 20.[17]

Following the final Flight Readiness Review on November 30, NASA managers announced that Atlantis was ready to fly, and the launch date of December 6 was confirmed.[18] The crew arrived at Kennedy Space Center on December 3, to prepare for the first launch attempt on December 6.[19]

December 6 (Launch attempt 1)

The external tank LH2 cut-off sensors shown here have repeatedly delayed the STS-122 launch.

On Thursday December 6, 2007, 16 minutes into the loading of the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen into the external tank, two of the four liquid hydrogen Engine Cutoff (ECO) sensors failed to respond correctly, resulting in Launch Director Doug Lyons deciding to postpone the launch.[4][20] The fuel cutoff sensor system is one of a series of redundant systems that protect the shuttle's main engines, by triggering engine shut down if fuel runs unexpectedly low. The Launch Commit Criteria (LCC) requires that three of the four sensor systems function properly prior to liftoff.[4] The scheduled launch time was tentatively postponed 48 hours to Saturday December 8, 2007, at 3:43 p.m. EST (20:43 UTC).[21] [20][22]

On Friday, December 7, managers evaluated the options to fly, under the flight rationale guidelines. The issue is thought to be in the wiring inside the external tank, that results in the ECO sensors reporting incorrectly.[23] During loading, testing of the ECO sensors is done to assure they function properly, but when the "dry tank" command was sent, the third and fourth sensors continued to report "wet" conditions. The concern was that if the tank were about to run dry, the sensors that control the shutdown of the shuttle's main engines might not send the shutdown command, resulting in running the engines without fuel, a dangerous situation. Managers evaluated if the Launch Commit Criteria could be removed, allowing Atlantis to fly with two of four sensors, and augment the LCO system with on-ground monitoring of propellant use by the Flight Control staff. The other option would involve repair or replacement of the sensors, which would most likely require the orbiter be moved back into the Vehicle Assembly Building, and would rule out a December launch.[23]

Following the Mission Management Team meeting Friday night, Shuttle Program Director Wayne Hale explained during the press briefing that the team had discussed the issues at length, and had tentatively decided to attempt a Sunday launch.[24][25] The Launch Commit Criteria would be changed, and Flight Controller procedures would be finalized to allow for additional monitoring of the ECO system during ascent.[24] One of the changes to the LCC will be the requirement that during tanking, all four sensors must be operational. In the past, when this system has failed during the initial launch attempt, all four sensors performed normally during the next attempt. If this were the case for Sunday's launch attempt, it would be consistent with what has been seen in the past. If the sensors fail during re-tanking on Sunday, this would indicate that the issue is not consistent with the evidence seen in the past. Managers would hold an MMT meeting on Saturday to further discuss this rationale, and the Flight Controller procedures, before making a final decision.[24]

On Saturday, December 8, the Mission Management Team met to finalize plans for the Sunday launch, and discuss possible launch options.[26][27] There was a unanimous decision to attempt a Sunday launch using the modified Launch Commit Criteria.[26][27] The modified criteria requires all four ECO sensors to function normally during tanking, includes the implementation of a Flight Controller procedure to continue monitoring the ECO sensors after liftoff during ascent, and shortens the launch window from five minutes, to one minute to conserve fuel.[27] Those changes would be done only for the launch of STS-122, and are not permanent changes. Should any of the sensors give errors during tanking, the launch attempt would be scrubbed. Following STS-122, Space Shuttle Program Director Wayne Hale and Mission Management Team Chairman LeRoy Cain explained that there would be a variety of activities and procedures put into effect to address the ECO issues. A multi-center troubleshooting team would be convened, and changes to the main engines would be performed, to improve the way the engines use, and control the liquid hydrogen reserves, including upgrades to the flow meters inside the engines.[27]

December 9 (Launch attempt 2)

Engineers working on the time-domain reflectometry equipment inside the MLP.

