Jump to content

Lexus

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ofekalef (talk | contribs) at 03:58, 19 August 2011. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Lexus (disambiguation).
Lexus
Company typeDivision
IndustryAutomotive industry
Founded1989
FounderEiji Toyoda
HeadquartersToyota City, Japan
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Kazuo Ohara (MO)
Vince Socco (VP, Asia Pacific)
Andy Pfeiffenberger (VP, EU)
Mark Templin (VP, U.S.)
ProductsAutomobiles
ServicesAutomotive financing
ParentToyota Motor Corporation (TYO: 7203)
(NYSE: TM)
DivisionsF marque
WebsiteOfficial sites
(select by country)

Lexus is the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. First introduced in 1989 in the United States,[1] Lexus is now sold globally and has become Japan's largest-selling make of premium cars. The Lexus marque is marketed in over 70 countries and territories worldwide,[2] and has ranked among the ten largest Japanese global brands in market value.[3] Its world headquarters are located in Toyota City, Japan, with major operational centers in Brussels, Belgium, and Torrance, California, United States.

Lexus originated from a clandestine flagship sedan project, code-named F1, which began in 1983 and culminated in the launch of the original Lexus LS in 1989. Subsequently, the division added sedan, coupé, convertible, and SUV models. In 2005, a hybrid version of the RX crossover debuted, and additional hybrid models later joined the division's lineup. In 2007, Lexus launched its own F marque performance division with the debut of the IS F sport sedan, followed by the LFA supercar in 2009.

From the start of production, Lexus vehicles have been produced in Japan, with manufacturing centered in the Chūbu and Kyūshū regions, and in particular at Toyota's Tahara, Aichi, Chūbu and Miyata, Fukuoka, Kyūshū plants. Assembly of the first Lexus built outside the country, the Ontario, Canada-produced RX 330, began in 2003. Following a corporate reorganization from 2001 to 2005, Lexus also operates its own design, engineering, and manufacturing centers, solely responsible for the division's vehicles.

Since the 2000s, Lexus has increased sales outside its largest market in the United States through an ongoing global expansion. The division inaugurated dealerships in Japan's domestic market in 2005, becoming the first Japanese premium car marque to launch in its country of origin.[4] Further debuts in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and other export regions have since followed. The division's lineup has also been expanded to reflect regional specifications in model and powertrain configurations.

History

1980s: The F1 project

Side profile view of a sedan parked on a street.
The LS 400 flagship sedan debuted in 1989, introducing Lexus to the world.

In 1983, Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda summoned a secret meeting of company executives, to whom he posed the question, “Can we create a luxury vehicle to challenge the world's best?”[5] This question prompted Toyota to embark on a top-secret project, code-named F1 (“Flagship One”).[6] The F1 project, whose finished product was ultimately the Lexus LS 400, aimed to develop a flagship sedan that would expand Toyota’s product line, giving it a foothold in the premium segment and offering both longtime and new customers an upmarket product.[7] The F1 project followed the success of the Toyota Supra sports car and the premium Toyota Cressida models.[8] Both the Supra and Cressida were rear-wheel drive cars with a powerful 7M-GE/7M-GTE inline-six engine. The largest sedan Toyota built at the time was the limited-production, 1960s-vintage Toyota Century, its domestic flagship and sole V8-powered model,[9] followed by the inline-six engined Toyota Crown premium sedan.[9][10] The Century was conservatively styled for the Japanese market, and along with the Crown not slated for export.[10] F1 designers targeted their new sedan at international markets and began development on a new V8 engine.[9][10]

The opportunity for Japanese manufacturers to export more expensive models had grown in the 1980s due to voluntary export restraints, negotiated by the Japanese government and U.S. trade representatives, restricting mainstream car sales.[11] In 1986, Honda launched its Acura marque in the U.S., influencing Toyota's plans for a luxury division;[12] the initial Acura model was an export version of the Honda Legend, itself launched in Japan in 1985 as a rival to the Toyota Crown and the Nissan Cedric/Gloria.[13] In 1987, Nissan unveiled its plans for a premium brand, Infiniti,[14] and revised its flagship Nissan President sedan in standard wheelbase form for export as the Infiniti Q45, which it launched in 1990.[15] During this time, Mazda also considered developing an upscale marque, to be called Amati, but its plans did not come to fruition.[14]

Toyota researchers visited the U.S. in May 1985 to conduct focus groups and market research on luxury consumers.[16] During that time, several F1 designers rented a home in Laguna Beach, California to observe the lifestyles and tastes of American upper class consumers.[16] Toyota’s market research concluded that a separate brand and sales channel were needed to present its new flagship sedan, and plans were made to develop a new network of dealerships in the U.S. market.[17]

Brand development

In 1986, Toyota’s longtime advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi formed a specialized unit, Team One, to handle marketing for the new premium brand.[12] Image consulting firm Lippincott & Margulies was hired to develop a list of 219 prospective names; Vectre, Verone, Chaparel, Calibre and Alexis were chosen as top candidates.[18] While Alexis quickly became the front runner, concerns were raised that the name applied to people more than cars (being associated with the Alexis Carrington character on the popular 1980s primetime drama Dynasty),[18][19] and as a result the first letter was removed and the "i" replaced with a "u" to morph the name to Lexus.[19]

Front quarter view of a sedan parked on a street.
The LS 600h features a grille-mounted, hybrid blue Lexus emblem.

The etymology of the Lexus name has been attributed to the combination of the words "luxury" and "elegance,"[20] and another theory claims it is an acronym for "luxury exports to the U.S."[20] According to Team One interviews, the brand name has no specific meaning and simply denotes a luxurious and technological image.[18] Just prior to the release of the first vehicles, database service LexisNexis obtained a temporary injunction forbidding the name Lexus from being used as they stated it might cause confusion.[21] The injunction threatened to delay the division's launch and marketing efforts.[21] Upon reflection, a U.S. appeals court lifted the injunction, deciding that there was little likelihood of confusion between the two products.[21]

The original Lexus slogan, developed after Team One representatives visited Lexus designers in Japan and noted an obsessive attention to detail, became "The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection."[22] The Lexus logo was developed by Molly Designs and Hunter Communications.[23][24] The final design for the Lexus logo featured a stylized “L” within an oval, and according to Toyota, was rendered using a precise mathematical formula.[18] The first teaser ads featuring the Lexus name and logo, designed by Team One, appeared at the Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York auto shows in 1988.[25]

Launch

Car front view, halfway lit, with 15 champagne glasses stacked on the hood to form a triangle.
In 1989, Lexus showcased the smoothness of its V8 engines by placing champagne glasses on the hood of a revving LS 400.

In 1989, after an extended development process involving 60 designers, 24 engineering teams, 1,400 engineers, 2,300 technicians, 220 support workers, around 450 prototypes, and over US$1 billion in costs, the F1 project was completed.[26] The resulting flagship, the Lexus LS 400, had a unique design that shared no major elements with previous Toyota vehicles, with a new 4.0 L V8 gasoline engine and rear-wheel drive.[27][28] Testing locations for the LS 400 included the German autobahn.[29]

The LS 400 debuted in January 1989 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit.[14] The following September, Lexus vehicles officially went on sale at a network of 81 new Lexus dealerships across the U.S.[30] The LS 400 was sold along with a smaller sibling, the Toyota Camry-based ES 250.[29] The launch of Lexus was heralded by a multimillion dollar advertising campaign in both television and print media.[31]

At its launch, the LS 400 was widely praised for its quietness, well-appointed and ergonomic interior, engine performance, build quality, aerodynamics, fuel economy, and value,[29][32] although it was criticized by some automobile columnists for derivative styling and a suspension regarded as too compromising of handling for ride comfort.[14][29] The LS 400 debuted at US$38,000 in the U.S. (in some markets, it was priced against mid-size six-cylinder Mercedes-Benz and BMW models)[33] and was rated by Car and Driver magazine as better than both the US$63,000 Mercedes-Benz 420 SEL and the US$55,000 BMW 735i in terms of ride, handling, and performance.[34] The LS 400 also won major motoring awards from publications including Automobile Magazine and Wheels Magazine.[35][36] Despite being an upstart, Lexus established instant customer loyalty and its debut was generally regarded as a major shock to the pedigree luxury marques. BMW's and Mercedes-Benz's U.S. sales figures dropped 29% and 19%, respectively, with BMW executives accusing Lexus of dumping in that market, while 35% of Lexus buyers traded in a Lincoln or Cadillac to make their purchase.[34]

Front quarter view of a coupe parked on a street.
The SC 400 coupe became the third Lexus model to debut following the LS and ES sedans.

