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Eduard Spelterini

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Eduard Spelterini (June 2, 1852 – June 16, 1931) was a Swiss pioneer of ballooning and of aerial photography.

Early life

Spelterini was born in Bazenheid in the Toggenburg area in Switzerland as Eduard Schweizer.[1] His father, Sigmund Schweizer, was an innkeeper.[2] When he was eight years old, the family reportedly moved to northern Italy, to a place near the Swiss-Italian border in the province of Como. Eduard is said to have followed the schools in Lugano.[3] At the age of eighteen, Eduard allegedly went first to Milan and then to Paris to be trained as an opera singer. During this time, he's also said to have chosen the fancier name "Spelterini" instead of the plain "Schweizer".[3] According to his biographers, his singing career was cut short, though, by a severe case of pneumonia.[3][4]

In any case, Spelterini turned up in the mid-1870s in Paris, and in 1877 he was licensed by the Académie d'Aérostation météorologique de France as a ballon pilot.[2][5]

Ascents around the world

Announcment of Spelterini's ascents with Leona Dare

In the 1880s, after having successfully made 17 ascents by himself, Spelterini began to offer comercial rides with passengers. In 1887, he had his first own balloon made by the Surcouf company in Paris, a gas balloon with a volume of 1,500 cubic meters, which he named "Urania".[2][5] The first voyage with this ballon was on October 5, 1887, starting in Vienna. Subsequently, Spelterini moved to the United Kingdom, where he performed together with an American aerial acrobat going by the name of Leona Dare who would perform acrobatic acts suspended under the basket of Spelterini's balloon during the flights. The spectacle, but also Spelterini's often taking journalists for a ride for free ensured them favourable publicity. Together, they toured eastwards through Europe until Moscow, where they parted.[6] Spelterini turned southwards, making ascents in Bucharest, Saloniki, and Athens, before moving to Cairo. After his ascents in spring 1890 over the pyramids of Gizah he continued touring, first to Naples, then to Istanbul.

A view of Zürich.

In 1891, Spelterini returned to Switzerland. By that time, he was famous for his ballooning adventures. On July 26, 1891, Spelterini made his first ascent in Switzerland, starting at the Heimplatz in Zurich.[7] The initial skepticism of the people vanished quickly, and his starts soon attracted crowds wherever he turned up: Zurich, Winterthur, St. Gall, Interlaken, Vevey, ...[6] His endeavours also caught the attention of scientists. On various occasions, Spelterini made ascents with scientists solely for the purpose of conducting experiments: with physicists to study the atmosphere, with physicians to study human blood cells at low atmospheric pressure, with geologists to study the earth from above.[8]

A view of Les Diablerets from the balloon "Wega" on October 3, 1898, at 11:40 local time.

Geologist Albert Heim had once proposed to Spelterini to try crossing the Alps by balloon. But he needed a larger balloon for such an endeavour. With the help of sponsors, he was able to buy the "Wega", twice as large as "Urania" with a volume of 3,260 cubic meters. With it, Heim and Spelterini planned to travel from Sion in the Valais across Uri into the Grisons. But the winds decided otherwise. Despite unfavourable wind conditions, they started on October 3, 1898. The winds drove the balloon across Les Diablerets and then further westwards, across Lake Neuchatel and the Jura mountains, until they descended near Besançon in France. Much of the trip was made at altitudes between 5000 to 6000 meters above sea level.[9]

In the following years, Spelterini crossed the Alps numerous times with his balloons, in all directions. In 1904, he spent several months in Egypt, and in 1911, he even travelled to South Africa, yet he returned each time to Switzerland.