Fueling of Atlantis began at 5:55 a.m. EST (10:55 UTC). During fueling at 6:52 a.m. EST, the third ECO sensor failed wet, violating the modified Launch Commit Criteria that required all four sensors to function properly. The launch was officially scrubbed at 7:25 a.m. EST (12:25 UTC). Troubleshooting the problem would rule out a December launch.[28] NASA finally gave a new launch date of January 10, 2008.[29]

During the post-scrub news conference, Launch Director Doug Lyons said that a rollback to the Vehicle Assembly Building was not a situation managers were considering currently, and explained that the pad offers extensive access to the systems for troubleshooting and investigation.[30] "We can do extensive troubleshooting out there before we would entertain rolling back. There's not many things we can't do out at the launch pad that we could do in the VAB."[30] Managers have convened a short-term troubleshooting team to design a plan to identify, and hopefully predict, or prevent the ECO anomaly.[30]

ECO sensor troubleshooting and recovery

After the second failed launch attempt, NASA initiated a search for the root cause of the ECO sensor problem. In order to gather more data they scheduled a tanking test for December 18. Engineers installed test wiring that was leading from the tail mast of the orbiter into the interior of the Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP), where Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) test equipment was installed to test the ECO sensor system. By gathering data about the characteristics of the behaviour of the sensor both before during and after tanking, NASA was able to pinpoint the problem to the LH2 external tank feed-through connector.

Radiator retract hose

During launch preparations at Kennedy, technicians noticed a small section of the aft radiator retract hose that was bent in a shape similar to the Greek letter Omega.[31][32] The hose is part of the shuttle's cooling system that carries Freon, and is designed to flex when the payload bay doors are opened and closed.[33] Making sure they were not overlooking potential problems, NASA engineers designed a tool to guide the hose back into the storage box, and performed the procedure on February 3.[31] Engineers would monitor the hose during STS-122, and in the unlikely event that it were to begin leaking Freon, the shuttle's computers would turn off the redundant radiator system before any Freon had a chance to leak out.[33]

February 7 (Flight Day 1, Launch)

STS-122 begins its mission to deliver the Columbus laboratory to the International Space Station.

Fueling began at 5:26 a.m. EST, ahead of a planned 2:45 p.m. EST launch. The fuel sensors all performed as expected, and at 2:35 p.m., Launch Director Doug Lyons gave Atlantis crewmembers the go to launch, with no constraints.[34][35] Atlantis launched on schedule, at 2:45 p.m. EST (19:45 UTC).[36] Main engine cutoff (MECO) occurred at 19:54 UTC.[34][35] After MECO and ET separation, the orbiter executed an OMS-2 engine firing to circularize the orbit, and put it on track to the International Space Station.[37] The crew opened the payload bay doors, deployed the Ku antenna, checked out and activated the shuttle's robotic arm, and downlinked the video footage taken during external tank separation to NASA managers.[38]

February 8 (Flight Day 2)

The crew of Atlantis spent the day performing a variety of tasks designed to prepare the shuttle for docking on Saturday, including the installation of the centerline camera, and the extension of the orbiter docking system ring.[39] A majority of the day's activities was devoted to inspecting the shuttle's thermal protection system using the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS). Early in the morning, the crew performed a burn of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines to adjust the orbit in preparation for docking with the International Space Station.[40][41] During interviews with CBS and NBC in the morning, Expedition 16 Commander Peggy Whitson told reporters that since her birthday was Saturday, "My present is a new module that we're going to install on the station, I'm really looking forward to it."[39][40]

During the afternoon mission status briefing at Johnson Space Center, Lead Shuttle Flight Director Mike Sarafin said that there were no technical issues, and the mission was on schedule for docking on Saturday at 17:25 UTC.[42] He reported that the orbiter had sufficient consumables for a mission extension, but the decision on whether to extend the mission would be made no earlier than flight day five, to allow the team to evaluate the inspection data. If the mission were extended, Sarafin said the extra day would be inserted into day nine, following the third EVA. Chairman of the Mission Management Team (MMT) John Shannon reported that his team gave the official "go" for Saturday's docking during their first on-orbit meeting. Shannon noted that the initial imagery given to the engineering team showed "absolutely nothing of concern", with only one foam piece appearing to possibly impact the vehicle, 440 seconds into ascent.[42] Shannon said any item that late into ascent would not have enough energy to do any significant damage if it did strike the orbiter, and the managers did not consider it an issue.[41][42] Shannon said the team would evaluate the data obtained during Saturday's Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver, performed prior to docking, as well as the imagery from the OBSS survey, and during Saturday's MMT meeting a decision would be made whether a focused inspection of the orbiter's thermal protection system would be needed.[42] Shannon noted that the improvements to the external tank have proven to be "phenomenal", and was pleased with the initial data.[42]

February 9 (Flight Day 3)

Between 16:24 and 16:31 UTC, Atlantis performed its Rendezvous Pitch Maneuver. Extra images were taken of the starboard OMS pod as it was an "area of interest".[43] At 17:17 Atlantis docked with ISS Alpha.[44] Atlantis is the first to dock on the Pressurized Mating Adapter 2 at the forward end of the Harmony module.