In December 1989, Lexus initiated a voluntary recall of all 8,000 LS 400s sold to date, based upon two customer complaints over defective wiring and an overheated brake light.[34] In a sweeping 20-day operation which replaced the parts on all affected vehicles, Lexus sent technicians to pick up, repair, and return cars to customers free of charge, and also flew in personnel and rented garage space for owners in remote locations.[34] This response was lauded in media publications and helped establish the marque's early reputation for customer service.[37][38]

By 1989's end, 16,392 LS 400 and ES 250 sedans had been sold in the four months following the U.S. launch.[39] Although sales had begun at a slower pace than expected, the final tally matched the division's target of 16,000 units for that year.[40] Following initial models, plans called for the addition of a sports coupe along with a redesigned ES sedan.[41]

1990s: Growth and expansion

Front quarter view of an sedan.
The ES 300 sedan arrived in 1991 and was the best-selling Lexus for most of the 1990s.

In 1990, during its first full year of sales, Lexus sold 63,594 LS 400 and ES 250 sedans in the U.S.,[42] the vast majority being the LS model.[42] That year, Lexus also began limited exports to the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, and Australia.[29][43] In 1991, Lexus launched its first sports coupe, the SC 400, which shared the LS 400’s V8 engine and rear-wheel drive design.[41] This was followed by the second generation ES 300 sedan, which succeeded the ES 250 and became Lexus' top seller.[41] At the conclusion of 1991, Lexus had become the top-selling premium car import in the U.S.,[44][45] with sales reaching a total of 71,206 vehicles.[42] That year, Lexus ranked highest in J.D. Power and Associates' studies on initial vehicle quality, customer satisfaction, and sales satisfaction for the first time.[46] The marque also began increasing U.S. model prices past those of comparable American premium makes, but still below high-end European models;[45] by 1992, the LS 400's base price had risen 18% to nearly US$45,000.[47]

In 1993, Lexus launched the mid-size GS 300 sports sedan, based on the Toyota Aristo, which had sold for two years prior in Japan.[41] The GS 300 was priced below the LS 400 in the marque's lineup.[48] That same year, Lexus also became one of the first marques to debut a certified pre-owned program, with the aim of improving trade-in model values.[49] In 1994, the marque introduced the second generation LS 400, a complete redesign of its flagship model.[50] In May 1995, sales were threatened by the U.S. government's proposal of 100% tariffs on upscale Japanese cars in response to the widening U.S.-Japan trade deficit.[51] SUVs were exempt from the proposed sanctions.[52] Normal sales operations resumed by late 1995 when the Japanese auto manufacturers collectively agreed to greater American investments, and the tariffs were not enacted.[51]

Front quarter view of an SUV.
The first RX 300 crossover SUV debuted in 1998.

In 1996, Lexus debuted its first sport utility vehicle, the LX 450.[53] The marque's plans for developing an SUV model had accelerated during the U.S.-Japan tariff discussions of 1995.[52] In 1998, Lexus added the first luxury-branded crossover SUV, the RX 300, and the second generation GS 300 and GS 400 sedans. The RX crossover targeted suburban buyers who desired an upmarket SUV but did not need the LX's off-road capability;[54] it was particularly successful, becoming the marque's top-selling model ahead of the ES 300.[54] The same year, Lexus made its debut in South America's most populous country when it launched sales in Brazil.[55][56] In 1999, Lexus recorded its one-millionth vehicle sold in the U.S. market,[44] and was ranked as the top-selling premium car make in the U.S. overall.[54]

2000s: Global reorganization

Front quarter view of an SUV parked next to a beach.
The RX 400h, the first hybrid version of Lexus' best-selling vehicle, debuted in 2004.

In 2000, Lexus introduced the IS line, a new series of entry-level sport sedans. In 2001, the marque debuted its first convertible, the SC 430, and the third generation LS 430.[57] The GX 470 mid-size SUV debuted in 2002, followed by the second generation RX 330 in 2003.[58] The following year, Lexus recorded its two-millionth U.S. vehicle sale,[59][60] and debuted the first luxury-branded production hybrid SUV, the RX 400h.[61] This vehicle used a Lexus Hybrid Drive system which combined gasoline and electric motors for increased power, fuel efficiency, and lower emissions relative to gasoline-only equivalents.[62]

In 2005, Lexus completed an organizational separation from parent company Toyota,[63] with dedicated design, engineering, training, and manufacturing centers working exclusively for the division.[64][65] This effort coincided with Lexus' launch in its home market of Japan and an expanded global launch of the brand in major world markets such as China.[65][66] Executives aimed to increase Lexus sales outside of its largest market in the U.S.[65][67] To accompany this expansion, next generation Lexus vehicles were redesigned as "global models" for international release.[68] In the European market, where Lexus had long faced struggling sales owing to low brand recognition, few dedicated dealerships, and 1990s import quotas,[69][70] the marque announced plans to introduce hybrid and diesel powertrains,[71] increase the number of Lexus dealerships, and expand operations in emerging markets such as Russia.[72][73]

Front quarter view of a compact sedan parked on a street.
The second generation Lexus IS line debuted in 2005, and an F marque variant arrived in 2007.

Lexus' arrival in the Japanese market in July 2005 marked the first introduction of a Japanese premium car marque in the domestic market.[4] The IS, GS, and SC models became available in Japan that year, ending domestic sales of Toyota-branded models under the Altezza, Aristo, and Soarer nameplates, respectively.[74] Lexus models sold in Japan featured higher specifications and a price premium (from ¥1-million and up) compared with their discontinued Toyota counterparts.[74] Sales for the first half-year were slower than expected,[75] affected by the contraction of the domestic auto market and price increases,[76] but improved in subsequent months with an expanded lineup.[76][77]

Through the mid-2000s, Lexus experienced sales successes in South Korea and Taiwan, becoming the top-selling import make in both markets in 2005;[78][79] the marque also sold well in the Middle East, where it ranked first or second among rivals in multiple countries,[80] and in Australia, where Lexus reached third in luxury car sales in 2006.[81][82] Division executives in 2006 announced an expansion goal from 68 countries to 76 worldwide by 2010.[83] By the end of the decade, this expansion resulted in official launches in Malaysia and South Africa in 2006,[84][85] Indonesia in 2007,[86] Chile in 2008,[87][88] and the Philippines in 2009.[89]

Hybrids and F models

Front quarter view of a sedan.
The GS 450h rear-wheel drive hybrid debuted in 2006.

In 2006, Lexus began sales of the GS 450h, a V6 hybrid performance sedan,[90] and launched the fourth generation flagship LS line, comprising both standard- and long-wheelbase V8 (LS 460 and LS 460 L) and hybrid (LS 600h and LS 600h L) versions.[91] The LS 600h L subsequently went on sale as the most expensive sedan ever produced in Japan, with a sticker price of approximately US$125,000.[92] By the end of 2006, Lexus' annual sales had reached 475,000 vehicles worldwide.[93] In January 2007, Lexus announced a new F marque performance division, which would produce racing-inspired versions of its performance models. The first of this line, the IS F, made its debut at the 2007 North American International Auto Show,[94] accompanied by a supercar concept, the LF-A.

In October 2007, Lexus entered the Specialty Equipment Market Association show in the U.S. for the first time with the IS F, and announced its F-Sport performance trim level and factory-sanctioned accessory line.[95] Automotive columnists noted Lexus' increased emphasis on sporty models as an effort to bolster the marque's performance credentials and target rivals from Mercedes-Benz's AMG and BMW's M divisions.[94][96] While previous Lexus models such as the SC 400 and GS 400 had received favorable reactions from sport luxury buyers,[97] other Lexus models had been characterized as favoring comfort over sporty road feel and handling, compared with European rivals.[98] By the end of 2007, Lexus annual worldwide sales had surpassed 500,000 vehicles,[99] and the marque ranked as the top-selling premium import in China for the first time.[100] The largest sales markets in order of size for 2007 were the U.S., Japan, the UK, China, Canada, and Russia.[93][101]

Front quarter view of a coupe on a metallic turntable.
In 2007, the LF-A concept previewed the production Lexus LFA.

