Swung note

"Swing time" redirects here. For the film, see Swing Time (1936 film).

Blues shuffle in E major ().

In music, a swung note or shuffle note is a performance practice, mainly in jazz-influenced music, in which some notes with equal written time values are performed with unequal durations, usually as alternating long and short. It follows similar principles to notes inégales of the Baroque and Classical music eras. A swing or shuffle rhythm is the rhythm produced by playing repeated pairs of notes in this way. Lilting can refer to swinging, but might also indicate syncopation or other subtle ways of interpreting and shaping musical time.

Shuffle notation in straight eighths (in drum set notation)

Shuffle triplet-like performance .

In shuffle rhythm, the first note in the pair is exactly twice the duration of the second note. In swing the division is inexact, and varies depending on factors such as how fast or slow the music is, on the genre of music, or the individual tastes of the performer, from almost equal (typically at fast tempos) to almost shuffle (typically at slow tempos).

Shuffle pattern with staggered thirds ().

In most styles of music that use swing rhythm, the music is written with straight eighth notes, with an implicit understanding that eighth notes should be played with swing feel.

In jazz, the verb "to swing" is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong rhythmic "groove" or drive. See also swing (genre) for the 1930s-1940s jazz style, and swing (dance) for styles of dance from that same era.

Types

Basic shuffle rhythm

Triplets are used in many styles of music including blues, rock and country. The basic shuffle rhythm is created by "leaving out (resting) the middle note of each three-note triplet group." This "triplet" idea allows composers and improvising soloists to include triplets in the melody without clashing with any rhythm patterns.

In most jazz music, especially of the big band era, and later, there is a convention that pairs of written eighth notes are not played equally--as the notation would otherwise be understood--but with the first longer than the second. The first note of each of these pairs is often understood to be twice as long as the second, implying a quarter note-eighth note triplet feel, but in practice the difference is rarely that pronounced. Swing eighth notes are generally played legato (slurred). Accenting the "and" between each beat slightly is also a common swing characteristic.

• Various Rhythmic Swing Approximations:
  • 1:1 = eighth note + eighth note, "straight eighths." (accent the "and")
  • $\approx$ 3:2 = long eighth + short eighth, "swing" or "shuffle"
  • 2:1 = triplet quarter note + triplet eighth, triple meter; "medium swing" or "medium shuffle"
  • 3:1 = dotted eighth note + sixteenth note; "hard swing", or "hard shuffle"

In true swing feel, the ratio lies somewhere between 1:1 and 2:1, and can vary considerably.

Swing feel is an assumed convention of notation in many styles of jazz, but usually does not apply to jazz before the early 1930s, or latin jazz. In big band, blues, bebop, and contemporary jazz, swing feel is assumed, unless "shuffle" is explicitly specified in the score. Notes that are not swung are called straight notes.

The subtler end of the range involves treating written pairs of eighth notes as slightly asymmetrical pairs of similar values. On the other end of the spectrum, the "dotted eighth - one sixteenth" rhythm, consists of a long note three times as long as the short. Prevalent "dotted rhythms" such as these in the rhythm section of dance bands in the mid 20th century are more accurately described as a "shuffle"; they are also an important feature of baroque dance and many other styles. Rhythms identified as swung notes most commonly fall somewhere between straight eighths and a quarter-eighth triplet pattern.

Swing ratios tend to get wider at slower tempos and narrower at faster tempos. Miles Davis varied his swing ratios, frequently delaying the first note of each pair of eighth notes by some milliseconds and then synchronized the second eighth note with the drummer's swing eighths being played on the cymbal. Advanced performers often lay back or play behind the beat when performing jazz melodies by delaying the rhythms by milliseconds.

Quarter notes can sound swung when they are played slightly behind the beat, detached, and accented on the two and four, or late on one and three, but closer to the beat on two and four. Phrases swing when they begin between the beats, similar to how straight eighths can swing when they are behind the beat which creates an asymmetrical cross rhythm.