Planned mission timeline

Information taken from the STS-122 Press Kit, and may change as the mission progresses.[45]
Flight day 3
Hatch opening, welcome ceremony, safety briefing ♦ OBSS unberthing by Canadarm2 ♦ Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) procedure review ♦ EVA-1 campout by Walheim and Schlegel.
Flight day 4
Soyuz seat liner swap and crew exchange between Tani and Eyharts ♦ Shuttle's Ku band antenna stowage (temporary for unberthing of Columbus ♦ EVA-1 by Walheim and Schlegel (Columbus grapple fixture installation, P1 truss nitrogen (N2) tank assembly preparation, power and data grapple fixture removal and installation to Columbus.) ♦ Columbus grapple, unberth, and installation on starboard side of Harmony
Flight day 5
TPS Focused inspection (if required) ♦ Shuttle Ku band antenna re-deployment ♦ Columbus ingress preparation ♦ Columbus ingress ♦ EVA-2 procedure review ♦ EVA-2 campout by Walheim and Schlegel.
Flight day 6
EVA-2 by Walheim and Schlegel (P1 Truss N2 tank assembly installation, stowage of old N2 tank assembly into payload bay.) ♦ Columbus outfitting.
Flight day 7
Columbus racks and systems outfitting ♦ Crew off-duty period ♦ EVA-3 preparation review ♦ EVA3 campout by Walheim and Love.
Flight day 8
EVA-3 by Walheim and Love (Installation of SOLAR telescope, and EuTEF facility onto an External Stowage Platform (ESP) on Columbus, retrieval of failed Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) that was replaced on STS-118 and stowed on ESP2, installation of failed CMG into payload bay, installation of keel pin cloth covers on Columbus.)
Flight day 9
Shuttle and station transfers ♦ Joint crew news conference ♦ ISS reboost ♦ Columbus outfitting continues ♦ Farewells and hatch closure.
Flight day 10
Undocking and flyaround ♦ Final separation from the ISS ♦ OBSS unberth ♦ Late TPS inspection ♦ OBSS final berthing.
Flight day 11
Cabin stowage ♦ Flight Control System (FCS) checkout ♦ Reaction Control System (RCS) hot-fire test ♦ Crew deorbit briefing ♦ Launch and entry suit checkout ♦ Recumbent seat set-up for Tani ♦ Ku band antenna stowage.
Flight day 12
Deorbit preparations ♦ Payload bay door closure ♦ Deorbit burn ♦ Landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility or Edwards Air Force Base.

Extra-vehicular activity

Main article: Extra-vehicular activity
Spacewalkers Start End Duration Mission
EVA1 Rex J. Walheim
Hans Schlegel 		February 10
TBD 		February 10
TBD 		Estimated: 6 hours, 30 minutes Columbus grapple fixture installation, P1 truss nitrogen (N2) tank assembly preparation, power and data grapple fixture removal and installation to Columbus.
EVA2 Walheim
Schlegel 		February 12
TBD 		February 12
TBD 		Estimated: 6 hours, 30 minutes P1 Truss N2 tank assembly installation, stowage of old N2 tank assembly into payload bay, Station-to-Shuttle Power Transfer System (SSPTS) routing.
EVA3 Walheim
Stanley G. Love 		February 14
TBD 		February 14
TBD 		Estimated: 6 hours, 30 minutes Installation of SOLAR telescope, and EuTEF facility onto an External Stowage Platform (ESP) on Columbus, retrieval of failed Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) that was replaced on STS-118 and stowed on ESP2, installation of failed CMG into payload bay, installation of keel pin cloth covers on Columbus.

Wake-up calls

A tradition for NASA spaceflights since the days of Gemini, is that mission crews are played a special musical track at the start of each day in space. Each track is specially chosen, often by their family, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[46][47]

Contingency mission

STS-323 is the designation given to the Contingency Shuttle Crew Support mission which would be launched in the event Space Shuttle Atlantis becomes disabled during STS-122. It would be a modified version of the STS-123 mission, which would involve the launch date being brought forward. The crew for this mission would be a four-person subset of the full STS-123 crew.

See also

Wikinews has related news:

References

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