Japanese beetle
Japanese Beetle | |
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Species: | P. japonica
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Binomial name | |
Popillia japonica Newman, 1841
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The beetle species Popillia japonica is commonly known as the Japanese beetle. It is about 15 millimetres (0.6 in) long and 10 millimetres (0.4 in) wide, with iridescent copper-colored elytra and green thorax and head. It is not very destructive in Japan, where it is controlled by natural predators, but in America it is a serious pest of about 200 species of plants, including rose bushes, grapes, hops, canna, crape myrtles, and others.
It is a clumsy flier, dropping several centimeters when it hits a wall. Japanese beetle traps therefore consist of a pair of crossed walls with a bag underneath, and are baited with floral scent, pheromone, or both. However, studies done at the University of Kentucky suggest traps attract more beetles than they actually trap, thus causing more damage along the flight path of the beetles and in the vicinity of the trap than may have occurred if the trap were not present.[1]
These insects damage plants by skeletonizing the foliage, that is, consuming only the leaf material between the veins.
History
As the name suggests, the Japanese beetle is native to Japan. The insect was first found in the United States in 1916 in a nursery near Riverton, New Jersey. It is thought the beetle larvae entered the United States in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912, when inspections of commodities entering the country began. "The first Japanese beetle found in Canada was in a tourist's car at Yarmouth, arriving in Nova Scotia by ferry from Maine in 1939. During the same year, three additional adults were captured at Yarmouth and three at Lacolle in southern Quebec."[2]
Life cycle
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A typical cluster of Japanese beetle eggs
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Japanese beetle larva(grub worm)
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Japanese beetle pupa
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Japanese beetle adult
The life cycle of the Japanese beetle is typically one year in most parts of the United States, but this can be extended in cooler climates; for instance, in its native Japan, the beetle's life cycle is two years long as a result of the higher latitudes of the grasslands required for the larval stage. During the larval stage, the white grubs can be identified by their V-shaped raster pattern.
Control
During the larval stage, the Japanese beetle lives in lawns and other grasslands, where it eats the roots of grasses. During that stage, it is susceptible to a fatal disease called milky spore disease, caused by a bacterium called milky spore, Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) popilliae. The USDA developed this biological control and it is commercially available in powder form for application to lawn areas. Standard applications (low density across a broad area) take from one to five years to establish maximal protection against larval survival (depending on climate), expanding through the soil through repeated rounds of infection, in-vers can be used to exclude the beetles; however, this may necessitate hand pollination of flowers. Kaolin sprays can also be used as barriers.
Research performed by many US extension service branches has shown pheromone traps attract more beetles than they catch.[3][4] Traps are most effective when spread out over an entire community, and downwind and at the borders (i.e., as far away as possible, particularly upwind), of managed property containing plants being protected. Natural repellents include catnip, chives, garlic, and tansy,[5] as well as the remains of dead beetles, but these methods have limited effectiveness.[6] Additionally, when present in small numbers, the beetles may be manually controlled using a soap-water spray mixture, shaking a plant in the morning hours and disposing of the fallen beetles,[4] or simply picking them off attractions such as rose flowers, since the presence of beetles attracts more beetles to that plant.[6]
A natural predator of the beetle is the anchor bug.
Host plants
Japanese beetles feed on a large range of hosts, including leaves of plants of the following common crops:[7] Beans, strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, grapes, hops, roses, cherries, plums, pears, peaches, raspberries, blackberries, corn, peas, blueberries, and these genera:
- Abelmoschus
- Acer
- Aesculus
- Alcea
- Aronia
- Asparagus
- Aster
- Betula (birch trees)
- Buddleja
- Calluna
- Caladium
- Canna
- Chaenomeles
- Cirsium
- Cosmos
- Crab Apple
- Dahlia
- Daucus
- Dendranthema
- Digitalis
- Dolichos
- Echinacea
- Hemerocallis
- Heuchera
- Hibiscus
- Humulus
- Hydrangea
- Ilex
- Impatiens
- Ipomoea (morning glory)
- Iris
- Lagerstroemia
- Liatris
- Ligustrum
- Malus (apple)
- Malva
- Myrica
- Ocimum (basil)
- Oenothera
- Parthenocissus
- Phaseolus
- Phlox
- Physocarpus
- Pistacia
- Platanus
- Polygonum
- Populus
- Prunus
- Quercus
- Ribes (gooseberry, currants, etc.)
- Rheum
- Rhododendron
- Rosa
- Rubus (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)
- Salix (willows)
- Sambucus
- Sassafras
- Solanum
- Syringa
- Thuja (arborvitae)
- Tilia (linden, lime, or basswood trees)
- Toxicodendron
- Ulmus
- Vaccinium
- Viburnum
- Vitis
- Weigelia
- Wisteria
- Zea
- Zinnia
References
- ^ "Managing Japanese Beetles". University of Kentucky.
- ^ Japanese Beetle, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- ^ Japanese Beetle control strategies
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ pests - selfsufficientish - pests.
- ^ a b [2]
- ^ Japanese Beetle, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
External links
- APHIS web page on beetle management
- Japanese beetle on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Japanese Beetle, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- Organic methods of Japanese Beetle Control