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Office Open XML

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Office Open XML
Office Open XML Document
Filename extension
.docx or .docm
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
wordprocessingml.
document[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatDocument file format
Extended fromXML, DOC, WordProcessingML
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML Presentation
Filename extension
.pptx
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
presentationml.
presentation[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatPresentation
Extended fromXML, PPT
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008
Office Open XML Workbook
Filename extension
.xlsx
Internet media type
application/vnd.
openxmlformats-officedocument.
spreadsheetml.
sheet[1]
Developed byMicrosoft, Ecma, ISO/IEC
Type of formatSpreadsheet
Extended fromXML, XLS, SpreadsheetML
StandardECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500
WebsiteECMA-376, ISO/IEC 29500:2008

Office Open XML (also referred to as OOXML or Open XML) is a file format for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. An Office Open XML file is a ZIP-compatible OPC package containing XML documents and other resources. Office Open XML is a multi-part International ISO/IEC Standard.

Microsoft submitted initial material to Ecma International Technical Committee TC45, where it was standardized to become ECMA-376, approved in December 2006.[2]

After initially failing to pass, an amended version of the format received the necessary votes for approval as an ISO/IEC Standard as the result of a JTC 1 fast tracking standardization process that concluded in April 2008.[3] The resulting four part International Standard (designated ISO/IEC 29500:2008) was published in November 2008[4] and can be downloaded from the ITTF.[5] A technically equivalent set of texts is published by Ecma as ECMA-376 Office Open XML File Formats - 2nd edition (December 2008); they can be downloaded from their web site.[6]

Starting with Microsoft Office 2007, the Office Open XML file formats (ECMA-376) have become the default[7] file format of Microsoft Office.[8][9]. Microsoft has stated that the planned Microsoft Office 2010 will be the first version to implement the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 compliant version of Office Open XML.

Background

Prior to the 2007 edition, the core applications of the Microsoft Office software suite (primarily Word, Excel, and PowerPoint) by default stored their data in binary files. Historically, these files were difficult for other applications to interoperate with, due to the lack of publicly available information. Before 2007 Microsoft offered these binary format specifications under a royalty-free license and since 2007 the formats are directly downloadable from their site under a 'covenant not to sue' as part of its Open Specification Promise.[10][11]

In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed.[12] The Excel and Word formats – known as the Microsoft Office XML formats – were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office.

Microsoft announced in November 2005 that it would standardize the new version of their XML-based formats through Ecma International, as "Ecma Office Open XML".[13]

Standardization process

Main article: Standardization of Office Open XML

Office Open XML was standardized first by Ecma International as ECMA-376, published on December 7, 2006. This standard was then fast-tracked in the Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO and IEC where it became an International Standard, ISO/IEC 29500:2008 (published November 2008).[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Licensing

Under the Ecma International code of conduct in patent matters,[22] participating and approving member organisations of ECMA are required to make available their patent rights on a Reasonable and Non Discriminatory (RAND) basis.

Microsoft, the main contributor to the standard, provided a Covenant Not to Sue[23] for its patent licensing. The covenant received a mixed reception, with some (like the Groklaw blog) criticising it[24] and others (such as Lawrence Rosen, an attorney and lecturer at Stanford Law School) endorsing it.[25]

Microsoft has added the format to their Open Specification Promise[26] in which

"Microsoft irrevocably promises not to assert any Microsoft Necessary Claims against you for making, using, selling, offering for sale, importing or distributing any implementation to the extent it conforms to a Covered Specification [...]"

This is limited to applications which do not deviate from the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 or Ecma-376 standard and to parties that do not "file, maintain or voluntarily participate in a patent infringement lawsuit against a Microsoft implementation of such Covered Specification".[27][28] The Open Specification Promise was included in documents submitted to ISO/IEC in support of the ECMA-376 fast track submission.[29] Ecma International asserted that, "The OSP enables both open source and commercial software to implement [the specification]".[30]

Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation has stated that "Microsoft offers a gratis patent license for OOXML on terms which do not allow free implementations".[31]

Versions

The Office Open XML specification exists in a number of versions.