In 2008, amidst the late-2000s recession and a weakened world car market, global sales fell 16% to 435,000,[102][103][104] with declines in markets such as the U.S. and Europe where deliveries fell by 21% and 27.5%, respectively.[105][106] In 2009, the marque launched the HS 250h,[107] a dedicated hybrid sedan for North America and Japan, the RX 450h, the second generation hybrid SUV replacing the earlier RX 400h, and later that year debuted the US$375,000 production LFA exotic coupe.[108] In late 2009, citing higher sales of hybrid models over their petrol counterparts,[109][110] Lexus announced plans to become a hybrid-only marque in Europe.[111] By the end of the decade, Lexus ranked as the fourth-largest premium car make in the world by volume,[112] and was the number-one-selling premium car marque in the U.S. for ten consecutive years.[104][112][113]

2010s: Recent developments

Front quarter view of a hatchback.
The CT 200h sportback premiered in 2010.

In early 2010, Lexus underwent a gradual sales recovery in North America and Asia as the marque focused on adding hybrids and new model derivatives.[80] Sales in the U.S. for the first half of 2010 held steady despite the 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls, several of which included Lexus models.[114] The ES 350 and certain IS models were affected by a recall for potentially jamming floor mats,[114] while parent company Toyota bore the brunt of negative publicity amid investigations over its series of product recalls and problem rates per-vehicle.[114][115] The redesigned GX 460 was also voluntarily recalled in April 2010 for a software update, one week after Consumer Reports issued a recommendation not to buy the SUV, citing a possible rollover risk following the slow stability control response to a high-speed emergency turn.[116] Although the publication knew of no reported incidents, the GX 460 received updated stability control software.[116]

At the Geneva Motor Show in March 2010, Lexus introduced the CT 200h, a compact four-door hybrid hatchback initially designed for the European market.[117] In late 2010, the CT 200h went on sale in Europe, with exports to follow in the U.S. and other regions in 2011.[117][118] By the end of the year, Lexus had expanded sales of lower-displacement regional models, beginning with the ES 240 in China followed by the RX 270; Japan, Russia, and Taiwan were among markets which received model variants intended for reduced emissions or import taxes.[119][120] In March 2011, the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami caused severe disruption to Lexus' Japan-based production lines.[121] The resulting reduction in vehicle shipments to key export regions such as the U.S. hindered the marque's near-term sales prospects.[121] In April 2011, Lexus' U.S. executives indicated that due to vehicle shortages amidst close competition from European rivals, they did not expect to remain as the top-selling premium car brand in the country for that year.[121]

Corporate affairs

Management

Total sales and production
Regional sales, 2010 Units
Japan[122] 33,365
Europe[123] 17,857
United States[124] 229,329
Type production, 2010 Units
Passenger vehicles 205,070
Crossover SUVs 159,560
Hybrid vehicles 66,226
Line production, 2010 Units
Japan production[125] 283,012
Canada production[126] 81,618
Total 364,630

As of 2011, coordination of worldwide Lexus division product strategy involves Kazuo Ohara, managing officer, and Andrew Kirby, general manager, at the marque's global Product & Marketing Planning division.[127][128] Other executives at Lexus' global headquarters, located in Toyota City, Aichi, include Kiyotaka Ise, general manager of the Lexus Development Center, and Nobuyori Kodaira, managing officer of Lexus Japan Sales & Marketing.[129]

In the U.S., Lexus operations are headed by Mark Templin, group vice president and general manager of the U.S. Lexus division, located in Southern California.[130] In Europe, Lexus operations are headed by Andy Pfeiffenberger, vice president of Lexus Europe, located in Brussels. Companion design facilities are located in Southern California[131] and central Japan,[132] with the head design studio devoted entirely to Lexus models in Toyota City, Aichi.[132][133]

Regional operations

Lexus sales operations vary in structure by region. In many markets, such as the U.S., the dealership network is a distinct organization from corporate headquarters,[121] with separately owned and operated Lexus showrooms.[134] By contrast, in Japan all 143 dealerships in the country are owned and operated by Lexus.[76] Several markets have a designated, third party regional distributor; for example, in the United Arab Emirates, sales operations are managed by Al-Futtaim Motors LLC,[80] and in Costa Rica, Lexus vehicles are sold via regional distributor Purdy Motors S.A.[135] Other officially-sanctioned regional distributors have sold Lexus models prior to the launch of, or in absence of, a dedicated dealership network.[85]

Rectangular windowed building, with landscaping and a sign in front labeled 'Lexus'.
Fuji Lexus College, the training facility for Lexus dealers in Shizuoka, Japan

Financial performance

Financial data of Lexus operations are not disclosed publicly.[136] However, automotive analysts estimate that the Lexus division contributes a disproportionate share of Toyota's profits, relative to its limited production and sales volume.[136] Interviews with retired division officials indicate that depending on sales volume, vehicle product development cycles, and exchange rates, Lexus sales have accounted for as much as half of Toyota's annual U.S. profit in certain years.[136] Division executives have employed pricing strategies aimed at sustaining profit margins rather than sales volume, with historically fewer price incentives than rival brands.[136] In 2006, Lexus entered Interbrand's list of the Top 100 Global Brands for the first time, with an estimated brand value of approximately US$3 billion annually.[137] In 2009, Interbrand ranked Lexus as Japan's seventh largest brand, between Panasonic and Nissan, based on revenue, earnings, and market value.[3]

Automobiles

Vehicle lineup

Further information: [[:List of Lexus vehicles]]

The Lexus lineup includes five sedans, namely the compact IS and HS models, mid-size ES and GS models, and the full-size LS flagship, along with two convertibles, the IS C and SC. Three SUVs are produced, increasing in size from the crossover RX, the mid-size GX, to the full-size LX. Hybrid models include the CT hatchback, HS sedan, and variants of the GS, LS, and RX.[138] The F marque line produces a variant of the IS sedan and the LFA coupe.[138]

F marque

Further information: [[:Lexus F and Lexus F-Sport]]
Logo in the shape of the letter 'F'.
Lexus F marque emblem

Lexus produces its highest-performance models under its F marque division.[94] The name refers to Flagship and Fuji Speedway in Japan, whose first corner, 27R, inspired the shape of the "F" emblem.[139] F marque models are developed by the Lexus Vehicle Performance Development Division.[140] The first F marque model, the IS F, went on sale in 2007, followed by the LFA in 2009.[108] A related F-Sport performance trim level and factory-sanctioned accessory line is available for standard Lexus models such as the IS 250 and IS 350.[95] F-Sport succeeded an earlier in-house tuning effort, the TRD-based L-Tuned, which had offered performance packages on the IS and GS sedans in the early 2000s.[141][142]

Three sedans parked outdoors.
Lexus IS F and F-Sport models

Model nomenclature

Lexus production models are named alphanumerically using two-letter designations followed by three digits. The first letter indicates relative status in the Lexus model range (ranking),[143] and the second letter refers to car body style or type[143] (e.g. LS for 'luxury sedan'). The three digits indicate engine displacement in liters multiplied by a factor of one hundred (e.g. 350 for a 3.5 L engine).[143] A space is used between the letters and numbers. The same letter may be used differently depending on the model; 'S' can refer to 'sedan'[143] or 'sport'[144] (e.g. in LS and SC), while 'X' refers to 'luxury utility vehicle' or SUV.[143][145] On hybrids, the three digits refer to the combined gasoline-electric output.[62] For certain models, a lower case letter placed after the alphanumeric designation indicates powerplant type ('h' for hybrid, 'd' for diesel),[109] while capital letter(s) placed at the end indicates a class subtype (e.g. 'L' for long-wheelbase,[63] 'C' for coupe, 'AWD' for all-wheel drive). On F marque models, the two-letter designation and the letter 'F' are used with no numbers or hyphens (e.g. IS F).[109]

Design and technology

Palmrest with forward buttons and movable control knob.
Lexus Remote Touch controller

