Subcompact car
Subcompact car is a North American term used to describe automobiles whose class size is smaller than that of a compact car, usually not exceeding 165 inches (4,191 mm) in length, but larger than a microcar. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between 85 cubic feet (2,407 L) and 99 cu ft (2,803 L) of interior volume.[1]
History
In North America, the term "subcompact" came into popular use in the early 1970s. Previously, cars in this size were variously categorized, including "small automobile" and "economy car."[2] This type of car has been around since the 1940s with the Crosley, and in the 1950s with the captive import, the Nash Metropolitan.[3] A number of imported models, notably the Volkswagen Beetle and various small British cars, were also marketed at "economy" cars during this time.
North America
The subcompact market segment expanded in the 1970s with the introduction of new domestic-built models produced by North American automakers in response to the growing popularity of small imported cars from Europe and Japan.
The AMC Gremlin was described at its April 1970 introduction as "the first American-built import" and the first U.S. built subcompact car.[4][5] The Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto subcompacts were introduced in September 1970 for the 1971 model year.
The Pontiac Astre, the Canadian-born re-badged Vega variant was released in the U.S. September 1974. The Vega-based Chevrolet Monza and the Pinto-based Ford Mustang II were upscale subcompacts also introduced for the 1975 model year as larger pony cars the Chevrolet Camaro and Ford Mustang sales had fallen. The Camaro was scheduled for cancellation, but sales stabilized with the end of the gas crisis. The Monza with its GM variants Pontiac Sunbird, Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire, and the Mustang II continued until the end of the decade. The Chevrolet Chevette was GM's new entry-level subcompact introduced as a 1976 model. It was an 'Americanized' design from Opel, GM's German subsidiary. The front-wheel drive (FWD), U.S.-built Ford Escort and Mercury Lynx subcompacts were introduced as 1981 models replacing the Ford Pinto and Mecury Bobcat.
Captive imports was the other response by U.S. car makers to the increase in popularity of imported subcompact cars in the 1970s and 1980s. These were cars bought from overseas subsidiaries or from companies in which they held a significant shareholding. GM, Ford, and Chrysler sold imports for the U.S. market. The Buick Opel, Ford Cortina, Mercury Capri, Ford Festiva, and Dodge Colt are examples.
In 1978, Volkswagen began producing the "Rabbit" version of the Golf in New Stanton, Pennsylvania, a modern FWD subcompact design, and in 1982, American Motors began manufacturing the U.S. Renault Alliance, a version of the Renault 9, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, both models benefiting from European designs, development, and experience.[6] Chevrolet marketed two captive front-wheel drive subcompact economy cars in the second half of the 1980s to replace the aging Chevette, the Chevrolet Sprint, a three-cylinder Suzuki-built hatchback and the Chevrolet Spectrum built by Isuzu. During the 1990s GM offered the Geo brand featuring the Suzuki-built Metro subcompact.
Because of consumer demand for fuel-efficient cars during the late-2000s, sales of subcompact cars made it the fastest growing market category in the U.S.[7]
As of 2011[update], numerous models of subcompacts are sold in North America, including the Chevrolet Sonic, Ford Fiesta, Honda Fit, Hyundai Accent, Kia Rio, Mazda 2, Nissan Versa, Scion xD, Suzuki Swift, and Toyota Yaris.
Europe
Many contemporary cars branded as "subcompact" fall into either the Supermini or the City car category (as defined by Euro NCAP) in Europe.
In 1976, Ford of Europe launched their first FWD subcompact, the Ford Fiesta for to compete directly with Fiat 127 and Vauxhall Chevette. In 1982 GM launched their first FWD subcompact in Europe, the Opel Corsa/Vauxhall Nova, the midrange mark two Vauxhall Cavalier GM J platform 'world car', having been introduced the previous year.
Current examples include the Fiat Punto Evo, Ford Fiesta, Opel Corsa D, VW Polo V, and Peugeot 208. Overall in 2008, of the fifteen best selling types of car in Europe, seven were Superminis. The Fiat Grande Punto was the first car (in Europe) in this category exceeds 4 metres in length, which is why the Italian carmaker Fiat decided to call it "Grande"(in Italian "Big")
See also
References
- ^ "FAQ - How are vehicle size classes defined?". http://www.fueleconomy.gov/. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Foster, Patrick (2005-10-01). "Developing the Metropolitan". Hemmings Classic Car. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
During WWII and immediately afterwards, Mason began to explore the idea of developing a truly small car, the size of what today we'd call a subcompact.
- ^ Orlans, Bart (2009-10-16). "AMC Gremlin, king of the American subcompacts". examiner.com.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Wilson, Bob. "1971 AMC Gremlin advertisement". arcticboy. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
- ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (2007-10-17). "1970-1978 AMC Gremlin". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Norbye, Jan P. (1982). "Renault 9 - American Motors subcompact for 83". Popular Science. 220 (1): 22. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Mitchell, Jacqueline (2008-08-29). "Most Fuel-Efficient American Cars". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-01-05.