ECMA-376 1st edition (2006)

The ECMA standard is structured in five parts to meet the needs of different audiences.[6]

Part 1. Fundamentals
Vocabulary, notational conventions and abbreviations
Summary of primary and supporting markup languages
Conformance conditions and interoperability guidelines
Constraints within the Open Packaging Conventions that apply to each document type
Part 2. Open Packaging Conventions
Defines the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)
Defines core properties, thumbnails and digital signatures
XML schemas for the OPC are declared as XML Schema Definitions (XSD) and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG (ISO/IEC 19757-2)
Part 3. Primer
Informative (non-normative) introduction to WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, VML and Shared MLs, providing context and illustrating elements through examples and diagrams
Describes the custom XML data storing facility within a package to support integration with business data
Part 4. Markup Language Reference
Contains the reference material for WordprocessingML, SpreadsheetML, PresentationML, DrawingML, Shared MLs and Custom XML Schema, defining every element and attribute including the element hierarchy (parent/child relationships)
XML schemas for the markup languages are declared as XSD and (non-normatively) using RELAX NG
Defines the custom XML data storing facility
Part 5. Markup Compatibility and Extensibility
Describes extension facilities of OpenXML documents and specifies elements and attributes by which applications with different extensions can interoperate

ISO/IEC 29500:2008

The ISO/IEC standard is structured into four parts.[32] Parts 1, 2 and 3 are independent standards; for example Part 2, specifying Open Packaging Conventions, is used by other files formats including XPS and Design Web Format. Part 4 is to be read as a modification to Part 1, on which it depends.

A technically equivalent set of texts is also published by Ecma as ECMA-376 2nd edition (2008).

Part 1 (Fundamentals and Markup Language Reference)

This part has 5560 pages. It contains:

  • Conformance definitions
  • Reference material for the XML document markup languages defined by the Standard
  • XML schemas for the document markup languages declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NG
  • Defines the foreign markup facilities
Part 2 (Open Packaging Conventions)

This part has 129 pages. It contains:

  • A description of the Open Packaging Conventions (package model, physical package)
  • Core properties, thumbnails and digital signatures
  • XML schemas for the OPC are declared using XSD and (non-normatively) RELAX NG)
Part 3 (Markup Compatibility and Extensibility)

This part has 40 pages. It contains:

  • A description of extensions: elements and attributes which define mechanisms allowing applications to specify alternative means of negotiating content
  • Extensibility rules are expressed using NVDL
Part 4 (Transitional Migration Features)

This part has 1464 pages. It contains:

  • Legacy material such as compatibility settings and the graphics markup language VML
  • A list of syntactic differences between this text and ECMA-376 1st edition

The standard specifies two levels of document and application conformance, strict and transitional for each of WordprocessingML, PresentationML and SpreadsheetML. The standard also specifies applications descriptions of base and full.

Compatibility between versions

The intent of the changes from ECMA-376 1st edition to ISO/IEC 29500:2008 was that a valid ECMA-376 document would be a valid ISO 29500 "transitional" document[33], but one change introduced at the BRM (refusing to allow further values for xsd:boolean) had the effect of breaking backwards compatibility for most documents.[34] A fix for this has been suggested to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34/WG4, and was approved in June 2009 to go forward as a recommendation for the first amendment to Office Open XML.[35]

File formats

Main article: Office Open XML file formats

The Office Open XML file formats are a set of file formats that can be used to represent electronic office documents. There are formats for word processing documents, spreadsheets and presentations as well as specific formats for material such as mathematical formulae, graphics, bibliographies etc.

Adoption

Several countries have formally announced either adoption, or the evaluation of adoption of Office Open XML. What this means varies from case to case; in some cases, it means that the Office Open XML standard has a national standard identifier; in some cases, it means that the Office Open XML standard is permitted to be used where national regulation says that non-proprietary formats must be used, and in still other cases, it means that some government body has actually decided that Office Open XML will be used in some specific context.