Lexus design has traditionally placed an emphasis on targeting specific vehicle development standards.[146] Since the marque's inception, design targets have ranged from aerodynamics and ride quality to interior ergonomics.[32][147] The backronym "IDEAL" ("Impressive, Dynamic, Elegant, Advanced, and Lasting") is used in the development process.[148] Each vehicle is designed according to approximately 500 specific product standards, known as "Lexus Musts," on criteria such as leather seat stitching.[149][150] Design elements from the marque's concept vehicle line, the LF series (including the 2003 LF-S and 2004 LF-C), have been incorporated in production models.[151][152]

Vehicle cabins have incorporated electroluminescent Optitron gauges,[153] SmartAccess, a smart key entry and startup system,[154] and multimedia features. Beginning with the 2010 RX and HS models, the Remote Touch system, featuring a computer mouse-like controller with haptic feedback, was introduced;[107][155] other models have featured touchscreen controls (through the 2009 model year) as a navigation screen interface.[154] In 1989, Lexus became among the first premium car marques to equip models with premium audio systems, in partnership with stereo firm Nakamichi.[156][157] Since 2001, optional surround sound systems are offered via high-end audio purveyor Mark Levinson.[157] For reduced cabin noise, the first LS 400 introduced sandwich steel plating,[153] and later models added acoustic glass.[158] In 2006, the LS 460 debuted the first ceiling air diffusers and infrared body temperature sensors in a car.[159][160] Telematics services include G-Book with G-Link in Asia and Lexus Enform in North America.[161]

Cutaway car transmission, with exposed gears and internal machinery.
The eight-speed automatic transmission in the Lexus IS F and LS 460 Sport

In 2006, Lexus incorporated the first production eight-speed automatic transmission in an automobile with the LS 460,[159] and the gearbox was later adapted for the GS 460 and IS F models. Continuously variable transmissions, regenerative brakes, and electric motors have been used on all Lexus hybrid models.[62] In 2007, Lexus executives signaled intentions to equip further models with hybrid powertrains,[109] catering to demands for a decrease in both carbon pollution and oil reliance.[162] Hybrid models have been differentiated by separate badging and lighting technology; in 2008, the LS 600h L became the first production vehicle to use LED headlamps.[163]

Safety features on Lexus models range from stability and handling programs (Vehicle Stability Control and Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management)[164] to backup cameras, swivel headlights, and sonar warning systems. The Lexus Pre-Collision System (PCS) integrates multiple safety systems.[164] In 2007, Lexus introduced the first car safety systems with infrared and pedestrian detection capabilities, lane keep assist, a Driver Monitoring System with facial recognition monitoring of driver attentiveness, and rear pre-collision whiplash protection, as part of the LS 460 PCS.[159] As a safety precaution, Lexus GPS navigation systems in many regions feature a motion lockout when the vehicle reaches a set speed; to prevent distraction, navigation inputs are limited, while voice input and certain buttons are still accessible. This safety feature has attracted criticism because passengers cannot use certain functions when the vehicle is in motion.[165] Pre-2007 models came with a hidden manufacturer override option,[166] and updated European models allow operation in motion.[167]

Cutaway hybrid car showing electrical connections; auto show display backdrop.
Lexus Hybrid Drive display at Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Production models in development have included convertibles, crossovers, and dedicated hybrids.[168][169] Under the F marque, Lexus plans to produce high performance vehicles with its first expressions being the IS F and the LFA. Lexus officials have also discussed standard production model usage of varying platforms.[170] The LS flagship uses a dedicated platform,[28] while the entry-level Lexus ES had been chided for being too similar to the Toyota Camry, its shared platform cousin, in both styling and powertrain design.[171] The Nürburgring test track in Germany has also seen Lexus prototype testing.[172]

L-finesse

See also: Lexus LF

Lexus introduced a new design language known as "L-finesse" in the mid-2000s with its LF series concepts and the 2006 Lexus GS.[173][174] L-finesse is represented by three Japanese kanji characters which translate as "Intriguing Elegance, Incisive Simplicity, and Seamless Anticipation".[174] Design characteristics, including a fastback profile, lower-set grille,[175] and the use of both convex and concave surfaces,[175] are derived from Japanese cultural motifs (e.g. the phrase kirikaeshi in arrowhead shapes).[176] While earlier Lexus models were criticized for reserved and derivative styling, and often mistaken for understated domestic market cars,[175] automotive design analyses described L-finesse as adding a distinctive nature and embrace of Japanese design identity.[173][174] Opinions varied for L-finesse's debut on the GS; Sports Car International's analysis praised the vehicle's in-person appearance;[177] Automobile Magazine criticized the daring of its forward styling,[178] and compared subsequent rival models for design similarities.[179] L-finesse exhibitions were presented at Milan's Salone del Mobile from 2005 through 2009.[180]

Production

Car showroom displaying three sedans, the nearest on a glass turntable, in front of a reception counter and windows.
Lexus models produced by the Tahara plant in Aichi, Japan

Many Lexus vehicles are manufactured in Toyota's flagship Tahara plant, a highly sophisticated, computerized manufacturing plant in Japan.[138][181] Lexus production techniques include methods and standards of quality control that differ from Toyota models.[182][183] At the Tahara plant, separate assembly lines were developed for Lexus vehicles,[182][184] along with new molds and specialized manufacturing equipment.[184] Welding processes, body panel fit tolerances, and paint quality requirements are more stringent.[182][185] Lexus plant workers, typically veteran technicians, are identified via repeated performance evaluations and ranked according to skill grade, with limited applicants accepted.[186] The highest level takumi (Japanese for "artisan") engineers are responsible for maintaining production standards at key points in the assembly process, such as testing engine performance.[63] Production vehicles are given visual inspections for flaws, individually test-driven at high speeds, and subjected to vibration tests.[182]

The North American–market RX 350 (since the 2004 model year) is produced in the city of Cambridge, in Ontario, Canada, which is the first Lexus production site located outside of Japan. In addition to the Tahara factory, Lexus vehicles have been produced at the Miyata plant (Toyota Motor Kyushu) in Miyawaka, Fukuoka, Higashi Fuji plant (Kanto Auto Works) in Susono, Shizuoka, and Sanage plant (Toyota Boshoku; Araco) in Toyota City, Aichi.[67][138] The Kokura plant in Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka, which opened in 2008, is a dedicated hybrid production site for Lexus models such as the gasoline-electric RX.[187] Front-wheel drive cars, such as the ES and HS, are produced in the Fukuoka Prefecture.[138] Through the late 2000s, most sedan and SUV production has occurred in Japan at the Tahara plant in Aichi and Miyata plant in Fukuoka.[67][138]

In 2005, J.D. Power and Associates bestowed its Platinum award for worldwide plant quality on the Tahara plant for the fourth consecutive year, stating that it has the fewest defects of any manufacturing plant in the world.[188] In 2006, J.D. Power named the Miyata plant, then the site of ES and IS model production, as its recipient of the Platinum award for worldwide plant quality,[189] and in 2009 the Higashi Fuji plant, site of SC production, received the same recognition.[190] J.D. Power has named Lexus the most reliable brand in the U.S. fourteen times since 1995,[191] according to its Vehicle Dependability Survey of over 53,000 vehicle owners and the first three years of ownership.[192][193] In the 2000s, Consumer Reports also named Lexus among the top five most reliable brands in its Annual Car Reliability Surveys of over one million vehicles across the U.S.[194][195]

Assembly sites by model[67][138]
Plant Owner Location Model(s)
Tahara Toyota Motor Corp. Tahara, Aichi Prefecture LS, GS, IS, GX
Kokura Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka Prefecture CT, HS, RX
Miyata Toyota Motor Kyushu, Inc. Miyawaka, Fukuoka Prefecture ES, IS, RX
Motomachi Toyota Motor Corp. Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture LFA
Higashi Fuji Kanto Auto Works, Ltd. Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture SC
Sanage Toyota Boshoku Corp. Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture LX
Cambridge Toyota Canada, Inc. Cambridge, Ontario RX

Service

Car showroom with a coupe, two sedans, glass windows, plus large sign reading "Lexus".
Showroom of a Lexus dealership in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