Aerial photography

Around 1893, Spelterini had begun to take a camera aboard his balloon and started to take pictures on his flights. It was certainly not easy to photograph with this equipment, weighing between 40 and 60 kilograms, and with a minimum exposure time of 1/30th of a second. But Spelterini brought back stunning photographs of the landscape seen from above that won awards repeatedly at aeronautical expositions in Milan, Paris, Brussels, or Frankfurt. For Albert Heim his photos provided whole new insights about the relief of the Alps. Spelterini presented his photos in slide shows wherever he went, from Stockholm to Capetown, fascinating his audiences and winning the general acclaim of the press, who reviewed his presentations favorably.[10][11]

  • The north face of the Jungfrau, September 20, 1904.
    The north face of the Jungfrau, September 20, 1904.
  • The Ortstock and lake Glattalp, August 29, 1912.
    The Ortstock and lake Glattalp, August 29, 1912.
  • Desert south-east of Cairo, January 31, 1904.
    Desert south-east of Cairo, January 31, 1904.
  • The pyramids of Gizah, November 21, 1904.
    The pyramids of Gizah, November 21, 1904.

Decline of ballooning

The Tivoli in Copenhagen, photographed from Spelterini's balloon on June 22, 1922.

The outbreak of World War I put an end to Spelterini's travels. Borders were closed, and Spelterini's balloons remained grounded. He retired as an independent gentleman to Coppet near Geneva with his wife Emma (née Karpf), whom he had married on January 28, 1914 in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields in London.[12] But although he was well off financially, his savings diminished in the war years, and what was left of it was eaten up by the post-war inflation. The airplane had surpassed ballooning, nobody cared anymore about his pre-war exploits, and Spelterini was all but forgotten. In 1922, he hired out as a showman at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, posing for photos and taking people for short rides in a captive balloon. He detested it.[13] Disappointed, he retired to Zipf near Vöcklabruck in Austria, where he had bought a small house and lived from the sale of the eggs of his 300 chickens. In 1926, he tried a last time to revive his old ballooning adventures. With the financial help of some friends, he started from Zurich in a rented balloon. But he fell unconscious during the voyage; his passengers just barely managed to crash-land the balloon in Vorarlberg. Spelterini returned to Zipf, where he died impoverished and largely unknown in 1931.[13]

References

  1. ^ Degen, p. 39.
  2. ^ a b c Capus, p. 38.
  3. ^ a b c Degen, p. 41.
  4. ^ Capus, p. 38, wrote in 2007 that he could not verify this sequence of events, but he couldn't disprove it either. He mentions an alternate version, based on the oral account of another balloon pilot who had known Spelterini personally, in which Spelterini left his home at Bazenheid when he was eighteen for Hamburg. However, Heim reports the version where Spelterini studied music in Milan and Paris in his introduction to Spelterini's illustrated book of 1928, and Spelterini is also reported (even by Capus himself) as frequently having sung arias upon launches of his balloon.
  5. ^ a b Degen, p. 42.
  6. ^ a b Capus, p. 44.
  7. ^ Degen, p. 44.
  8. ^ Degen, p. 46.
  9. ^ Heim
  10. ^ Capus, p. 47.
  11. ^ Degen, p. 47f.
  12. ^ Capus, p.49.
  13. ^ a b Degen, p.55f.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eduard Spelterini.
  • Capus, A.: "Geschenke des Himmels", p. 36-50 in Das Magazin 38/2007. In German.
  • Degen, H.R.: "Eduard Spelterini (1852–1931)", p. 39-57 in Schweizer Flugtechniker und Ballonpioniere, Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien, Meilen. ISBN 3-909059-10-4. In German.
  • Heim, A.: Die Fahrt der "Wega" über Alpen und Jura am 3. Oktober 1898, Verlag B. Schwabe, Basel 1899. In German.
  • Kramer, Th., Stadler, H. (eds.): Edurad Spelterini – Fotografien des Ballonpioniers, Scheidegger & Spiess, 2007. ISBN 3-85881-188-2. In German & English.
  • Spelterini, E.: Über den Wolken/Par dessus les nuages, Brunner & Co, Zürich 1928, with an introduction by A. Heim. In German & French.
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