Belgium
Belgium's Federal Public Service for Information and Communication Technology in 2006 was evaluating the adoption of the Office Open XML format. It already then confirmed that it would consider all ISO standards to be open standards, specifically mentioning Office Open XML as such a possible future ISO standard.[36]
Denmark
In June 2007, the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation recommended that beginning with January 1, 2008 public authorities must support at least one of the two word processing document formats Office Open XML and ODF in all new IT solutions, where appropriate.[37]
Germany
In Germany the Office Open XML standard is currently under observation by the governmental office for standards in public IT ("Koordinierungs- und Beratungsstelle der Bundesregierung für Informationstechnik in der Bundesverwaltung" (KBSt). The latest release of "SAGA" (Standards and Architectures for E-Government-Applications) includes Office Open XML file formats. The standard may be used to exchange complex documents when further processing is required.[38]
Japan
On June 29, 2007, the government of Japan published a new interoperability framework which gives preference to the procurement of products that follow open standards.[39][40] On July 2 the government declared that they hold the view that formats like Office Open XML which organizations such as Ecma International and ISO had also approved was, according to them, an open standard [citation needed]. Also, they said that it was one of the preferences, whether the format is open, to choose which software the government shall deploy.
Lithuania
Lithuanian Standards Board has adopted the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 Office Open XML format standard as Lithuanian National standard. The decision was made by Technical Committee 4 Information Technology on March 5, 2009. The proposal to adopt the Office Open XML format standard was submitted by Lithuanian Archives Department under the Government of the Republic of Lithuania.[41]
Norway
Norway's Ministry of Government Administration and Reform is evaluating the adoption of the Office Open XML format. The ministry put the document standard under observation in December 2007.[42]
Sweden
The Kingdom of Sweden has adopted Office Open XML as a 4 part Swedish National Standard SS-ISO/IEC 29500:2009.[43][44][45][46]
Switzerland
In July 2007, the Swiss Federal Council announced adherence SAGA.ch e-Government standards mandatory for its departments as well as for cantons, cities and municipalities. The latest version of SAGA.ch includes Office Open XML file formats.[47]
United Kingdom
The UK has put out an action plan for use of open Standards which includes ISO/IEC 29500 as one of several open formats to be supported.[48][49]
United States of America
On April 15, 2009, the ANSI-accredited INCITS organisation voted to adopt ISO/IEC 29500:2008 as an American National Standard.[50]
The state of Massachusetts has been examining its options for implementing XML-based document processing. In early 2005, Eric Kriss, Secretary of Administration and Finance in Massachusetts, was the first government official in the United States to publicly connect open formats to a public policy purpose: "It is an overriding imperative of the American democratic system that we cannot have our public documents locked up in some kind of proprietary format, perhaps unreadable in the future, or subject to a proprietary system license that restricts access".[51] Since 2007 Massachusetts has classified Office Open XML as "Open Format" and has amended its approved technical standards list — the Enterprise Technical Reference Model (ETRM) — to include Office Open XML. Massachusetts now formally endorses Office Open XML formats for its public records.[52]

Application support

Main article: Office Open XML software

The Office Open XML format is used in free software and in proprietary software. This includes office suites (both traditional and web-based) and individual applications such as word-processors, spreadsheets, presentation, and data management applications.

Microsoft has committed to using the ISO/IEC 29500 standard in their products[53] and has also committed to participate in the maintenance of this standard.

Microsoft has stated that Microsoft Office 2010 will be the first version of Microsoft Office to support ISO/IEC 29500, though no release date has been announced.[54]

Microsoft has created a software development kit to support 3rd party Office Open XML applications. Microsoft Open XML Format SDK[55] contains a set of managed code libraries to create and manipulate Office Open XML files programmatically. Version 2 of the Open XML SDK supports validating Office Open XML documents against the Office Open XML schema, as well as searching in Office Open XML documents.[56] In a ComputerWorld interview from 2008, Doug Mahugh said that "Microsoft would continue to update the SDK to make sure that applications built with it remained compliant with an Open XML standard as changes were made in the future".[57]

The OpenOffice.org office suite has been able to import Office Open XML files (.docx, .xlsx, .pptx, etc.)" since version 3.0[58]

Other mainstream Office products that have started to offer support for the Office Open XML formats are Apple iWorks, IBM Lotus Notes, Corel Wordperfect and Google apps.

Office Open XML Communities

  • The Open XML Community is a community site operated by Microsoft where "public institutions, businesses, technology professionals, academics, and developers people and organizations" can sign up to show they "support Office Open XML as an ISO/IEC standard" [59]. Also providing Office Open XML information resources, it was launched in May 2007. The site itself claims that it was launched with 327 inaugural members and that that figure has now grown to over 3,100 members.[60][61][62]
  • The Open XML Formats Developer Group, another community website operated by Microsoft, was initially founded with a membership list of 40 organizations.[63] The group's stated intention is to constitute a community for developers to exchange information with each other regarding the usage of the Ecma-developed Office Open XML file formats. [64] Notable founding members of the organization include Apple, BP, Essilor International, Intel, Microsoft, Toshiba and the Florida House of Representatives.[65][66] As of December 2006, over 750 developers had joined the Open XML Formats Developer Group.[67] At the time of its launch, InfoWorld described the website as "show[ing] that Microsoft is stalwart in its effort to promote its own proposed standard over ODF even as some of its biggest competitors are committed to pushing ODF."[68]. Doug Winter, Chief Operating Officer for Document Sciences said the website was "a great opportunity for organizations to not only share information, but to also share expertise and foster the development of innovative solutions using open file formats" [63]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to OOXML.

References

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