Lexus has become known for efforts to project an upscale image, particularly with service provided after the sale. The waiting areas in service departments are replete with amenities, ranging from refreshment bars to indoor putting greens.[196][197] Dealerships typically offer complimentary loaner cars or "courtesy cars" and free car washes,[197] and some have added on-site cafes and designer boutiques.[198][199] Service bays are lined with large picture windows for owners to watch the servicing of their vehicle.[200] In 2005, Lexus also began reserving parking lots at major sporting arenas, entertainment events, and shopping malls, with the only requirement for free entry being the ownership of a Lexus vehicle.[201] An online owner publication, Lexus Magazine,[202] features automotive and lifestyle articles and is published online monthly[203] and on a mobile site.[204]

Since 2002, Lexus has scored consecutive top ratings in the Auto Express[205][206] and 76,000-respondent Top Gear customer satisfaction surveys in the UK.[207] Lexus has also repeatedly topped the 79,000-respondent J.D. Power Customer Service Index[208] and Luxury Institute, New York surveys in the U.S.[209] As a result of service satisfaction levels, the marque has one of the highest customer loyalty rates in the industry.[210] To improve customer service, employees are instructed to follow the "Lexus Covenant," the marque's founding promise (which states that "Lexus will treat each customer as we would a guest in our home"),[211] and some dealerships have incorporated training at upscale establishments such as Nordstrom department stores and Ritz-Carlton hotels.[212]

Motorsport

Forward view of two racecars on a curved section of racetrack.
Lexus has competed at the 24 Hours Nürburgring since 2008, with race vehicles including the LFA and IS F.

Lexus first entered the motorsport arena in 1999 when its racing unit, Team Lexus,[213] fielded two GS 400 race vehicles in the Motorola Cup North American Street Stock Championship touring car series. In its 1999 inaugural season, Team Lexus achieved its first victory with its sixth race at Road Atlanta.[214] Led by Sports Car Club of America and International Motor Sports Association driver Chuck Goldsborough, based in Baltimore, Maryland,[215] Team Lexus capitalized on the debut of the first generation Lexus IS by entering three IS 300s in the third race of the 2001 Grand-Am Cup season at Phoenix, Arizona.[216] Team Lexus won its first IS 300 victory that year at the Virginia International Raceway.[216] In 2002, Team Lexus' competitive efforts in the Grand-Am Cup ST1 (Street Tuner) class achieved victories in the Drivers' and Team Championships,[214][215] as well as a sweep of the top three finishes at Circuit Mont-Tremblant in Quebec, Canada.[217]

After the release of the Lexus brand in the Japanese domestic market in 2005, Lexus sanctioned the entry of four SC 430 coupes in the Super GT series of the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship in the GT500 class. In the first race of the 2006 series, an SC 430 took the chequered flag,[218] and drivers André Lotterer and Juichi Wakisaka raced the SC 430 to capture the GT500 championship for that year.[219] In 2007, another SC 430 won the GT500 opening round race.[220] In 2006, Lexus raced a hybrid vehicle for the first time, entering a GS 450h performance hybrid sedan in partnership with Sigma Advanced Racing Development at the 24 Hours of Tokachi race in Hokkaido, Japan.[221] Lexus Canada also entered the GS 450h in 2007's Targa Newfoundland event.[222] In 2009, Lexus Super GT Team SC 430 and IS 350 racers won the GT500 and GT300 championships, respectively.[223]

Forward angle view of a racecar on a track; the car is labeled '01', 'Lexus', and 'Telmex'.
In 2006, 2007, and 2008, Lexus won the Rolex Sports Car Series Manufacturers' Championship.

Lexus' participation in endurance racing further includes the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona, sanctioned by the Grand American Road Racing Association. After entering the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2004, Lexus has won over 15 Rolex Series event races.[224] In 2005, Lexus was runner-up, and in 2006, it won the championship.[225] Although Toyota has won this race in the past, it was the first time that its luxury arm emerged as the winner. In 2007, six Lexus-powered Daytona prototypes were entered in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona event at the Daytona International Speedway. Lexus was a repeat winner of the event, with a Lexus-Riley prototype driven by Scott Pruett, Juan Pablo Montoya, and Salvador Durán of Chip Ganassi Racing finishing first; Lexus-Riley prototypes also took three of the top ten spots.[226] In 2008, Lexus won its third consecutive win at Daytona.[227] For the 2010 season, Lexus departed from the Rolex Sports Car Series, and Ganassi Racing switched to BMW/Dinan engines.[228] The LF-A prototype also competed on the Nürburgring since 2008 in VLN endurance races[229] and in the 24 Hours Nürburgring, also with the IS F.[230] On May 14, 2011, a CT 200h tuned up by Gazoo Racing competed in the Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken-Trophy, a six hour endurance race.[231]

Marketing

Futuristic two-door concept car displayed in front of a banner labeled 'Minority Report.'
The Lexus 2054, a concept model produced for the film Minority Report

From its inception, Lexus was advertised to luxury consumers using specific marketing strategies, with a consistent motif used for the marque's advertisements. Beginning in 1989, television ads were commonly narrated by film and television actor James Sloyan (who was the voice of "Mr. Lexus" from its launch),[31] and accompanied by vehicles that performed unusual stunts onscreen.[232] The first decade of commercials (1989–99) consisted primarily of disjunctive verbal descriptions, such as "relentless," "pursuit," and "perfection,"[233] while vehicles were used to claim superiority in precision, idling, and interior quiet and comfort on camera.[232] Newer ads have included descriptions of novel features,[234] or a narration of the events onscreen, and are often targeted at the marque's German competitors.[235] Since 2001, an annual "December to Remember" campaign features scenes of family members surprising loved ones with the gift of a new Lexus.[236] In 2009, after twenty years of featuring James Sloyan, Lexus hired actor James Remar for ad voice-overs.[237] Adapted from the original 1989 version, the Lexus slogan is "The Pursuit of Perfection."

Industry observers have attributed Lexus' early marketing successes to higher levels of perceived quality and lower prices than competitors, which have enabled the marque to attract customers upgrading from mass-market cars.[7][34] A reputation for dependability, bolstered by reliability surveys, also became a primary factor in attracting new customers from rival premium makes.[238][239] Lexus has since grown to command higher price premiums than rival Japanese makes,[240] with new models further increasing in price and reaching the over-US$100,000 ultra-luxury category long dominated by rival European marques.[241][242][243]

Translucent glass model in the shape of a coupe.
Lexus LFA Crystallised Wind, a full-size glass art model

Automotive analysts have also noted Lexus' relative newcomer status as a marketing challenge for the brand,[244] although some have debated the requirement of a long history.[240][245] European rivals have marketed their decades of heritage and pedigree,[246] whereas Lexus' reputation rests primarily upon its perceived quality and shared history with parent company Toyota.[240] Several analysts have stated that Lexus will have to develop its own heritage over time by highlighting technological innovations and producing substantial products.[93][244]