Rhythm

In jazz, this interpretive device is assumed in most written music other than dixieland, latin jazz, jazz-funk (soul-jazz) and jazz-fusion, but may also be indicated. For example, "Satin Doll", a swing era jazz standard is normally interpreted with a pronounced swing rhythm. It was published written in 4/4 time, but at least some versions also note medium swing.

In dance music, swing rhythm generally refers to the meter of the music, rather than to this convention of notation, so any music played with the near-triplet timing (see above) and swing accent will be referred to as swing rhythm however they are written.

Styles

Main article: Swing (genre)

Swing is commonly used in blues, country, jazz, 1930s-1940s swing jazz, and often in many other styles. Except for very fast jazz, slow ballads, latin jazz, and jazz-rock fusion, much written music in jazz is assumed to be performed with a swing rhythm. In some cases, publishers specify that the music is to be performed "with a swing". In jazz and big band music, a shuffle is almost always accompanied by a distinctive "cooking" rhythm played on the ride cymbal or hi hat.

Styles that always use traditional (triplet) rhythms, resembling "hard swing," include foxtrot, quickstep and some other ballroom dances, Stride piano, and 1920s-era Novelty piano (the successor to Ragtime style).

Styles that sometimes use swing rhythms include:

• Early rock and roll such as Bill Haley's "Shake, Rattle and Roll", "Rock Around the Clock", Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day", ZZ Top's "La Grange", The Doors' "Roadhouse Blues", and Elvis Presley's "Jailhouse Rock".
• Country and western
• Blues, especially 1930 Swing jazz-infused Jump blues¨
• Disco
• Ragtime
• Big band jazz
• Contemporary R&B. Examples include Chain Reaction by Diana Ross, The Way You Make Me Feel by Michael Jackson, and Forgive Me by Leona Lewis.
• Pop. Examples include Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go by Wham!, Cherish by Madonna and The Sweet Escape by Gwen Stefani.
• Some types of modern rock, particularly punk rock, pop-punk, and alternative rock. Recent examples include "Holiday" by Green Day, "Tarantula" by Smashing Pumpkins, and Seether's "Fake It".
• Recently, some forms of electronic music, especially drum & bass and breakbeat, have utilized a swing rhythm. An excellent example would be the drum & bass song "Another Planet" by Pendulum or "The Bouncedown" by the artist Strider.

Transcription

In the swing era, swing meant accented triplets (shuffle rhythm), suitable for dancing. With the development of bebop and later jazz styles independent of dancing, the term was used for far more general timings.

Some publishers of jazz music, especially those whose intended audience is people unfamiliar with jazz styles, transcribe the swing either:

• As compound time, such as 6/8, 9/8, or 12/8. When played with the swing accent, these time signatures may be grouped together and called swing time, or swing time can also mean a simple time played with the swing convention.
• As triplets within a duple meter.

However, this notation is not really accurate either.

In general, where music with a swing meter is required, musicians in the jazz tradition will prefer to read music written in common time and played with a swing, while musicians in the classical tradition will prefer to read music written in compound time and played as written. However, most jazz musicians will dispute whether music played this way truly has a swing feel.

See also

• Clave (rhythm) for the rhythms of latin jazz and latin dance
• Notes inégales, a 17th-century French usage of similar meters and notation
• Rhythm
• Schaffel music swing and shuffle beats in electronic music
• Swing (genre) for music of the swing era.
• Jig for the swung triplets of celtic music - triplets with a swing feel to them - not to be confused with the swung duplets of "triplet swing".
• Half time shuffle

Further reading

• Floyd, Samuel A., Jr. (Fall 1991). "Ring Shout! Literary Studies, Historical Studies, and Black Music Inquiry", Black Music Research Journal 11:2, p.265-28. Featuring a socio-musicological description of swing in African American music.
• Rubin, Dave (1996). Art of the Shuffle for guitar, an exploration of shuffle, boogie, and swing rhythms. ISBN 0-7935-4206-5.