Lexus' marketing efforts have extended to sporting and charity event sponsorships, including the U.S. Open tennis Grand Slam event from 2005 to 2009, and the United States Golf Association's U.S. Open, U.S. Women's Open, U.S. Senior Open, and U.S. Amateur tournaments since 2007.[247][248] Lexus has organized an annual Champions for Charity golf series in the U.S. since 1989.[249] Endorsement contracts have also been signed with pro athletes Andy Roddick, Annika Sörenstam, and Peter Jacobsen.[250]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "The History of Lexus 2011 Brochure". Toyota USA newsroom. 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
  2. ^ Wilson, Tom (2009-02-13). "2010 Lexus RX 350 & RX 450h - First Drive". Road & Track. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  3. ^ a b "Japan's Best Global Brands 2009". Interbrand. 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  4. ^ a b "Toyota Opens Lexus Dealerships in Japan". CBS News. 2005-08-30. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
  5. ^ May 2006, p. 43
  6. ^ May 2006, p. 42
  7. ^ a b Press, Jim (2006). "How Lexus Was Successful in the U.S. (interview)" (WMV). Auto Line Detroit. Retrieved 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  8. ^ White, John. New Route for Japanese Cars: Luxury. The Boston Globe. (1989-10-23)
  9. ^ a b c Dawson 2004, pp. 6–7, 63
  10. ^ a b c Long 2001, pp. 16–21
  11. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. xix, 28
  12. ^ a b Dawson 2004, p. 109
  13. ^ "Honda's premium sedan, "Legend"". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  14. ^ a b c d Dawson 2004, pp. 72, 88, 116 Cite error: The named reference "d72" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ "Profile: 1990 Nissan President" (in Japanese). Gazoo. 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  16. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 35, 41
  17. ^ Morgan & Liker 2006, p. 121
  18. ^ a b c d Mahler 2004, pp. 56–57
  19. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 111
  20. ^ a b Noon, Chris (2005-07-26). "Watanabe's Toyota Rolls Out Lexus In Japan". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
  21. ^ a b c Dawson 2004, pp. 128–30
  22. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. 113–14
  23. ^ "Molly Designs history, Lexus logo design". Molly Designs. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11.
  24. ^ "An Enduring Symbol of Excellence". Hunter Communications. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  25. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 115
  26. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 24
  27. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. xxi, 69
  28. ^ a b Mahler 2004, p. 31
  29. ^ a b c d e "Edmunds.com Lexus Overview". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  30. ^ May 2006, p. 47
  31. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 117–18
  32. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 68–76
  33. ^ "Lexus LS 400, LS 430 and LS 460 Generations: Setting the Standard in the Most Comfortable Way Possible". Edmunds.com. 2003-03-13. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  34. ^ a b c d e Detroit, S.C. Gwynne (1990-09-17). "New Kid on The Dock". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  35. ^ Davis, David E. 1990 All-Stars, Automobile Magazine. (1990-01).
  36. ^ Gable, Chris. "Wheels' COTY the real McCoy". Wheels Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-15. {{cite web}}: Text "2006-12-04" ignored (help)
  37. ^ Denove, Chris (2006-03-27). "How a recall earned Lexus a top reputation". Automotive News. Retrieved 2009-02-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Long 2001, pp. 38–39
  39. ^ Long 2001, p. 36
  40. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. 125, 141
  41. ^ a b c d Dawson 2004, pp. 141–46
  42. ^ a b c Dawson 2004, pp. 139–41
  43. ^ Long 2001, pp. 41–42
  44. ^ a b "Overview: The Lexus Story". MSN Autos. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  45. ^ a b Long 2001, p. 51
  46. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 75
  47. ^ Long 2001, p. 57
  48. ^ Long 2001, p. 73
  49. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 149
  50. ^ Long 2001, p. 89
  51. ^ a b Treece, James (2007-10-29). "Bold moves halt tariff stalemate, save Lexus brand". Automotive News. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  52. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 160–61
  53. ^ Long 2001, pp. 105–07
  54. ^ a b c Dawson 2004, pp. 171–72
  55. ^ "Em busca de notoriedade". Estadao (in Portuguese). 2009-03-20. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  56. ^ "Tecnologia é destaque no Lexus ES 300". Diário do Nordeste (in Portuguese). 2000-03-19. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  57. ^ Mahler 204, pp. 27, 196.
  58. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 189
  59. ^ "2-Millionth Lexus Customer". Ward's Dealer. 2004-06-01. RX 330 owner Steven Sandman, trip winner
  60. ^ Dawson 2004, p. xxiv
  61. ^ Job, Ann (2005-10-26). "Lexus introduces first luxury hybrid SUV". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  62. ^ a b c Petersen, Thane (2006-03-08). "Hybrid Heaven in a Lexus". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  63. ^ a b c Vasilash, Gary (2006). "Lexus Comes Into Its Own". Automotive Design & Production. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  64. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. 199–200
  65. ^ a b c "The pursuit of higher sales: new Lexus managing officer". Automotive Industries. 2003-11. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ "Lexus luxury to expand market in China". Xinmin News (in Mandarin). 2005-03-03. Archived from the original on 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2010-09-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  67. ^ a b c d "Lexus to increase production capacity by 35%". Nikkei Business Daily. 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-02-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 210
  69. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. 194–195
  70. ^ "Lexus Magic Fails to Capture Europeans". Detroit News. 2005-11-23. Retrieved on 2006.
  71. ^ Madslien, Jorn (2005-03-01). "Toyota targets Europe's urban youth". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  72. ^ Association of European Business in Russian Federation (2008-01-15). "Sales' results of foreign cars in Russia in 2007". InvestExp. Retrieved 2008-09-30. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  73. ^ St. Antoine, Arthur (2007-09-27). "Lexus IS F, Plus Jim & Chris Farley". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  74. ^ a b Dawson 2004, pp. 192–93
  75. ^ Rowley, Ian (2006-02-15). "Lexus Sales Sputter at Home". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  76. ^ a b c Schreffler, Roger (2007-12-28). "Lexus Slowly Progressing in Japan". Ward's Dealer Business. Retrieved 2007-04-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ "Toyota to Nearly Triple Production of Lexus HS 250h Hybrid by October". Green Car Congress. 2009-08-08. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  78. ^ "Toyota's Lexus Remains Best-Selling Foreign Car in Korea". The Korea Times. 2007-01-05. Retrieved on 2007-01-07.
  79. ^ "Lexus #1 Luxury Import in Taiwan". Taiwan Economic News. 2006-01-19. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  80. ^ a b c Lewis, Georgia (2009-11-04). "Lexus ‘resets its compass’ to cope with new global economic realities". The National (Abu Dhabi). Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  81. ^ Blackburn, Richard. "Convertible Lexus to take on the Germans". Drive. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  82. ^ "Australia Vehicle Sales - 2006 YTD". Driving Australia. 2006-12. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  83. ^ "Lexus targets expansion to 76 countries by 2010" (in Japanese). Reuters. 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
  84. ^ Razif, Muhd (2007-01-01). "Lexus launched in Malaysia". Malaysian Business. Retrieved 2008-06-21. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  85. ^ a b "Clever marketing boosts Lexus sales". BizCommunity.com. 2007-10-16. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  86. ^ "Toyota Indonesia plans to introduce Lexus vehicles". Reuters. 2007-02-21. Retrieved on 2008-06-21.
  87. ^ Manríquez, Alejandro (2008-03-29). "Lexus en Chile ya es oficial". El Mercurio (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  88. ^ "Lexus: Año uno en Chile". La Tercera (in Portuguese). 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
  89. ^ Mendoza, Al (2009-01-22). "Lexus unleashed in historic glory". Business Mirror. Retrieved on 2009-02-02.
  90. ^ Peterson, Thane (2006-09-13). "2007 Lexus GS 450h". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  91. ^ Tojiagic, Mark (2006-09-17). "Quiet crown contender". The Star (Malaysia). Toronto. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  92. ^ "Japan Report: Lexus LS600hl To Displace Toyota Century As Japan's Priciest Auto". Winding Road. 2007-05-08. Archived from the original on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  93. ^ a b c Tierney, Christine (2007-08-07). "Lexus aims to conquer globe with luxury sales". Detroit News. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  94. ^ a b c Padgett, Marty (2006-12-11). "Lexus Confirms "F" Performance Cars". The Car Connection. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  95. ^ a b Ramsey, Jonathan (2007-10-31). "SEMA 2007: Lexus F-Sport performance accessories". Autoblog. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  96. ^ "Lexus ISF proves Japanese brand can do sporty". BusinessCar. 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2007-10-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  97. ^ Dawson 2004, pp. 141–47, 163–65
  98. ^ "Motorweek Lexus LS 460 test drive". MotorWeek. 2007. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
  99. ^ Waterman, Stuart (2006-09-19). "Lexus targets 500,000 units for 2007". Autoblog. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  100. ^ Jiu, Joanne (2007-09-24). "Lexus knocks out Mercedes in China's high-end car market". Global Auto Sourcing. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  101. ^ Henry, Jim (2008-02-22). "The Top Dogs of the Automotive Pack". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  102. ^ "2009 Lexus sales" (in Japanese). Gazoo/レクサス. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  103. ^ Linebaugh, Kate (2008-11-28). "Luxury Cars Sit As Both Money, Mood Slip Away". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
  104. ^ a b Green, Jeff (2009-01-09). "BMW, Mercedes, Lexus Car Sales May Drop to 13-Year Low in U.S." Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-01-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  105. ^ "U.S. car and light-truck sales by make - 12 months 2008" (PDF). Automotive News. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
  106. ^ "ACEA Passenger Cars - European Market Posts Fifteen Year Low". ACEA. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  107. ^ a b "Full details on Hybrid Lexus HS 250h". Driving.ca. 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  108. ^ a b Rowley, Ian (2009-10-21). "Lexus launches $375k LFA". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
  109. ^ a b c d "Lexus GB plans for growth on the back of its hybrid models". Motortrader. 2007-04-18. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
  110. ^ Hughes, Steve. (2006-10-06) Successful Mix. Daily Record, Retrieved on 2007-09-28.
  111. ^ "Lexus network set for overhaul as brand goes hybrid-only". Motortrader. 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  112. ^ a b van Loon, Jeremy (2007-05-04). "BMW Luxury Lead Threatened by Lexus, Stagnant Margins." Bloomberg. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  113. ^ Ramsey, Mike (2010-01-05). "Toyota's Lexus Holds Off BMW, Keeps Luxury Lead for 10th Year". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  114. ^ a b c Bunkley, Nick (2010-03-11). "Lexus, a Toyota Brand, Avoids Taint From Recalls". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  115. ^ "Unintended Acceleration Not Limited To Toyotas". NPR. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
  116. ^ a b Linebaugh, Kate (2010-04-29). "Toyota Resumes Sales of Lexus GX 460". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
  117. ^ a b Wood, Colum (2010-02-26). "Lexus CT200h Officially Revealed With Worldwide Sales to Begin This Year". Autoguide.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  118. ^ Abuelsamid, Sam. "Lexus CT 200h making U.S. debut at New York Auto Show". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  119. ^ "Lexus RX 270 Launched". Yahoo! Taiwan (in Mandarin). 2010-08. Retrieved 2010-10-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  120. ^ Brooks, Glenn (2010-08-26). "Lexus reveals four-cylinder RX 270". Automotive World. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  121. ^ a b c d Rechtin, Mark (2011-04-25). "Lexus: Quake will end luxury sales leadership". Automotive News. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  122. ^ "Vehicle sales in Japan: implications of the plunge". Automotive World. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  123. ^ Moriwaki, Minoru (2010-01-18). "European new car sales, Toyota and Lexus" (in Japanese). Response.jp. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  124. ^ Higgins, Tim (2011-01-05). "Lexus Retains U.S. Luxury Auto Sales Lead Over BMW, Mercedes". BusinessWeek.
  125. ^ "Number of Vehicles Produced in Japan by Model". Toyota Motor Corporation. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
  126. ^ "Toyota's North American Production Up 18 Percent in 2010". PR Newswire. 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
  127. ^ "TMC Names New Executives". Toyota.jp. 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  128. ^ Venter, Irma (2011-01-03). "Toyota SA VP takes up position at Lexus in Japan". Engineering News. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
  129. ^ "Toyota Announces Executive and Organizational Changes". Toyota.jp. 2009-06-23. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  130. ^ "Toyota Motor Sales Announces Management Changes". Reuters. 2008-01-07. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
  131. ^ Sexy Lexus is a huge hit. Sunday Mail (Scotland), Glasgow (2004-09-26)
  132. ^ a b State to Get Acura Site for Design (separate design center for Lexus). The Los Angeles Times, p. C2 (2006-01-09)
  133. ^ Treece, James (2004-11-23). "Toyota gets serious about design; exec is told to shake things up". Automotive News. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  134. ^ Long 2001, pp. 29
  135. ^ "Firmas automotrices realizan inversiones". La Nación (San José) (in Spanish). 2006-10-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  136. ^ a b c d Ohnsman, Alan (2009-04-06). "Toyota's U.S. Pain Amplified by Falling Lexus Sales". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
  137. ^ "The 100 Top Brands 2006". Interbrand. 2007. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  138. ^ a b c d e f g "Lexus Manufacturing". Lexus.com. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  139. ^ Pettendy, Marton (2007-06-21). "IS-F, TRD power-plays". GoAuto. Retrieved 2007-08-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  140. ^ "Lexus IS F-Japonský expres". Automotorevue (in Czech). 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  141. ^ O'Dell, John. Toyota Turns Its Tuners Loose on the Lexus. The Los Angeles Times. (2000-02-23)
  142. ^ Long 2001, pp. 186
  143. ^ a b c d e Valdes-Dapena, Peter (2004-09-11). "Car name decoder". CNN. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  144. ^ "Lexus IS250 Test Drive". Nihoncar.com. 2006-08-06. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  145. ^ "Sales of Foreign Autos Climb". BusinessWeek. 2007-02-14. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  146. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 33
  147. ^ Long 2001, pp. 42–43
  148. ^ "Lexus IS & GS news" (in Japanese). Response.jp. 2005-06-23. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  149. ^ Vasilash, Gary (2006). "Introducing the '06 IS". Automotive Design & Production. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  150. ^ Tamotsu, Yoshi (2005-07-26). "New Lexus GS, SC, IS released" (in Japanese). WebCG. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  151. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 206
  152. ^ Geneva debut, Lexus finesses next IS sedan. AutoWeek (2005-03-07)
  153. ^ a b Dawson 2004, p. 71
  154. ^ a b "One Long, Lean Lexus". BusinessWeek. 2007-07-23. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  155. ^ Howard, Bill (2009-02-20). "Hands On: Lexus' Remote Touch Beats iDrive". PC Magazine. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
  156. ^ Bloom, Craig (1989-06-11). "What's New in Car Stereos". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  157. ^ a b Nakano, Roy (2004). "Surveying The Best New Car Sound Systems". LA Car. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  158. ^ Cato, Jeremy (2005-02-24). "Lexus RX 400h review update". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  159. ^ a b c "Automotive Engineering International - LS 460 2007 Best Engineered Vehicle". Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE International. 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  160. ^ "Lexus LS 460 - WCOTY". World Car of the Year. 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  161. ^ "Toyota expand telematics services in North America" (in Japanese). Webcg.net. 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
  162. ^ Ohnsman, Alan (2007-09-27). "Toyota's Lexus May Add High-Performance U.S. Hybrids". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  163. ^ "Lexus is first to deploy LED-based car headlamps". Compound Semiconductor. 2007-01-19. Archived from the original on 2008-03-20. Retrieved 2010-07-08.
  164. ^ a b Law, Alex (2004-12-09). "Lexus takes new design direction". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  165. ^ Evarts, Eric (2004-08-06). "New peril in driver's seat". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  166. ^ "How to Override Lexus Navigation Motion Lock". WikiHow. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  167. ^ "LEXUS Navigation Map Updates". Lexus Europe. 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
  168. ^ "Future Products – Lexus". AutoWeek. 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  169. ^ Mathioudakis, Byron (2007-04-26). "Future Models - Lexus to spread its wings". GoAuto. Retrieved 2007-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  170. ^ Johnson, Drew (2009-05-01). "Leaked image reveals 2010 Lexus ES". Leftlane News. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  171. ^ Kaehler, Justin (2005-04-25). "IGN Car Review - 2005 Lexus ES 330". IGN.com. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  172. ^ "Lexus LF-A caught in testing on Nurburgring circuit". Leftlane News. 2005-10-31. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  173. ^ a b Yarkony, Jonathan (2005-09-26). "Lexus L-Finesse Design Analysis: IS is IT!". American Auto Press. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  174. ^ a b c "What the 2006 Lexus IS is, and isn't". AutomoBear.com. 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  175. ^ a b c Rechtin, Mark. Lexus Finally Gets a Design of its Own. Automotive News, 2003-10-27.
  176. ^ Morrison, Mac. Mountain Climber: Lexus unveils the next IS sport sedan. AutoWeek, 2005-03-21.
  177. ^ Coates, Del. Design Matters. Sports Car International, 2005-09.
  178. ^ Cumberford, Robert. Not There Yet But Getting Closer. Automobile Magazine. (2004-05).
  179. ^ Conway, Gavin (2007). "2009 Jaguar XF - Design". Automobile Magazine. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  180. ^ "Milan Design Week '08 Auto". Green Car Design. 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-12-25. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  181. ^ Tierney, Christine (2004-02-22). "Robot-filled Tahara sets standard for Toyota, World".Detroit News. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
  182. ^ a b c d Dawson 2004, pp. pp. 88–94 Cite error: The named reference "d88" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  183. ^ Mahler 2004, p. 90
  184. ^ a b Mahler 2004, p. 78
  185. ^ Sanger, David (1990-01-03). "Japan's Luxury-Car Gains Pose New Threat to Rivals". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  186. ^ Kageyama, Yuri (2007-06-28). "At Lexus 'dojo' plant workers train on virtues to keep up quality, build elite team". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  187. ^ Loveday, Eric (2009-04-27). "Pockets Not Allowed At Lexus Hybrid Plant". All Cars Electric. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  188. ^ "Toyota, GM Garner Most Awards in 2005 Initial Quality Study". J.D. Power and Associates. 2005-05-18. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  189. ^ "Lexus and Toyota Together Capture 11 of 19 Initial Quality Model Awards". J.D. Power and Associates. 2006-06-07. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  190. ^ "Import Nameplates Capture 15 of 22 Segment Awards". J.D. Power and Associates. 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  191. ^ "Lexus and Toyota Models Each Rank Highest in Four Segments". J.D. Power and Associates. 2006-08-09. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  192. ^ "Buick and Lexus Brands Tie for Highest Rank in Vehicle Dependability". J.D. Power and Associates. 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
  193. ^ "Lexus Ranks Highest in Vehicle Dependability for a 14th Consecutive Year". J.D. Power and Associates. 2008-08-07. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  194. ^ "Consumer Reports Annual Survey Ranks Lexus First in Predicted Reliability for 2006 Models". Consumer Reports. 2006-03. Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. Retrieved 2010-07-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  195. ^ "Scion Tops Consumer Reports Reliability Study". Associated Press. 2008-03. Retrieved 2008-10-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  196. ^ Sainz, Adrian (2007-12-12). "Amenities Enliven Auto Dealerships". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  197. ^ a b Fahey, Jonathan (2004-06-21). "The Lexus Nexus". Forbes. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  198. ^ Gittelsohn, John (2006-12-17). "Luxury battle looming". The Orange County Register. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  199. ^ Lee, Booyeon (2006-07-20). "Lexus airs plans for an eatery, fountains". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  200. ^ Dawson 2004, p. 122
  201. ^ Gerdes, Lindsey (2005-07-18). "The Real Reason To Buy A Lexus". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  202. ^ "Lexus magazine". Story Worldwide. 2010-03-22. Retrieved 2010-03-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  203. ^ Bell, Lauren (2008-04-01). "Lexus revamps branded magazine and Web site". DMNews. Retrieved 2008-12-25. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  204. ^ "Lexus magazine mobile". Story Worldwide. 2010-04-15. Retrieved 2010-03-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  205. ^ "Lexus car dealers are Britain's best". Motortrader. 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  206. ^ "Auto Express Driver Power 2007 Survey". Auto Express. 2007-03. Retrieved 2007-09-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  207. ^ "Top Gear Survey 2005". Top Gear. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  208. ^ "Lexus Ranks Highest in Customer Satisfaction with Dealer Service". J.D. Power and Associates. 2006-07-20. Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  209. ^ "Wealthy Rate Lexus #1 in Customer Experience". The Luxury Institute. 2006-01-19. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  210. ^ "Lexus Ranks Highest in Customer Retention". J.D. Power and Associates. 2005-12-08. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  211. ^ Mahler 2004, p. 61
  212. ^ Schweinsberg, Christie (2005-09-01). "Lexus Kicks Up Service". Ward's Dealer. Retrieved 2009-06-08. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  213. ^ "Team Lexus driver line-up announced". Motorsport.com. 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  214. ^ a b "Team Lexus Stats". Team Lexus. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  215. ^ a b "Lawson to race Lexus". Crash.net. 2003-04-29. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  216. ^ a b "Lexus Virginia Festival of Speed race report". Motorsport.com. 2001-07-01. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  217. ^ "Grand-Am arrives at historic Mont-Tremblant". Motorsport.com. 2002-09-13. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  218. ^ "TOM'S SC 430 (Wakisaka-Lotterer) Clinch Season Opener". SuperGT.net. 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  219. ^ "EPSON NSX puts up long-awaited win; SC430 captures series title". SuperGT.net. 2006-11-05. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  220. ^ "Super GT Rd. 1 Suzuka Race Results". 247Motoring.com. 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  221. ^ "Lexus GS 450h in 24 Hours of Tokachi" (in Japanese). Response.jp. 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  222. ^ Robinson, Beintema (2007). "Lexus tests hybrid power". York Region. Retrieved 2008-06-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  223. ^ "SUPER GT top rankers awarded at JAF Awards presentation". SuperGT.net. 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  224. ^ "Lexus race report". Motorsport.com. 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  225. ^ Meredith, Mike (2007). "2007 Rolex 24: Preview". autos.msn.com. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  226. ^ "Rolex 24 at Daytona final results". Associated Press. 2007-01-28. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  227. ^ DeCotis, Mark (2008-01-28). "Ganassi wins three in a row at Daytona". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  228. ^ "Ganassi Attracts Stars for Daytona". 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
  229. ^ "Rennwertung "39. Adenauer ADAC Rundstrecken-Trophy" nach Klassen-Plätzen". 2008-05. Retrieved 2009-10-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  230. ^ "BFGoodrich Langstreckenmeisterschaft Nürburgring - Chronologie 56. ADAC Westfalenfahrt". 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
  231. ^ Cunningham, Wayne (2011-05-13). "Lexus hybrid takes on the Nurburgring". CNET. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
  232. ^ a b Dawson 2004, p. 119
  233. ^ Huffman, John Pearley (2007-09-23). "First Look: 2008 Lexus IS-F". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  234. ^ "Boxer Films Knocks Out New Lexus Spot". VFXWorld. 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  235. ^ Garlitos, Kirby (2010). "Lexus Takes Swipe At German Counterparts". Top Speed. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
  236. ^ Peters, Jeremy (2005-12-15). "A Lexus for Christmas? It Happens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  237. ^ Halliday, Jean (2009-03-13). "Lexus Trades in Sloyan for New Set of Voice-Over Pipes". Advertising Age. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  238. ^ Caulkin, Simon (2004-11-07). "Vorsprung durch Technik? Not any more". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  239. ^ "'Why I ditched Merc for Lexus'". Agence France-Presse. 2006-05-26. Archived from the original on September 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  240. ^ a b c "Lexus (in the lap of latent luxury)". AutomoBear.com. 2004-09-23. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
  241. ^ Welch, David (2006-01-09). "A Lexus Aimed at Mercedes' S-Class". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2007-05-06.
  242. ^ Pearley Huffman, John (2007-04-19). "Full Test: 2008 Lexus LS 600h L". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  243. ^ Maynard, Micheline (2006-04-17). "Lexus enters ultra-luxury arena". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  244. ^ a b Hanley, Mike (2007-03-15). "2007 Lexus LS 460 Review". Cars.com. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  245. ^ Laban, Brian (2007-06-03). "Lexus Launches Big Three". MSN Cars UK. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  246. ^ Landler, Mark (2007-07-27). "BMW's Shrine to Horsepower". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-28.
  247. ^ Scott, Andrew (2006-08-30). "Lexus Drives Promos Courtside for US Open". Promo. Retrieved 2007-05-06. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  248. ^ "Luxury Drive: USGA Signs Lexus As First Automotive Partner". Sports Business Daily. 2007-01. Retrieved 2009-06-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  249. ^ Lexus Golf Tourney Benefits Charities. The Oregonian, 1997-06-14.
  250. ^ "Lexus Replaces Mercedes As Sorenstam's Automotive Sponsor". Sports Business Daily. 2006-03-14. Retrieved 2008-12-25. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Bibliography

  • Dawson, Chester (2004). Lexus: The Relentless Pursuit. Hoboken, NJ: Jon Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470821-10-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Long, Brian (2001). Lexus: The Challenge to Create the Finest Automobile. Dorchester, Dorset, UK: Veloce Publishing. ISBN 1-901295-81-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Mahler, Jonathan (2004). The Lexus Story: The Behind the Scenes Story of the #1 Automotive Luxury Brand in America. New York: Melcher Media. ISBN 0-971793-57-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • May, Matthew E. (2006). The Elegant Solution: Toyota's Formula for Mastering Innovation. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-743290-17-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Morgan, James M.; Liker, Jeffrey K. (2006). The Toyota Product Development System: Integrating People, Process and Technology. New York: Productive Press. ISBN 1-563272-82-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lexus.


Template:Link GA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexus&oldid=445613115"